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[2] The Spirit of the Laws BY BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, 1689-1755. (1949). The spirit of the laws. New York: Hafner Pub. Co.,

[3] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 14). Nyaya. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nyaya

[4] O.P. Motiwal, Changing Aspects of Law and Justice in India 11 (Chugh Publications 1st edn., 1979).

[5] Sharma S. D. (1988). Administration of justice in ancient India. Harman.

[6] Mitchell, S. (2002). The Bhagavad Gita. Crown Publications.

[7] V. Mehta, Cosmic Vision: - Manu, in Foundations of Indian Political Thought 23-39 (Delhi, 1st edn., 1992).

[8] J.L. Mehta, History of Medieval India: MughalEmpire458-73(Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd Delhi 1st edn., 1981); Muhammad Azhar, Social Life of the Mughal Emperors95-109 (Gitanjali Publishing House New Delhi 1stedn., 1974).

[9] Smith C. & Burke H. (2007). Digging it up down under: a practical guide to doing archaeology in australia. Springer Science+Business Media LLC. January 8 2024

[10] KERCHER, B. (2021). AMATEUR LAW AT THE FRONTI ER. In Unruly Child: A history of law in Australia (p. 45). essay, ROUTLEDGE.

[11] See, The Constitution of India, 1950 article 137

[12] See,Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act [Australia], 9 July 1900, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/483ea5622.html [accessed 10 January 2024]

[13] Kirby, M. D. (Michael D. (1983). The judges. Australian Broadcasting Corporation p. 52.

[14] AIR 1982 SC 149

[15] 1973) 4 SCC 225: AIR 1973 SC 1461

[1] Matthew Ball, ‘Framework for the Metaverse’ (Matthew Ball, June 29, 2021) .<https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer> accessed 25 November 2021.

[2] Dave Evans, ‘The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Everything’ (Cisco, April 2011) https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/what-is-blockchain

[3] Gerry Christensen, ‘Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)’ (TechTarget, February 2019) https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things-AIoT

[4] Maggie Tillman, ‘Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh: How the ‘Just walk out’ tech works’, POCKET LINT (March 2021) < https://www.pocket-lint.com/gadgets/news/amazon/139650-what-is-amazon-go-where-is-it-and-how-does-it-work>.

[5] Swarnendu Das, The Rise of Metaverse: Challenges for the Indian Laws, METACEPT (February 14, 2022)https://metacept.com/the-rise-of-metaverse-challenges-for-the-indian-laws/#_ednref4.

[6] Launching Infosys Metaverse Foundry, INFOSYS (February 24, 2022)https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/launching-metaverse-foundry.html.

[7] Akhil George, How Indian cos, big & small, are building tech for the metaverse, TIMES OF INDIA (Mar 2, 2022, 12:38 IST) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/how-indian-cos-big-small-are-building-tech-for-the-metaverse/articleshow/89940303.cms.

[8] What is metaverse in blockchain? , COINTELEGRAPH https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-australian-open-swings-into-the-metaverse-on-decentraland.

[9] Anu Tiwari & Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Into the Metaverse: Legal and regulatory considerations in India, CYRIL AMARCHAND BLOGS (March 22, 2022) https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2022/03/fig-papers-no-11-series-1-into-the-metaverse-legal-and-regulatory-considerations-in-india/ .

[10]  The Metaverse: The evolution of a universal digital platform, NORTAN ROSE FULLBRIGHT (July 2021)https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-us/knowledge/publications/5cd471a1/the-metaverse-the-evolution-of-a-universal-digital-platform#section3.

[11] Meta, CBSE expand partnership to enable over 10 million students to embrace immersive tech, THE ECONOMICS TIMES (Dec 15, 2021,)https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/meta-cbse-expand-partnership-to-enable-over-10-million-students-to-embrace-immersive-tech/articleshow/88295116.cms?from=mdr.

[12] What are smart contracts on blockchain?, IBM https://www.ibm.com/topics/smart-contracts.

[13] Kate Ashford, What Is Cryptocurrency? FORBES (Jun 6, 2022)https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/what-is-cryptocurrency/.

[14] CARLA MOZÉE, A plot of virtual land that went for $4.3 million in The Sandbox is the most expensive metaverse property sale ever, THE BUSINESS INSIDER(NOV 30, 2021) https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/a-plot-of-virtual-land-that-went-for-4-3-million-in-the-sandbox-is-the-most-expensive-metaverse-property-sale-ever/articleshow/88015620.cms.

[15]  Harsh Agrawal & Rashi Jain, Expounding the Contours of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality, RMLNLU BLOG https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2022/05/20/metaverse/ .

[16] Siddharth Chaturvedi, Why India should start framing a law for the Metaverse, THE LEAFLET(FEB. 10, 2022) https://theleaflet.in/why-india-should-start-framing-a-law-for-the-metaverse/ .

[17] Harsh Agrawal & Rashi Jain, Expounding the Contours of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality, RMLNLU BLOG https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2022/05/24/metaverse-2/ .

[18] Mohit Kapoor, The Metaverse: Legal conundrums, BAR & BENCH(30 Mar, 2022) https://www.barandbench.com/view-point/the-metaverse-legal-conundrums .

[19] Rahul Hingmire ,The metaverse and legal frameworks around it, FORBES (Jul 26, 2022) https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/legalese/the-metaverse-and-legal-frameworks-around-it/ .

[1] Louis W. Tompros, Richard A. Crudo, Alexis Pfeiffer, The Constitutionality of Criminalizing false Speech Made on Social Networking Sites In A Postalvarez, Social Media-Obsessed World,31, HJLT,65, 66,2017

[2]Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, 17th Session, A/HRC/17/27 (May 16, 2011), available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf

[3]Richard Steppe,The freedom of speech on social networking services Do we need protection against our own expressions,Jura Falconis, Jg. 50, 2014-2015, nummer 3, 559,559,

[4]2016, Child Online Protection in India: Unicef India,House of Commons Home Affairs Committee Hate Crime: Abuse, Hateand Extremism Online Fourteenth Report Of Session 2016–17

[5] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vienna, Handbook on Children Recruited and Exploited by Terrorist and Violent Extremist Groups: The Role of the Justice System

[6]A/HRC/17/27

[7]Iibid,

[8]Yar, Majid (2018) "A Failure to Regulate? The Demands and Dilemmas of Tackling Illegal Content and Behaviour on Social Media," International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime: 1(1), 5-20.,9

[9]ibid

[10]The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021

[11] The Virtues Of Moderation James Grimmelmann! 17 Yale J.L. & Tech. 42 (2015)

[12] The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech Kate Klonick,1599,1618

[13] Ibid 1638

[14] Video facebook: help centre

[15] Louis W. Tompros, Richard A. Crudo, Alexis Pfeiffer, The Constitutionality of Criminalizing false Speech Made on Social Networking Sites In A Postalvarez, Social Media-Obsessed World,31, HJLT,65, 66,2017

[16] Tracy Ith, Microsoft’s PhotoDNA: Protecting Children and Businesses in the Cloud, MICROSOFT: NEWS (July 15, 2015), https://news.microsoft.com/features/microsofts-photodnaprotecting-chi

[17]Kyle Langvard, Regulating Online Content Moderation,The Georgetown Law Journal,Vol. 106:1353

[18] UNOCT report 2021, COUNTERING TERRORISM ONLINE WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: An Overview for Law Enforcement and Counter-Terrorism Agencies in South Asia and South-East Asia

[19]Robert Gorwa, Reuben Binns and Christian Katzenbach, Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance, Big data and Society, Sage Journal

[20] ibid

[21] The Guardian, The key moments from Mark Zuckerberg's testimony to Congress,https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/11/mark-zuckerbergs-testimony-to-congress-the-key-moments

[22]Macdonald S, Correia SG, Watkin A-L. Regulating terrorist content on social media: automation and the rule of law. International Journal of Law in Context. 2019;15(2):183-197. doi:10.1017/S1744552319000119

[23]GIFT 2019

[24]The Virtues Of Moderation James Grimmelmann! 17 Yale J.L. & Tech. 42 (2015)

[25]Gorwa R (2019a) The platform governance triangle: Conceptualising The Informal Regulation of Online Content. Internet Policy Review 8(2).

[26] Fiedler K (2016), EU Internet Forum against Terrorist Content and Hate Speech Online: Document pool.

[27] GIFCT (2019) About the global internet forum to counter terrorism

[28]Robert Gorwa, Reuben Binns and Christian Katzenbach, Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance, Big data and Society, Sage Journal

[29] ibid

[30]ibid

[31] Internet Creators Guild (2016) YouTube de-monetization explained;https://medium.com/internet-creators-guild/youtube-de-monetization-explained-44464f902a22

[32] Robert Gorwa, Reuben Binns and Christian Katzenbach, Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance, Big data and Society, Sage Journal

[33]ibid

[34] In addition to the officially published material, a leaked ‘YouTube Content ID Handbook’ is circulating online that had apparently been prepared by YouTube for rightsholders. See the last available version, updated Q2/2014 at https://scribd.com/document/351431229/YouTubeContent-ID-Handbook.

[35] Duarte N, Llanso E and Loup A (2017) Mixed Messages? The Limits of Automated Social Media Content Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for Democracy & Technology. Available at: https://perma.cc/NC9B-HYKX

[36] Telephone Interview with J.L., Tier 2 Moderator, Facebook (Mar. 11, 2016). J.L. was a Tier 2 moderator based in the Eastern United States

[37] Telephone Interview with Sasha Rosse, supra note 29; Adrian Chen, Inside Facebook’s Outsourced Anti-Porn and Gore Brigade, Where “Camel Toes” Are More Offensive than “Crushed Heads,” GAWKER), http://gawker.com/5885714/inside-facebooks-outsourced-antiporn-and-gore-brigade-where-camel-toes-are-more-offensive-than-crushed-heads [https://perma.cc/ HU7H-972C]; Chen,

[38] Telephone Interview with Sasha Rosse, supra note 29

[1] Dowry system in India – Wikipedia/ Oldenburg, veena talwar, dowry murder: the burning bride. World Bank publications, 1989/ Manusmrti; the laws of Manu. Translated by Wendy doniger. Oxford university press, 1991/. "dowry and marriage among high-caste Hindus in India." journal of Asian studies 38.4 (1979): 537-550

[2] Sharma Ursula. “Dowry and Domestic Violence: A socio-legal study of rural north India. “The journal of Asian studies (1999): 337-364.

[3] Jeffrey, P. “Dowry and marriage among high-caste Hindus in India.” Journal of Asian Studies 38.4 (1979): 537-550

[4]“Eradicating Dowry: A critical Analysis of Government initiatives in India “by the journal of gender studies"

[5] http://www.saveindianfamily.in

[6] “Dowry in India: An analysis of causes and consequences” by the international journal of humanities and social science

[7] “The role of NGO’s in eradicating dowry in India” by the economic and political weekly

[8] "Women's Agency and Resistance to Dowry: A Case Study from Bangladesh" by Gender & Society

[9]https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tops-the-list-for-dowry-cases-in-india-ncrb-report/articleshow/105768857.cms

[10] National Crime Records Bureau of India: https://ncrb.gov.in/

[11] Ministry of Women and Child Development: https://wcd.nic.in/

[12] Saheli Samiti: http://www.sakhisahelifoundation.org/

[13] Stree Sangharsh: https://www.amazon.in/Stree-Sangharsh-Dr-Pawan-Singh/dp/9390708451

[14] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/77966/

[15] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/35047711/

[16] : http://dainiknation.com/2017/09/court-pronounced-life-imprisonment-rajesh-gulati/

[17] : https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1382895/

[18] : https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1037437/

[1] Press Information Bureau Government of India Honouring and Empowering the Adivasis of India accessed on 16/12/2023

[2] Negi, Nalin & Ganguly, Sujata. (2011). Development Projects vs. Internally Displaced Populations in India: A Literature-Based Appraisal.

[3] “In - Depth Developing distress” accessed on 15/12/2023 Developing distress

[4] Antoine Lasgorceix, Ashish Kothari “Displacement and Relocation of Protected Areas: A Synthesis and Analysis of Case Studies” Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 44, Issue No. 49, 05 Dec 2009

[5] B. Madhu Gopal “Justice for tribals displaced by tourism project sought” The Hindu April 07, 2018

[6] “Have India's tribal leaders failed their people?” Published on Thursday 31 July 2003 Have India's tribal leaders failed their people?

[7] “Study on Development Projects, Displaced Tribals & Their Living Conditions” Study on Development Projects, Displaced Tribals & Their Living Conditions

[8] Jayashree Nandi “World Environment Day 2013: Remembering silent valley movement” The Times of India Jun 5, 2013

[9] Mayank Aggarwal “A small village in eastern India is resisting a mega steel project—again” Quartz March 5, 2020

[10] Ashish Kothari “It did not stop the dam, but is it a failure?” 23rd February 2023 It did not stop the dam, but is it a failure? - Ecologise

[11] Nandita Kaushal “Displacement: An Undesirable and Unwanted Consequence of Development” The Indian Journal of Political Science Vol. LXX, No. 1, Jan.-Mar., 2009

[12]Walter Fernandes “India’s Forced Displacement Policy and Practice” accessed on 17/12/2023

[13] Vidaya Devi vs The State Of Himachal Pradesh on 8 January, 2020

[14] Samatha vs State Of Andhra Pradesh And Ors on 11 July, 1997

[15] Wildlife First & Ors. v Ministry of Environment and Forest & Ors. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 109 of 2008

[1] Research Scholar, University of Lucknow

[2]  Civil Judge, Jharkhand Judicial Services

[3] MP Jain, SN Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (7th edn, Amita Dhanda(ed), LexisNexis 2017).

[4] HWR Wade, CF Forsyth, Administrative Law (11th edn, Oxford University Press 2014)

[5] CK Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law (6th edn, EBC 2018)

[6] Zain M Nedjatigil, ‘Judicial Control of Administrative Discretion: a Comparative Study’ (Sage Journals, April 1985) accessed 12 April 2022.

[7] Law Teacher, ‘Judicial Control and Exercise of Discretion’ (Lawteacher.net, April 2022) accessed 16 April 2022

[8] MP Jain, Indian Constitutional Law (8th edn, Jasti Chelameswar (ed), Dama Seshadri Naidu(ed), LexisNexis 2018).

[9] ibid.

[10] ibid.

[11] MP Jain, SN Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (7th edn, Amita Dhanda(ed), LexisNexis 2017).

[12] AV Dicey, Law of the Constitution (8th edn, Macmillam and Co 1915).

[13] Frederic William Maitland, The Constitutional History of England (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 1920)

[14] 1911 AC 179.

[15] 1915 AC 129.

[16] AIR 1976 SC 1207.

[17] AIR 1967 SC 1170.

[18] AK Kraipak v UoI, AIR 1970 SC 150, 13.

[19] State of Punjab and ors v Brijeshwar Singh Chahal and ors, AIR 2016 SC 1629.

[20] State of Punjab v Khanchand, AIR 1974 SC 543.

[21] AIR 1970 SC 150.

[22] AIR 2002 SC 834.

[23] MP Jain, SN Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (7th edn, Amita Dhanda(ed), LexisNexis 2017).

[24] [1964] AC 40.

[25] Sharif Ahmad v RTA Meerut, AIR 1981 SC 209, 215.

[26] KC Davis, Discretionary Justice a Preliminary Injuiry (LSU Press 1969).

[27] Ernst Freund, ‘Administrative Powers Over Person and Property’ (1929) 4(9) Indiana Law Journal 625.

[28] Suresh Estates Private Limited v Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, (2007) 14 SCC 439, 451.

[29] KC Davis, Discretionary Justice a Preliminary Injuiry (LSU Press 1969).

[30] MP Jain, SN Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (7th edn, Amita Dhanda(ed), LexisNexis 2017).

[31] AIR 1964 SC 72, 83.

[32] State of Uttar Pradesh v Renu Sagar Power Co, (1988) 4 SCC 59, 86.

[33] Tata Cellular v Union of India, (1994) 6 SCC 651.

[34] Indian Railway Construction Co Ltd v Ajay Kumar, (2003) 4 SCC 579.

[35] P Kasilingam v PSG College of Technology, (1981) 1 SCC 405.

[36] State of Jharkhand and ors v CWE Soma Consortium, AIR 2016 SC 3366.

[37] State of Gujarat v Jamnadas, AIR 1974 SC 2233.

[38] Mansukh Lal Vitthal Das Chauhan v State of Gujarat, (1997) 7 SCC 622.

[39] Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, (1968) AC 997.

[40] MP Jain, SN Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (7th edn, Amita Dhanda(ed), LexisNexis 2017).

[41] AIR 1981 SC 70.

[42] Suman Gupta v State of Jammu and Kashmir, (1983) 4 SCC 339.

[43] Union of India v Kuldeep Singh, (2004) 2 SCC 590.

[44] AIR 1991 SC 1260.

[45] Assistant Excise Commissioner v Issac Peter, (1994) 4 SCC 104.

[46] Kihoto Hollohan v Zachillu, AIR 1993 SC 412, 101.

[47] AIR 1967 SC 483, 485.

[48] Pratap Singh v State of Punjab, AIR 1964 SC 72.

[49] Bank of India v I Jogram, (2007) 7 SCC 236.

[50] Chandra Prakash Singh v Chairman Purvanchal Gramin Bank, (2008) 12 SCC 292.

[51] Makhan Singh Tarsikka v State of Punjab, AIR 1964 SC 381.

[52] Express News Paper Pvt Ltd v Union of India, (1986) 1 SCC 133.

[53] AIR 1964 SC 72, 83.

[54] Delhi Development Authority v UEE Electricals Engineering Pvt Ltd, (2004) 11 SCC 213.

[55] Ravi Yashwant Bhoir v District Collector Raigad, AIR 2012 SC 1339.

[56] In re Manick Chand Mahata v Corporation of Calcutta, ILR 1921 Cal 916.

[57] Srinivasa Cooperative House Building Society Ltd v Madam Gurumurthy Sastry, (1994) 4 SCC 675.

[58] RK Jain v Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 119.

[59] V Purushottamrao v Union of India, (2001) 10 SCC 305, 25.

[60] Hitendra Singh and ors v Dr PD Krishi Vidyapeeth, AIR 2014 SC 1635.

[61] MP Police Establishment v State of MP, (2004) 8 SCC 788, 29.

[62] AIR 1957 SC 164, 168.

[63] Ranjit Singh v Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 461.

[64] Registrar Trade Marks v Ashok Chandra Rakhit, AIR 1955 SC 558.

[65] Indian Banks Association v Devkala Consultancy Services, (2004) 11 SCC 1.

[66] State of West Bengal v Anwar Ali, AIR 1952 SC 75.

[67] AIR 1984 SC 1361, 1367.

[68] Union of India v Ganayutham, (1997) 7 SCC 463.

[1] UNEP & Columbia Law School, Climate Change and Human Rights, UNEP, 1, (2015)

[2] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 

[3] INDIA CONST. art. 21

[4] INDIA CONST. art. 21

[5] INDIA CONST. art. 21

[6] Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

[7] INDIA CONST. art. 19, § 1, cl. e

[8] INDIA CONST. art. 21

[9] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[10] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[11] INDIA CONST. art. 21

[12] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[13] INDIA CONST. art. 300 cl. A

[14] United Nations Charter

[15] New Patriotic Party vs. Attorney-General S.C.G.L.R. 729 (Sup. Ct. Ghana 1996-97)

[16] New Patriotic Party vs. Inspector General of Police [1993-94] 2 G.L.R. 459 (Sup. Ct. Ghana 1993-94)

[17] Adjei Ampofo vs. Attorney-General S.C.G.L.R. 676 (Sup. Ct. Ghana 2007-08)

[18] SERAC vs. Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001)

[19] Decision Regarding Communication 155/96 (Social and Economic Rights Action Center/Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria), Case No. ACHPR/COMM/A044/1, para. 52

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[2] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[3] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807274

[4] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[5] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[6].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807274

[7] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[8].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807274

[9] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[10] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807274

[11] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[12] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[13] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-OccasionalPaper-259-Kashmir-Diplomatic.pdf

[14] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807274