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[1] Jain, P., 2018. Artificial Intelligence for sustainable and effective justice delivery in India. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(06), pp.63-70.

[2] Kalyanakrishnan, Shivaram, Rahul Alex Panicker, Sarayu Natarajan, and Shreya Rao. “Opportunities and challenges for artificial intelligence in India.” In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 164-170. 2018.

[3] Nandi, Anulekha. “Artificial intelligence in education in India: questioning justice and inclusion.” (2019): 140-144.

[4] ‘AI can improve judicial system’s efficiency — full text of CJI Bobde’s Constitution Day speech’ (The Print, 27 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[5] SUVAAS or the Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software, is a neural translation tool which has been trained using machine-learning processes. It has the capability of translating English judgments and daily orders into nine vernacular scripts, and vice-versa. See the Supreme Court of India’s press release for information on SUVAAS. Supreme Court of India, ‘Press Release’ (25 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[6] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[7] European Commission For the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 5 November 2023

[8] See generally, Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[9] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[10]  Ajmer Singh, ‘Supreme Court develops software to make all its 17 benches paperless’, (Economic Times, 26 May, 2020) accessed on 15 March 2021. For more understanding of SUPACE see Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[11] Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[12] European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 3 November 2023

[13]  In the United Kingdom, the Lord Chief Justice of the UK Supreme Court has recently convened a ten-member expert committee to look into the ‘likely impact of AI in the English Judiciary. accessed on 5 November 2023

[14]  David Lat, ‘How Artificial Intelligence Will Revolutionize eDiscovery’ (Above The Law, 25 January 2017) accessed on 14 March 2021 and Ronsin, Lampos & Maîtrepierre, (2018), n 5.

[15] Eric Nillier, ‘Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So’ (Wired, 5 March 2019)

[16] Jeff Asher and Rob Arthur, ‘Inside the algorithm that tries to predict gun violence in Chicago’ (New York Times, 13 June 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[17]  Adam Liptak, ‘Sent to prison by a software program’s secret algorithms’ (New York Times, 1 May 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[18]  Marion Oswald and others, ‘Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental’ proportionality’ (2018) 2 Information & Communications Technology Law at 233 accessed on 5 November 2023

[19] Matt Burges, ‘UK police are using AI to inform custodial decisions – but it could be discriminating against the poor’ (Wired, 1 March 2018) accessed 14 November 2023

[20] ‘Checkpoint’ (Durham Constabulary) accessed on 5 November 2023

[21]  Daniel Becker and Isabela Ferrari, ‘VICTOR, the Brazilian Supreme Court’s Artificial Intelligence: a beauty or a beast?’ accessed on 5 November 2023

[22] Maria Dymitruk, ‘Ethical artificial intelligence in judiciary’ (February 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[23]  Daniel Willian GRANADO, ‘Artificial Intelligence Applied To The Legal Proceedings: The Brazilian Experience’ (2019) 5 IMODEV accessed on 5 November 2023

[24]  Maina Siqueira and Marcello Castro, ‘Brazil: The Supreme Federal Tribunal And The “General Repercussion” Requirement’ (Mondaq, 10 March 2008) accessed on 5 November 2023

[25]  Michaels A.C. (2019), ‘AI, legal change and separation of powers’, 88 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1083 (2020); and Winter (2020) n 6.

[26] Michaels A.C. (2019), n 19. Also see John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016); and John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016)

[27] (2008) 2 PLR 774

[28] https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Responsible-AI-in-the-Indian-Justice-System-A-Strategy-Paper.pdf

[1] Sundar, K.S., 2020. Critiquing the industrial relations code bill, 2019. Urban Poor and Healthcare Access, p.45.

[2] MEHTA, K., Demystifying Code on Industrial Relations 2020.

[3] Roy, G.K. and Dubey, A., 2022. A Note on Industrial Relations Code, 2020. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(2), pp.533-543.

[4] Bhuta, A., 2022. Imbalancing Act: India’s Industrial Relations Code, 2020. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(3), pp.821-830.

[5] Barklamb, S., 2021. Wake-up call for a dysfunctional system: Employer perspectives on industrial relations in 2020. Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(3), pp.411-421.

[6] Weiss, M., Schmidt, M. and Hlava, D., 2023. Labour law and industrial relations in Germany. Kluwer Law International BV.

[1] Mohr, Richard. "The Christian origins of secularism and the rule of law." law and religion in public life. Routledge, 2011. 44-61.

[2] Rao, V. Venkata. "Constitution Forty Second Amendment Act 1976 (A Critical Study)." (1978): 142-148.

[3] Meiklejohn, Alexander. "The First Amendment is an absolute." The Supreme Court Review 1961 (1961): 245-266.

[4] Marbaniang, Domenic. Secularism in India: a historical analysis. Lulu Press, Inc, 2011.

[5] Kothari, Rajni, and Rushikesh Maru. "Caste and secularism in India case study of a caste federation." The Journal of Asian Studies 25.1 (1965): 33-50.

[6] De “Roover, Jakob, Sarah Claerhout, and S. N. Balagangadhara”. "Liberal political theory and the cultural migration of ideas: The case of secularism in India." “Political Theory 39.5 (2011): 571-599”.

[7] Chishti, S. M. A. W. "Secularism in India: An Overview." The Indian Journal of Political Science (2004): 183-198.

[8] Bhargava, Rajeev. "What is Indian secularism and what is it for?." India Review 1.1 (2002): 1-32.

[9] Alam, Javeed. "Ethically speaking, what should be the meaning of separation for secularism in India." Social Scientist (2007): 3-18.

[10] Bhargava, Rajeev, and T. N. Srinivasan. "The distinctiveness of Indian secularism." The Future of Secularism, Oxford University Press, New York (2007).

[11] Rajagopalan, Swarna. "Secularism in India: Accepted principle, contentious interpretation." The Secular and the Sacred. Routledge, 2004. 235-251.

[12] “Brass, Paul”. "Indian secularism in practice." “Indian Journal of Secularism 9.1 (2006)”: 115-132.

[13] “Laborde, Cécile, Minimal Secularism: Lessons for, and from, India, American Political Science Review 115.1” (2021): 1-13.

[14] Majeed, Javed. "the crisis of secularism in india." Modern Intellectual History 7.3 (2010): 653-666.

[15] Thapar, Romila. "Secularism, history, and contemporary politics in India." The crisis of secularism in India (2007): 191-207.

[16] “Tejani, Shabnum, Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950, Indiana University Press”, 2021.

[17] “Ali, Md Musa, Secularism in India: concepts, historical perspective and challenges, Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I. Issue XXIV” (2015).

[18] Alam, Javeed. "Ethically speaking, what should be the meaning of separation for secularism in India." Social Scientist (2007): 3-18.

[19] The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.

[20] Article 12, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[21] AIR 1973 SC 1461.

[22] 1994 SCC (3)

[23] (1975) 1 S.C.R. 173.

[24] Article 13, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[25] “Article 14, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[26] “Article 15, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[27] “Article 16, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[28] “Article 25, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[29] “Article 51, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[30] Bhargava, Rajeev. "What is Indian secularism and what is it for?." India Review 1.1 (2002): 1-32.

[31] 1964 AIR 464

[32] Supra Note 21.

[33] 1980 AIR 1789

[34] 1994 AIR 1918

[35] “Padhy, Sanghamitra,. Secularism and justice: a review of Indian Supreme Court judgments, Economic and Political Weekly” (2004): 5027-5032.

[36] Supra Note 23.

[37] Baker, Joseph O., and Buster G. Smith. "American secularism." American Secularism. New York University Press, 2015.

[38] McClay, Wilfred M. "Secularism, American-Style." Society 44.6 (2007): 160-163.

[39] McCrary, Charles. “Sincerely Held: American Secularism and Its Believers, University of Chicago Press, 2022”.

[40] 330 U.S. 1 (1947)

[41] 403 U.S. 602 (1971)

[42] Cady, Linell. "Choosing our better history: religion, secularism, and American public life." Macalester Civic Forum. Vol. 3. No. 1. 2009.

[43] Devine, Colin A. "A Critique of the Secular Exceptions Approach to Religious Exemptions." UCLA L. Rev. 62 (2015): 1348.

[44] 374 U.S. 398 (1963)

[45] Reeves, De'Siree N. "Missing Link: The Origin of Sherbert and the Irony of Religious Equality." Stan. JCR & CL 15 (2019): 201.

[46] Choper, Jesse H. "The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment: Reconciling the Conflict." U. Pitt. L. Rev. 41 (1979): 673.

[47] 494 U.S. 872 (1990)

[48] Mykkeltvedt, Roald. "Employment Division v. Smith: Creating anxiety by relieving tension." Tenn. L. Rev. 58 (1990): 603.

[49] Article 25, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[50] Seligman, Adam B. "Secularism, liberalism and the problem of tolerance: The case of the usa." Theoria 55.115 (2008): 17-31.

[1] United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951, 28 July 1951, U.N.T.S, 137.

[2] Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, 10 December 1948, U.N.T.S, 217 A (III).

[3] International Covenant on political rights 1966, 16 December 1966, 2200A (XXI)

[4] Convention of the right of Childs 1992, 20 November 1989, U.N.T.S, vol. 1577, p. 3

[5] Gambia V. Myanmar, ICJ GL No 178, ICGJ 540 (ICJ 2020)

[6] Foreigner Act, 1946, § 2, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 1949 (India)

[7] INDIA CONST. art. 14, amended by The Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act 2021

[8] INDIA CONST. art. 19, amended by The Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act 2021

[9] INDIA CONST. art. 21, amended by The Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act 2021

[10] INDIA CONST. art. 51, amended by The Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act 2021

[11] Foreigner Act, 1946, § 3, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 1949 (India)

[1] https://cdn.hswstatic.com/gif/csi-lead.jpg

[2] 123 (2005) DLT 563

[3]  2006 (1) ALD Cri 96, 2005 CriLJ 4314

[4] https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/kolkata-registers-lowest-crime-rate-among-metros-delhi-tops-chart-in-nbrc-report-2021-in-gfx-5854255-4.html

[5] https://blog.ipleaders.in/role-forensic-psychology-understanding-criminal-psychology/

[6] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1025384/

[7] https://www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/resources/10-modern-forensic-science-technologies

[8] https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/uploads/branchesofforensicscience_6667326070.jpeg

[9] 1987 AIR 1436, 1987 SCR (2) 501

[10] 1962 AIR 605, 1962 SCR Supl. (1) 567

[11] ILR 1978 Delhi 327, 1978 RLR 442

[12] https://californiainnocenceproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/evidence.jpg

[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling#:~:text=DNA%20profiling%20is%20a%20forensic,in%20genealogical%20and%20medical%20research.

[14] Appeal (civil)  2918 of 2005

[15] 2003 (1) AWC 344 SC, (2003) 2 CALLT 23 SC, I (2006) DMC 27 SC, JT 2002 (9) SC 440, (2006) 142 PLR 385, (2003) 10 SCC 228, 2003 (2) WLN 671

[16] 2007 CriLJ 964, 133 (2006) DLT 393

[17] https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1866/chapter/2#5

[18] https://byjus.com/biology/dna-structure/

[19] https://www.livelaw.in/h-upload/2022/09/26/750x450_436574-forensic-evidence-and-right-to-privacy.jpg

[20] AIR 2010 SC 1974, (2010) 7 SCC 263

[21] https://www.worldbrainmapping.org/About/What-Is-Brain-Mapping

[22] https://vollmerinstitute.com/how-does-a-polygraph-device-operate/

[23] https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence#:~:text=Artificial%20intelligence%20is%20the%20simulation,speech%20recognition%20and%20machine%20vision.

[24] https://www.aitimejournal.com/what-is-artificial-intelligence-ai/29625/

[25] https://knowledge.insead.edu/operations/professionalisation-cyber-criminals