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[1] Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) 3 SCC 625.[2] AIR 1967 SC 1643.[3] AIR 1973 SC 1461.[4] (1978) 1 SCC 248.[5] James Bryce, I Modern Democracies 272 (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1921).[6] AIR 1973 SC 1461.[7] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1.[8] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 177 (LexisNexis, New Delhi, 8th edn., 2018).[9] Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org (last visited on May 11, 2026).[10] D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India 118 (LexisNexis, New Delhi, 23rd edn., 2015).[11] Dr. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India 74 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 58th edn., 2021).[12] Ibid.[13] Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) 3 SCC 625.[14] Jahnavi Sindhu, “A Responsive Theory of Judicial Review-A View from India” 34 National Law School of India Review 72 (2023).[15] Supra note 8 at 177.[16] 5 U.S. 137 (1803).[17] Dr. Sanjay Ambekar, “The Doctrine of Judicial Review: A Critical Examination” 9 IRE Journals 414 (2025).[18] Supra note 17 at 414.[19] Id. at 415.[20] AIR 1950 SC 27.[21] AIR 1951 SC 226.[22] AIR 1967 SC 1643.[23] AIR 1973 SC 1461.[24] Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) 3 SCC 625.[25] (1978) 1 SCC 248.[26] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1.[27] H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India 133 (Universal Law Publishing, Nagpur, 4th edn., 2015).[28] The Constitution of India, art. 13(1).[29] Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at: scribd.com (last visited on May 11, 2026).[30] The Constitution of India, art. 32(2).[31] Justice Dr. B S Chauhan, “Judicial Review” available at: https://nja.gov.in (last visited on May 11, 2026).[32] The Constitution of India, art. 226(1).[33] K. Shiv Sidharth, “Judicial Governance in India and its implications for Social Justice, Change and Development” 3 CLR 87 (2022).[34] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 180 (LexisNexis, New Delhi, 8th edn., 2018).[35] Dr. Banamali Barik, “Judicial Review in India: An analysis of the Constitutionality of Laws” available at: voiceoflaw.in (last visited on May 11, 2026).[36] AIR 1950 SC 27.[37] Bhikaji Narayan v. State of M.P., AIR 1955 SC 781.[38] Muthiah M. Ct. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, AIR 1955 SC 146.[39]Shubhangi Upmanya and Gautam Badlani, “Article 13 of the Indian Constitution” available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in (last visited on May 12, 2026).[40] K.C. Gajapati Narayan Deo v. State of Orissa, AIR 1953 SC 375.[41] State of Bombay v. F.N. Balsara, AIR 1951 SC 318.[42] AIR 1973 SC 1461.[43] (1978) 1 SCC 248.[44] (1997) 6 SCC 241.[45] (1994) 2 SCR 644.[46] AIR 2018 SC 4321.[47] Dr. Sanjay Ambekar, “The Doctrine of Judicial Review: A Critical Examination” 9 IRE Journals 416 (2025).[48] AIR 1976 SC 1207.[49] (1978) 1 SCC 248.[50] Rajeev Suri v. Delhi Development Authority (2021) SCC Online SC 7.[51] AIR 2020 SC 1308.[52] Supra note 47 at 416.[53] Ibid.[54] Id. at 417.[55] M. Asad Malik, “Changing Dimensions of Federalism in India: An Appraisal” 2 ILI Law Review 89 (2019).[56] D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India 122 (LexisNexis, New Delhi, 23rd edn., 2015).[57] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461.[58] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 SCC 248.[59] Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at: https://www.acton.org (last visited on May 12, 2026). 

[1]Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023 [hereinafter BNSS], § 35 (India); Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273 (India).[2] Joginder Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1994) 4 SCC 260 (India); Arnesh Kumar, (2014) 8 SCC 273.[3] BNSS, commencement notification (bringing the Sanhita into force on July 1, 2024).[4] BNSS, § 35(1)(b).[5] Id. § 35(1)(b)(i)–(v).[6] Satender Kumar Antil v. Central Bureau of Investigation, (2022) 10 SCC 51 (India).[7] BNSS, § 35(3).[8] Id. § 35(4)–(6).[9] Joginder Kumar, (1994) 4 SCC 260.[10]D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, (1997) 1 SCC 416 (India).[11] Arnesh Kumar, (2014) 8 SCC 273.[12] Siddharth v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2022) 1 SCC 676 (India).[13] Satender Kumar Antil, (2022) 10 SCC 51.[14] Pankaj Bansal v. Union of India, (2024) 7 SCC 576 (India).[15] Prabir Purkayastha v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2024) 7 SCC 576 (India).[16] Constitution of India 1950, art 14; E P Royappa v State of Tamil Nadu (1974) 4 SCC 3 (India).[17] Constitution of India 1950, art 21.[18] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 SCC 248 (India).[19] Constitution of India 1950, art 22(1)–(2).[20] D.K. Basu, (1997) 1 SCC 416.[21] BNSS, §§ 47–49, 53, 56.[22] Code of Criminal Procedure, No. 2 of 1974, §§ 41, 41A (India); BNSS, § 35.

[1]Vijay Mallya Has Left the Country, Government Tells Supreme Court, New Indian Express (Mar. 9, 2016), https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/Mar/09/vijay-mallya-has-left-the-country-government-tells-supreme-court-901734.html.[2]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, India Code (2018).[3]Directorate of Enforcement v. Mallya, Special Court (Prevention of Money-Laundering Act), Mumbai (Jan. 5, 2019) (Azmi, J.) (India) (unreported); see also Vijay Mallya Becomes First Person to Be Officially Tagged as a Fugitive Economic Offender, Bus. Today (Jan. 5, 2019), https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/vijay-mallya-becomes-first-person-to-be-officially-tagged-as-a-fugitive-economic-offender-157748-2019-01-05.[4]Mallya v. Gov't of India [2020] EWHC (Admin) 924, [3]–[12] (Eng.). The English Divisional Court's recital of the lending history is the most complete judicial account of the Kingfisher facts available in the public domain.[5]State Bank of India v. Mallya, 2022 INSC 700 (India).[6]Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, No. 51 of 1993, India Code (1993), renamed the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993, by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, No. 31 of 2016, § 250, India Code (2016).[7]Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, No. 54 of 2002, India Code (2002).[8]Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, No. 15 of 2003, India Code (2003).[9]CBI Files Chargesheet Against Mallya in IDBI Loan Case, Bus. Standard (Jan. 24, 2017), https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cbi-files-chargesheet-against-mallya-in-idbi-loan-case-117012401278_1.html.[10]Shaswati Das & Jayshree P. Upadhyay, ED Files Charges Against Vijay Mallya in Case over IDBI Bank Loans to Kingfisher Airlines, Mint (June 15, 2017), https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VUWHexf9LQwbwgTDNPBt2M/Vijay-Mallya-chargesheeted-by-ED-in-case-over-IDBI-Bank-loan.html.[11]Vijay Mallya Receives Non-Bailable Warrant in Loan Default Case Linked to Indian Overseas Bank, Hindu (July 2, 2024).[12]Press Trust of India, Vijay Mallya Fraudulently Diverted Rs 3,700 Crore for Jet Sorties, F1, IPL Teams: Enforcement Directorate, NDTV (June 20, 2018), https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vijay-mallya-charged-with-fradulently-diverting-rs-3700-crore-1870614.[13]Press Trust of India, Mallya Flew Away Just Like 'Kingfisher' Bird: HC, Mumbai Mirror (Sept. 19, 2016).[14]Money Laundering Case: Fraud Office Probes 17 Firms Who Took Loans to Fund Vijay Mallya, Indian Express (July 22, 2016). The Serious Fraud Investigation Office derives its investigative mandate from the Companies Act, No. 18 of 2013, §§ 211–212, India Code (2013).[15]State Bank of India v. Mallya [2018] EWHC (Comm) 1084 (Eng.). The Debt Recovery Tribunal's award was registered in England under the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933, c. 13 (U.K.).[16]Gov't of India v. Mallya (Westminster Magistrates' Ct. Dec. 10, 2018) (Arbuthnot, C.M.) (Eng.) (unreported).[17]Kingfisher Airlines Tycoon Loses Appeal Against Extradition to India, Guardian (Apr. 20, 2020).[18]Ron Emler, Vijay Mallya Debt Recovery Cannot End Criminal Case, Indian Court Told, Drinks Bus. (Sept. 14, 2026), https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2026/09/vijay-mallya-debt-recovery-cannot-end-criminal-case-indian-court-told/.[19]State Bank of India v. Mallya, supra note 5.[20]Press Trust of India, Mallya Assets Freeze Order in UK Courts Until April 2018, Econ. Times (Dec. 13, 2017), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mallya-assets-freeze-order-in-uk-courts-until-april-2018/articleshow/62057873.cms.[21]Naomi Canton, Indian Banks Face Uphill Task to Determine What Mallya Owns in England, Times India (July 11, 2018), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-banks-face-uphill-task-to-determine-what-mallya-owns-in-england/articleshow/64937513.cms.[22]Press Trust of India, Vijay Mallya Discontinues Bankruptcy Annulment Application in UK, Econ. Times (Oct. 13, 2025), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vijay-mallya-discontinues-bankruptcy-annulment-application-in-uk/articleshow/124531165.cms.[23]United Nations Convention Against Corruption arts. 51–57, opened for signature Dec. 9, 2003, 2349 U.N.T.S. 41 (ratified by India May 9, 2011). Article 51 declares the return of assets a fundamental principle of the Convention.[24]U.N. Comm'n on Int'l Trade Law, Working Grp. V (Insolvency Law), Civil Asset Tracing and Recovery in Insolvency Proceedings, U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/WG.V/WP.189 (63d Sess., Dec. 11–15, 2023).[25]Surbhi Pareek & Monil Chheda, Asset Tracing and Recovery: Is India Ready? (INSOL Int'l, Tech. Paper Series No. 63, June 2024), https://www.cyrilshroff.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/asset-tracing-and-recovery-is-india-ready.pdf.[26]Extradition Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, India-U.K., Sept. 22, 1992 (entered into force Nov. 15, 1993); see also Extradition Act, No. 34 of 1962, India Code (1962).[27]Why UK Prosecutors Toured Tihar Jail Before Deciding on Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi's Fate, Moneycontrol (Sept. 7, 2025), https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/why-uk-prosecutors-toured-tihar-jail-before-deciding-on-vijay-mallya-and-nirav-modi-s-fate-13526640.html.[28]Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023, §§ 355–356, India Code (2023). Section 356 permits inquiry, trial or judgment in the absence of a proclaimed offender.[29]Press Info. Bureau, Gov't of India, Release No. 2179886 (Oct. 16, 2025), https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179886.[30]Neeraj Chauhan, Shah Calls for Special Jails to Aid Extradition, Hindustan Times (Oct. 17, 2025), https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shah-calls-for-special-jails-to-aid-extradition-101760641216821.html.[31]Viraj Chetan Shah v. Union of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Bom 1195 (India). The High Court quashed clause 8(b)(xv) of the Ministry of Home Affairs Office Memorandum of 27 October 2010 (and its equivalent, clause 6(B)(xv) of the consolidated Office Memorandum of 22 February 2021), which had authorised the heads of public sector banks to request Look-Out Circulars.[32]Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 S.C.C. 248 (India).[33]Union of India v. Viraj Chetan Shah (S.C. Aug. 20, 2024) (India) (interim stay of the High Court's judgment, with liberty to affected borrowers to seek travel permission from the High Court).[34]Ritu Singal v. Bureau of Immigration, 2026:DHC:3806 (India) (following Viraj Chetan Shah).[35]Kiran Ashok Kadam, State Bank of India v. Dr. Vijay Mallya, Int'l J. Legal Stud. & Soc. Sci. (July 2024), https://ijlsss.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/18.-KiranKadam.pdf.[36]Press Info. Bureau, Gov't of India, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs Launches New Initiatives for Corporate Sector (Feb. 20, 2019), https://www.pib.gov.in/pressreleasepage.aspx?prid=1555992.[37]Reserve Bank of India, Master Circular on Wilful Defaulters, RBI/2015-16/100, DBR.No.CID.BC.22/20.16.003/2015-16 (July 1, 2015), https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/Notification.aspx?Id=1458.[38]Reserve Bank of India, Report of the Committee on the Financial System (1991) (Chairman: M. Narasimham).[39]Reserve Bank of India (Treatment of Wilful Defaulters and Large Defaulters) Directions, 2024, RBI/DoR/2024-25/122, DoR.FIN.REC.No.31/20.16.003/2024-25 (July 30, 2024) (India).[40]Vijay Mallya Questions Minister's Statement on Recoveries from Him, Deccan Herald (Dec. 2, 2025), https://www.deccanherald.com/india/vijay-mallya-questions-ministers-statement-on-recoveries-from-him-3816968. The reply placed before the Lok Sabha recorded fifteen declared fugitive economic offenders owing a principal sum of Rs 26,645 crore and accrued interest of Rs 31,437 crore as on 31 October 2025, against recoveries of Rs 19,187 crore.[41]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, supra note 2, § 1(3).[42]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 4(2) proviso, India Code (2018). The declaration is available only where the value involved is at least one hundred crore rupees.[43]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 11, India Code (2018).[44]Id. § 12.[45]Id. § 14.[46]Rahul Madathil, Fugitive Economic Offenders Regulations and Securities Laws of India, 10 Int'l J. Rsch. & Analytical Revs. 560 (2023), https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR23B1798.pdf.[47]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 12(8), India Code (2018). The provision permits the Special Court to exclude property in which a person other than the offender holds an interest acquired bona fide and without knowledge that the property represented proceeds of crime.[48]Rs 14,131.6 Crore Recovered from Vijay Mallya's Asset Sales, Bus. Standard (Dec. 18, 2024), https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/vijay-mallya-assets-recovered-nirmala-sitharaman-ed-124121800573_1.html.[49]Mallya Still Owes Rs 6,997 Crore Out of Total Dues of Rs 17,781 Crore, Says Finance Ministry, New Indian Express (June 12, 2025).[50]Vijay Mallya Questions Minister's Statement on Recoveries from Him, supra note 40.[51]Vijay Mallya, Interview by Raj Shamani, Figuring Out with Raj Shamani (June 2025).[52]Emler, supra note 18.[53]Ron Emler, Vijay Mallya Misses Mumbai Court Deadline in Fugitive Offender Case, Drinks Bus. (Feb. 20, 2026), https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2026/02/vijay-mallya-misses-mumbai-court-deadline-in-fugitive-offender-case/.

Hariharan, Anesha V. “DARK PATTERNS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION IN ONLINE SHOPPING: A LEGAL ANALYSIS.” White Black Legal – International Law Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1

Shailesh karkhur. “Forensic Microbiology in India: Emerging applications, legal challenges & prospects for criminal justice..” White Black Legal – International Law Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1

[1]Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, ss 111, 314, 316, 318.[2]Information Technology Act 2000, ss 43, 66, 66C, 66D.[3]Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002, ss 3, 5, 8, 12; Financial Intelligence Unit–India, ‘Registration of Virtual Digital Asset Service Providers as Reporting Entity under PMLA’ (4 July 2023).[4]Income-tax Act 1961, ss 2(47A), 115BBH, 194S; Finance Act 2025.[5]Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992, s 11AA.[6]Internet and Mobile Association of India v Reserve Bank of India (2020) 10 SCC 274.[7]Ganesh Shivkumar Sagar v State of Gujarat, Special Leave to Appeal (Crl) No 268 of 2023 (Supreme Court materials discussed in the source research).[8]Enforcement Directorate, materials concerning the Morris Coin investigation and attachment of assets.[9]Divyesh Dhansukhbhai Darji v State of Gujarat, R/Criminal Misc Appl Nos 16743 & 17068 of 2021 (Guj HC).[10]Nirod Kumar Das v State of Odisha (OPID), BLAPL No 12151 of 2023 (Orissa HC).[11]US Securities and Exchange Commission, ‘Crypto Task Force’ materials (2025–2026); Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Bank Secrecy Act guidance concerning convertible virtual currency and money services businesses.[12]Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on Markets in Crypto-assets (MiCA).[13]Payment Services Act 2019 (Singapore); Monetary Authority of Singapore, requirements applicable to Digital Payment Token service providers.[14]Chainalysis, ‘Crypto Pump and Dump Schemes Make Up 24% of New Tokens’ (2023).[15]Financial Action Task Force, standards concerning virtual assets and virtual asset service providers, including the Travel Rule.

[1] WTO, TRIPS Agreement.[2] Cecilia Oh, “TRIPS and pharmaceuticals: A case of corporate profits over health”, Third World Network, August-September 2000. Available from https://twn.my/title/twr120a.htm.[3] Carlos M. Correa, Integrating Public Health Concerns into Patent Legislation in Developing Countries(Geneva. South Centre, 2000). Available from https://www.southcentre.int/wp- content /uploads/2017/06/Bk 2000 Integrating-Public-Health-Concerns-into-Patent-Legislation EN.pdf. 4 Carlos M. Correa, "Interpreting the Flexibilities Under the TRIPS Agreement", in Carlos M. Correa and Reto M. Hilty, eds., Access to Medicines and Vaccines: Implementing Flexibilities Under Intellectual Property Law (Springer, 2022). Available  from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83114-1 1. 5 WTO, TRIPS Agreement, Art. 27-30.[4] Ibid, Art. 31.[5] Ibid., arts. 6, 30, 39.3. Also see Correa, "Interpreting the Flexibilities Under the TRIPS Agreement."[6] World Trade Organization, document WT/L/971. Available from https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/L/971.pdf.[7] South Centre, “A Public Health Related Approach to Intellectual Property Rights: Public Health Related Flexibilities in the TRIPS Agreement”. Available from https://ipaccessmeds.southcentre.int/wpcontent/uploads/2018/12/Public-Health-Related-Flexibilities-in-the-TRIPS-Agreement.pdf.[8] World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2, Available from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto e/minist e/min01 e/ trips e.htm 11 Ibid, Para 4. [9] UNHLP, "Final Report".[10] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), art. 12.[11] United Nations Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, document E/C. 12/2000/4, para,43.[12] Ibid, paras, 43-44.[13] UNHRC, A/HRC/RES/12/24[14] United Nations Human Rights Council, document A/HRC/23/14. Available from http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/HRC/RES/23/14&Lang=E[15] See, e.g., United Nations General Assembly, document A/HRC/11/12. Available from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/652915?v=pdf#files.[16] The Patents Act, No. 39 of 1970, § 84 (India).[17] Carlos Correa, Intellectual Property Rights and the Use of Compulsory Licenses: Options for Developing Countries, 6 S. Ctr. Res. Papers (2016).[18] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights art. 31, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299.[19] The Patents Act, No. 39 of 1970, § 84 (India).[20] Ibid.[21] Natco Pharma Ltd. v. Bayer Corp., Compulsory License Application No. 1 of 2011 (Controller of Patents, India Mar. 9, 2012).[22] Frederick M. Abbott, The WTO Medicines Decision: World Pharmaceutical Trade and the Protection of Public Health, 99 Am. J. Int’l L. 317 (2005).[23] Ellen ’t Hoen, TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents and Access to Essential Medicines, 3 Chi. J. Int’l L. 27 (2002).[24] World Health Organization, Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights (2006).

[1] Dr. Lokesh B.H. v. State of Karnataka, 2026 INSC 784 (India)[2] D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal, (2010) 10 SCC 469 (SC)[3] D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal, (2010) 10 SCC 469 (SC)[4] Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273[5] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Section 41A (Act No. 2 of 1974)[6] Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Section 35[7] Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273[8] Dr. Lokesh B.H. v. State of Karnataka, 2026 INSC 784 (India)