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[1] 1981 Supp SCC 87

[2] (1982) 3 SCC 235

[3] (1983) 4 SCC 141

[4] (1979) 3 SCC 489

[5] (1980) 4 SCC 1

[6] (1868) LR 3 HL 330

[7] (2002) 5 SCC 111

[8] (2005) 4 SCC 649

[9] (2017) 16 SCC 310

[1] Black’s Law Dictionary.

[2] Paranjape, Dr. N.V., Criminology and Penology with Victimology, 15th Ed., Central Law Publications Ltd., Allahabad, 2011, p. 663.

[3] Randhawa, Gurpreet Singh, Victimology and Compensatory Jurisprudence, 1st Ed., Central Law Publications, Allahabad, 2011, p. 42

[4] Criminal Procedure Code 1973, S 2(wa).

[5] Supra note 3.

[6] State of Gujrat v. High Court of Gujrat, (1998) 7 SCC 392

[7] B.B. Pande, “Growing Concern for ‘Victims’ Interest in Criminology Theory, criminal Law Level Practices: Implications for Future Action” (2011) 1 (1) KIIT Journal of Law and Society

[8] 1979 (4) SCC 719.

[9] 1981 (1) SCC 107.

[10] 2012 (8) SCC 263.

[11] http://memoires.scd.univtours.fr/EPU_DA/LOCAL/2015_M2RI_SHAKTHE_SHARAVANA%20KUMAAR

[12] https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/crimes-against-women-dip-by-24-cybercrimes-see-55-rise-ncrbdata/article36486113.ece

[13] https://theleaflet.in/how-to-read-the-latest-crime-against-women

[14] https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-than-370-000-cases-of-crimes-against-women-reportedin-2020-says-govt-101639625323320.html.

[15] https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-than-370-000-cases-of-crimes-against-women-reported-in2020-says-govt-101639625323320.html

[16] Business standard, https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/brutality-of-nirbhaya-gang-rapesounds-like-story-from-different-world-sc-117050501358_1.html

[17] Ibid

[18] Ibid

[19] THE HINDU, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tiharjail/article31114864.ece.

[20] Ibid 19

[21] AIR 2017SC 4161

[22] http://racolblegal.com/metoo-movement-and-its-legal-consequences/

[23] Jonathan Robinson vs. The Inspector of Police, MANU/TN/3381/2015

[24] Report of Ministry of Women and Child Development, 2007

[25] Deccan Herald dt. 14th August, 2009.

[26] (1997) 8 SCC 114.

[27] Deccan Herald dt. 14th August, 2009

[28] MANU/DE/0386/2017

[29] Sudesh Jakhu v. K.C.J., 1998 Cri.L.J. 2428 (Del).and also see “Sexual Abuses of the Children and the Law”, New Delhi: Legal News and Views, 1996.

[30] In Re: State and Ors., MANU/TN/3816/2015

[31] Humaira Ansari & Surekha S. “Missing” DNA, Mumbai, 19 July,2008

[32] Shreya Roy Chowdhory, “When will these Children Return Home?” The Times of India , New Delhi, 14th Nov, 2008.

[33] G.S. Bajpai and Ramneek Kaur, “ Evolving Victimological Jurisprudence: A view from Supreme Court Cases”, 3J NLUD 33 (2015-15)

[34] (2010) 6 SCC 230.

[35] AIR 1988 SC 2127

[36] (2000) 2 SCC 465

[37] (1993) 2 SCC 746

[38] Justice V.S. Malimath Committee report, 2003

[1] 1.Reference:

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/lawpedia/child-welfare-and-international-concern-51526/ - childwelfare concern

1. Child protection : https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/child-protection-
2. case : https://indianlawportal.co.in/m-c-mehta-v-state-of-tamil-nadu-and-others/-
3. https://racolblegal.com/child-rights-in-india-an-account-of-landmark-decisions-and-regulations/- child rights in india .

[1] The term “freedom fighter” has been coined in 1850 by Karl Heinzen, author of “Murder and Liberty.” – Cf. Daniel Bessner and Michael Stauch (2010): “Karl Heinzen and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Terror,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 143-176. This article contains an English translation of Heinzen’s ‘Mord und Freiheit’. The dictum “one man’s terrorist is the other man’s freedom fighter” confuses ends and means. The ends of an act of violence might be legitimate (like in the case of national self-defense) but the means of the same act of violence might not be, e.g when those attacked are unarmed civilians not responsible for the conflict in which they have become victims. The same relates to war: a just war, when fought by unjust means, loses (some of its) legitimacy

[2] Phillips, Brian J. (2014): “What is a terrorist group? Conceptual issues and empirical implications.” Terrorism and Political Violence 27 (February): pp. 225-242.

[3] James Forest has rightly pointed out, that “…terrorism is a product of characteristics and conditions combined with interactions between individual choices, organisational choices, and the environmental dimensions that influence those choices” – James J.F. Forest. Terrorism as a Product of Choices and Perceptions. Westpoint, N.Y.: Combating Terrorism Center, 2009, p. 31.

[4] Cf. Astrid Bötticher (2017): Radikalismus und Extremismus. Konzeptualisierung und Differenzierung zweier umstrittener Begriffe in der deutschen Diskussion. The Hague: Leiden University, doctoral dissertation. Bötticher noted: ‘The historical roots of radicalism lie in the (self-)description of liberal and republican movements, while the historical roots of extremism can be found in the external labelling of ideology-driven violent movements’. - A. Bötticher. Proposition no. 2 pertaining to Ph.D. Dissertation defense on 24 May 2017). - Extremism has recently been defined by John M. Berger as“….the belief that an in-group’s success or survival can never be separated from the need for hostile action against an out-group. The hostile action can range from verbal attacks and diminishment to discriminatory behaviour, violence, and even genocide”. - J.M. Berger (2018): Extremism. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, p.44

[5] The term “terrorists” was reportedly coined by Gracchus Babeuf, a French journalist and egalitarian agitator, who himself later became a victim of the guillotine. - Barry Rubin and Judith C. Rubin (2008): Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, p. 7.

[6] Levitt, Geoffrey (1986): “Is Terrorism Worth Defining?” Ohio Northern University Law Review 13, pp. 97-116

[7] Ben Saul (2006): Defining Terrorism in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 48-49 and p.214.

[8] M. G. Marshall and T. R. Gurr. Peace and Conflict. College Park, University of Maryland, Center for International Development & Conflict Management, 2005, p. 63

[9]  Alex P. Schmid (1984): Political Terrorism. A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature. With a Bibliography by the Author and a World Directory of “Terrorist” Organizations by A.J. Jongman. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, pp.76-77

[10] Carol Winkler, In the Name of Terrorism: Presidents on Political Violence in the Post- World War II Era, Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 2006, pp. 11-16.

[11] Peter C. Sederberg (1989): Terrorist Myths: Illusion, Rhetoric, and Reality. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p.3.

[12] 8 B. Seddon and A. Malaret Baldo, Counter-IED Capability Maturity Model & Self-Assessment Tool, UNIDIR, 2020 (in particular, pp. 10–15).

[1] Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution of India reads that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression.

[2] M. Nagaraj v. Union of India, (2006) 8 SCC 212

[3] Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[4] Secretary, Ministry of I & B v. Cricket Association of Bengal, AIR 1995 SC 1236 at 1293

[5] Union of India v. Motion Pictures Association, AIR 1999 SC 2334

[6] Madhavi Goradia Divan, Facets of Media Law 5 (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2010).

[7] S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram (1989) 2 SCC 574.

[8] AIR 1950 SC 124

[9] The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads: “The Congress shall make no law... abridging the        freedom of speech or of the press”.

[10] (1988) 3 SCC 410

[11] (2002) 5 SCC 294

[12] 1962 AIR 955

[13] 1989 SCR (2) 204

[14] 1978 AIR 597

[15] AIR 1948 Nag, 199