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[3] Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 29 July 1899, 32 Stat. 1803 (entered into force 4 September 1900).

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[4]Supra note. 2

[5] Gray Nature and Sources of Law, 176 (2nd edn.).

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[7]SeventilalManeklal Seth v. Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) Bombay. (1968) 2 SCJ 129

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[12] Act no. 19 of 1952.

[13] Section 1 (3) (a)

[14] Section 1 (3) (b)

[15] Section 1 (4)

[16] Id., Section 1 (4)

[17] Id., Section 1 (3) (a)

[18] Section 2(f) of The Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act

[19] Section 2 (f)

[20] AIR 1955 Mad 387

[21] AIR 1965 AP 200

[22] (1986) S.C.O. (L & S) 155.

[23] Section 2A of EPF Act

[24] Section 26(6) of EPF Act

[25] Section 5 (1)

[26] Section 6 A (1)

[27] Section 6 C (1)

[28] Section 5(1-A), Section 6A(3) and Section  6C(5)

[29] 1990 SCC (L&S) 1

[30] No. SRO 331 dated Jan. 15.1958 and no GSR 1467 dated Dec. 2, 1960.

[31] AIR 1962 SC 1402

[32] Retiral that employer and employee both contribute in line with the Employee's Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952

[33] 1960 SCR (3) 488

[34] 1963 SCR (3) 995

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[38] ILR 2004 KAR 80

[39] (2009) 10 SCC 123

[40] (2014) 4 SCC 37

[41] Bank of India v. Provident Fund Commissioner 2005 SCC OnLine Ker 658 : (2006) 2 KLJ 135.

[42] Section 69 of EPF Act

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[1] Sec.4(b) of competition act,2002(12 of 2003).

[2] Predatory pricing by William Barnett II, Michael saliba, Walter block,https://www.researchgate.net.. last visited on jul,10,2024  at 11.31 am.

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[5] "Predatory Pricing and the Limits of Antitrust" by Herbert Hovenkamp (University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 2003).

[6] 15.U.S.C § 2.

[7] Aspen skiing co. v. aspen highlands skiing corp.,472 U.S.585,605 n.32(1985).

[8] 221,U.S.1,78(1911).

[9] 221,U.S. 106(1911).

[10] 509 U.S. at 224.

[11] 641 sc 2017.

[1] Mokal, R. J. (2001). "The Value of Rescue: A Critical Analysis of the London Approach to the Resolution of Financial Distress." Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1(1), 136-178.

[2] Altman, E. I., & Hotchkiss, E. (2005). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt. John Wiley & Sons.

[3] Stiglitz, J. E., & Weiss, A. (1981). "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information." American Economic Review, 71(3), 393-410.

[4] Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (2002). "Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure." Economic Journal, 112(477), F32-F53.

[5] See The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985; The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993; The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002; Companies Act, 2013

[6] World Bank. (2019). "Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies." World Bank Group.

[7] Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI). (2016). "Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: A Reform to Promote Resolution, Maximize Value of Assets, and Balance Interests of All Stakeholders."

[8] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Preamble

[9] Goode, R. M. (2011). Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law (4th ed.). Sweet & Maxwell.

[10] Fletcher, I. F. (2009). The Law of Insolvency (4th ed.). Sweet & Maxwell.

[11] Belmont Park Investments Pty. Ltd. v. BNY Corporate Trustee Services Ltd & Anr., 38 UKSC [2011]

[12] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 49

[13] Bankruptcy Law Reform Committee, Interim Report of the Bankruptcy Law Reform Committee (Feb. 2015) 98-99

[14] Armour, J., Hsu, A., & Walters, A. (2006). The Creditors' Bargain and Option-Preservation in Restructuring Law. European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR), 7(1), 1-34.

[15] Jackson, T. (2012). Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law. Oxford University Press.

[16] United States Bankruptcy Code, 1978

[17] Baird, D. G., & Rasmussen, R. K. (2002). The End of Bankruptcy. Yale Law Journal, 111(3), 357-384.

[18] Skeel, D. A. (2014). Debt's Dominion: A History of Bankruptcy Law in America. Princeton University Press.

[19] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 11

[20] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 29A

[21] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 50

[22] Kenneth Kettering, "Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law" (Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 145.

[23] Jason Harris, "Australian Insolvency Law: Cases and Materials" (Cambridge University Press, 2020), p. 212.

[24] Paul Omar, "Principles of Insolvency Law" (Oxford University Press, 2020), p. 212.

[25] See Supra note 5

[26] Rebecca Parry, ‘Extortionate Credit Transactions (Insolvency Act 1986, Sections 244 and 343),’ in Transaction Avoidance in Insolvencies (Rebecca Parry et al. eds., 3rd ed. 2018) 197

[27] LIC of India v. Consumer Education and Research Centre, (1995) 5 SCC 482, Pg. 32, 37

[28] Anson’s Law of Contracts (J. Beatson et. al eds., 30th ed. 2016) 4

[29] G.H.L Fridman, ‘Freedom of Contract’ 2 Ottawa L. Rev. 1 (1967)

[30] Lord Denning, The Due Process of Law (London: Butterworths, 1980), p. 112.

[31] Robert E. Scott and Alan Schwartz, Contract Theory and the Limits of Contract Law (Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 142.

[32] William A. Klein, John C. Coffee Jr., and Frank Partnoy, Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles (Foundation Press, 2018), p. 455.

[33] Report of Review Committee, Insolvency Law and Practice (Cmnd 8558, June 1982, United Kingdom), Pg 1481 – 1484

[34] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 50

[35] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Liquidation Process) Rules, 2016, Regulation 11

[36] Ashish Makhija, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India (2018) 992.

[37] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Section 51

[38] Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited and Another v. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Another etc. (1986) 3 SCC 156.

[39] Mary vs State Of Kerala & Ors 2014 (14) SCC 272

[40] P Saraswathi Ammal v. Lakshmi Ammal, AIR 1978 Mad 361

[41] Ladli Prasad Jaiswal v. Karnal Distillery Co. Ltd., 1964 1 SCR 270

[42] S.K. Jain v. State of Haryana, (2009) 4 SCC 357

[43] Law Commission of India, Report No. 103, Unfair Terms in Contract (July 28th, 1984), Pg. 2.6

[44] Reserve Bank of India, Guidelines on Fair Practices Code for Lenders (May 5, 2003)

* Assistant Professor in Law, Chandigarh Law College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali.

** Assistant Professor in Law, Chandigarh Law College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali.

[1] V.V. Devasia, Lellamma Devasia, “Women, Social Justice and Human Rights”, APH Publication Corporation, New Delhi, 2013.

[2] Anjani Kant, “Human Rights: Recent Trend of Judiciary in India”, AIR Journal, 2014.

[3] Tahir Mahmood, Minorities Commission Minor Role in Major affair, 2001, p 2.

[4] A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 6th Ed. 2000, p-306

[5] www.eurac.edu. visited on 11 March 2022.

[6] www. hinduonnet.com

[7] AIR 1958 SC 956.

[8] AIR 1965 Ker. 75 at p-76.

[9] 1971 (Supp) SCR 677

[10] AIR 1992 SC 1630.

[11] (1995) 4 SCC 464.

[12] AIR 2003 SC 355 at p-418

[13] Kailash Rai, “The constitutional Law of India”, Central Law Publication, Allahabad, 2010.

[14] www.eurac.edu

[15] S.M. Mehta, “Indian Constitutional Law”, Deep and Deep Publication, 1990

[16] M.P. Singh, “The Constitution of India”, Delhi Law House, 2001

[17] M.P. Jain, “Indian Constitutional law”, Wadhwa and Company, Nagpur, 2010

[18] Ibid

[19] Narinder Kumar, “Constitutional Law of India”, Pioneer Publications, 2011

[20] P.A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2005 SC 3226

[21] Malankara Syrian Catholic College v. T. Jose, AIR 2007 SC 570

[22] D.A.V. College, Jullundur v. State of Punjab, AIR 1971 SC 1737

[23] T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2003 SC 355

[24] AIR 2003 SC 355

[25] The Hindu July 8, 2010

[26] AIR 1965 SC 183: (1964) 6 SCR 750

[27] G.S. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India, University Book House Pvt. Ltd. Jaipur 2009.

[28] Supra note 30

[29] AIR 1971 SC 1737; (1971) 2 SCC 269.

[30] (2004) 6 SCC 264, at p. 279; (2004) 5 SCALE 800

[31] Ibid at page 280. The “three-language formula” adopted for the country under the Report of the Education Commission, 1964-66 appointed by the Government of India.

[32] AIR 1951 SC 226

[33] This led to the insertion of Article 15 (4) of the Constitution (First amendment) Act, 1951.

[34] AIR 1954 SC 561

[35] V.N. Shukla, “Constitution of India”, Eastern Book Company, 2001

[36] (2002) 6 SCC 481

[37] (2008) 6 SCC 1

[38] AIR 1974 SC 1389

[39] Supra note 32, at 1742

[40] Ibid at 1744

[41] AIR 1970 SC 259; (1969) I SCC 964

[42] AIR 2003 SC 355

[43] AIR 1986 SC 1490

[44] AIR 1999 All 356

[45] AIR 2005 SC 3226

[46] P.M. Bakshi, The Constitution of India, universal Law Publishing Cp. Pvt. Ltd. 2001

[47] (1987) 2 SCC 516

[48] AIR 1988 SC 37

[49] AIR 1979 SC 83

* Research Scholar School Of Law, CT University Ludhiana

**Principal School of Law, CT University, Ludhiana

1. Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Derrett, J. Duncan M. "The Development of the Criminal Law of India." Journal of the Indian Law Institute 6, no. 2 (1964): 171-203.       

[4] Ibid.

[5] Indian Penal Code, Chapter IV, Sections 76-106.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Weiner, Myron. "Criminal Law and the Colonial Subject: Macaulay's Criminal Code of 1837." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 4 (1997): 735-774.

[8] Data from District and Sessions Courts of Ludhiana.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Verma, Rajesh. "Socio-Cultural Dynamics and Legal Interpretations: A Study of Self-Defense Claims in Punjab." Punjab Law Journal 12, no. 1 (2015): 45-67.

[11] Comparative legal analysis.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[14] Ibid., Sections 96-106.

[15] Baxi, Upendra. "The Indian Penal Code: A Critical Commentary." Indian Law Review 2, no. 1 (2018): 45-78.

[16] State of Punjab v. Gian Kaur, AIR 1974 SC 282.

[17] Ranjit Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1982 SC 1215.

[18] Indian Penal Code, Section 84.

[19] Derrett, J. Duncan M. "The Development of the Criminal Law of India." Journal of the Indian Law Institute 6, no. 2 (1964): 171-203.

[20] Surinder Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1996 SC 311.

[21] Harbans Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2003 SC 567.

[22] Indian Penal Code, Sections 85-86.

[23] Weiner, Myron. "Criminal Law and the Colonial Subject: Macaulay's Criminal Code of 1837." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 4 (1997): 735-774.

[24] Basudev v. State of Pepsu, AIR 1956 SC 488.

[25] Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard, [1920] AC 479.

[26] Indian Penal Code, Sections 76-79.

[27] Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1956 SC 127.

[28] Ibid.

[29] R v. Tolson, [1889] 23 QBD 168.

[30] Indian Penal Code, Section 81.

[31] Roy, Rajendra. "Necessity in Criminal Law: A Critical Analysis." Delhi Law Review 4, no. 2 (2015): 89-112.

[32] R v. Dudley and Stephens, [1884] 14 QBD 273.

[33] F v. State of West Bengal, AIR 2007 Cal 111.

[34] Indian Penal Code, Section 94.

[35] Verma, Rajesh. "Duress and Criminal Liability: A Study of Indian and Comparative Law." Punjab Law Journal 12, no. 1 (2015): 45-67.

[36] R v. Hasan, [2005] UKHL 22.

[37] State of Gujarat v. Vora Fiddali, AIR 1964 Guj 155.

[38] Indian Penal Code, Sections 82-83.

[39] Hiralal Mallick v. State of Bihar, AIR 1977 SC 223.

[40] Ibid.

[41] Rahul v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2005 Bom 133.

[42] Indian Penal Code, Sections 87-91.

[43] Comparative legal analysis.

[44] R v. Clarence, [1888] 22 QBD 23.

[45] Jasbir Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 SC 105.

[46] Data from National Crime Records Bureau.

[47] Ibid.

[48] Ibid.