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[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, Act No. 21 of 2000; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Computer-related Offences.[2] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime, discussing the borderless and technology-enabled nature of cybercrime and challenges of investigation and evidence.[3] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1; Constitution of India, art. 21.[4] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).[5] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023).[6] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India reports; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023).[7] Constitution of India; Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).[8] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India reports; National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, Government of India.[9] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).[10]  Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1; Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.[11] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime.[12] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Computer-related Offences.[13] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime.[14] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, discussing the borderless nature of cybercrime, anonymity of offenders, and the challenges involved in identifying and tracing perpetrators.[15] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, explaining the rapid and wide dissemination of information through digital technologies and the difficulties in controlling electronically distributed content.[16] UN Women, Online and ICT-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls During COVID-19, discussing the psychological and social consequences of technology-facilitated violence against women[17] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing information on reporting cybercrime complaints and mechanisms available to victims.[18] Information Technology Act, 2000, §§ 43, 66, 66C, 66D and 66E, concerning unauthorised access, computer-related offences, identity theft and related forms of misuse of digital technology.[19] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions relating to the admissibility and proof of electronic or digital records; Information Technology Act, 2000.[20] Information Technology Act, 2000; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, discussing jurisdictional and cross-border challenges in cybercrime investigations.[21] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, as amended, concerning grievance redressal and obligations relating to removal of specified unlawful content.[22] United Nations Women, Online and ICT-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls, discussing the need for survivor-centred responses and appropriate support mechanisms for women experiencing technology-facilitated violence.[23] Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.[24] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, recognising privacy as a constitutionally protected right under Article 21 and affirming the broader constitutional protection of dignity and liberty.[25] Constitution of India, art. 15, prohibiting discrimination on specified grounds, including sex.[26] Constitution of India, arts. 19(1)(a) and 19(2); Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.[27] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.[28] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, § 78, concerning the offence of stalking, including monitoring the use by a woman of the internet, email or other forms of electronic communication.[29] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, §§ 351–352, concerning criminal intimidation and intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace.[30] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions concerning electronic or digital records and their admissibility and proof in legal proceedings.[31] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing an online mechanism for reporting cybercrime complaints and seeking assistance from law-enforcement authorities.[32] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).[33]Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.[34] Information Technology Act, 2000, §§ 66C, 66D, 66E, 67 and 67A, concerning identity theft, cheating by personation, privacy violations, obscene material and sexually explicit material[35] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1. The Supreme Court declared Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 unconstitutional for violating Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.[36] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, discussing the technical requirements involved in the identification, collection and examination of digital evidence.[37] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023), provisions relating to electronic and digital records; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation.[38] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation and International Cooperation, discussing the transnational nature of cybercrime and the importance of international cooperation and mutual legal assistance[39] Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; and Government of India, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal.[40] Constitution of India; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.[41] Constitution of India, arts. 14, 19 and 21; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.[42] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, discussing the evolving nature of cybercrime and challenges created by emerging technologies.[43] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal; UN Women, materials concerning barriers to reporting and victim support in cases of online and ICT-facilitated violence against women and girls.[44] Constitution of India, arts. 14, 19 and 21; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.[45] Information Technology Act, 2000, particularly §§ 66E, 67 and 67A; Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, as amended, concerning unlawful online content, intermediary obligations and grievance redressal.[46] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions concerning electronic and digital records; UNODC, Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, concerning digital investigation and forensic examination of electronic evidence.[47] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing an online mechanism for reporting cybercrime and improving accessibility to cybercrime complaint procedures.[48] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, concerning cybercrime reporting and public awareness; UN Women, resources concerning women's online safety and prevention of technology-facilitated violence.[49] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, concerning emerging and technology-enabled forms of cybercrime; Information Technology Act, 2000, particularly §§66E, 67 and 67A, concerning privacy violations and obscene or sexually explicit electronic material.

[1] BaLLB, Final Year Student, Institute of law and research, Faridabad[2] Andrea Agostinelli et al., “Music LM: Generating Music From Text” (2023), available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.11325; Prafulla Dhariwal et al., “Jukebox: A Generative Model for Music” (2020), available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00341.[3] Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1[4] The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 13(4), 14, 17, 18, 19, 51 and 52.[5] The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 38A and 38B; Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914.[6] The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 13(4), 14(a), 14(e) and 51; Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914.[7] The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 2(d), 2(p), 2(qq), 2(uu), 2(xx) and 13(1).[8] The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (Act 27 of 2012); The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 17, 18 and 19.[9] Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1.[10] The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 51 and 52(1)(a), (b) and (c).[11] Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Government of India, Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright, Part I: One Nation One License One Payment—Balancing AI Innovation and Copyright (Dec. 2025), available at: [https://www.dpiit.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/12/ff266bbeed10c48e3479c941484f3525.pdf](https://www.dpiit.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/12/ff266bbeed10c48e3479c941484f3525.pdf).[12] R.G. Anand v. Deluxe Films, (1978) 4 SCC 118.[13] The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 18, 19, 31C, 38, 38A and 38B.[14] Arijit Singh v. Codible Ventures LLP, 2024 SCC OnLine Bom 2445.[15] Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India & Ors., 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914.[16] The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 38B, 55, 56 and 57.

[1]The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (Act 43 of 2005), s. 2(f).[2]Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, Modern Hindu Law: Codified and Uncodified (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 27th edn., 2025).[3]See generally Flavia Agnes, Family Law Volume II: Marriage, Divorce, and Matrimonial Litigation (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011); Indira Jaising and Pinki Mathur Anurag (eds.), Conflict in the Shared Household: Domestic Violence and the Law in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2019).[4]The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act 47 of 2023), s. 119; corresponding to the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 1 of 1872), s. 114.[5]Gokal Chand v. Parvin Kumari, AIR 1952 SC 231.[6]Badri Prasad v. Deputy Director of Consolidation, (1978) 3 SCC 527.[7]Tulsa v. Durghatiya, (2008) 4 SCC 520; Dhannulal v. Ganeshram, (2015) 12 SCC 301.[8]Kattukandi Edathil Krishnan v. Kattukandi Edathil Valsan, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 737.[9]Payal Sharma v. Superintendent, Nari Niketan, Kalindri Vihar, Agra, AIR 2001 All 254.[10]Lata Singh v. State of U.P., (2006) 5 SCC 475.[11]S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal, (2010) 5 SCC 600.[12]K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.[13]Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M., (2018) 16 SCC 368.[14]Nandakumar v. State of Kerala, (2018) 16 SCC 602.[15]Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2019) 3 SCC 39.[16]Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1088.[17]Supriyo @ Supriya Chakraborty v. Union of India, 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1348.[18]Gulza Kumari v. State of Punjab, 2021 SCC OnLine P&H 896.[19]Supra note 1.[20]Id., ss. 18-22.[21]D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal, (2010) 10 SCC 469.[22]Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma, (2013) 15 SCC 755.[23]Ibid.[24]Government of India, Report of the Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, vol. I (Ministry of Home Affairs, March 2003) (Chairperson: Justice V.S. Malimath).[25]Chanmuniya v. Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha, (2011) 1 SCC 141.[26]Lalita Toppo v. State of Jharkhand, Criminal Appeal No. 1656 of 2015, Supreme Court of India, decided on Oct. 30, 2018.[27]The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act 46 of 2023), s. 144; corresponding to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 125.[28]The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Act 25 of 1955), s. 16.[29]Bharatha Matha v. R. Vijaya Renganathan, (2010) 11 SCC 483.[30]Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun, (2011) 11 SCC 1.[31]Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun, (2023) 10 SCC 1.[32]The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act 45 of 2023), s. 69.[33]Uday v. State of Karnataka, (2003) 4 SCC 46; Deepak Gulati v. State of Haryana, (2013) 7 SCC 675; Pramod Suryabhan Pawar v. State of Maharashtra, (2019) 9 SCC 608.[34]Supra note 32, ss. 85-86.[35]Reema Aggarwal v. Anupam, (2004) 3 SCC 199.[36]The Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand, 2024, Part 3, ss. 380, 386, 387.[37]Law Commission of England and Wales, Cohabitation: The Financial Consequences of Relationship Breakdown (Law Com No. 307, 2007).[38]The Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006, ss. 25-29.[39]The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), s. 4AA.[40]Code civil (France), arts. 515-1 and 515-8.