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[1]Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154 [hereinafter WTO Agreement].[2]The Customs Act, 1962, No. 52, Acts of Parliament, 1962 (India).[3]The Customs Tariff Act, 1975, No. 51, Acts of Parliament, 1975 (India), ss. 8B, 9 and 9A.[4]The Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, No. 22, Acts of Parliament, 1992 (India).[5]Exec. Order No. 14257, Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits, 90 Fed. Reg. 15041 (Apr. 2, 2025).[6]Exec. Order No. 14329 (Aug. 6, 2025) (imposing an additional 25% ad valorem duty on Indian-origin goods with reference to India's continued purchase of Russian-origin crude oil).[7]The White House, Fact Sheet: The United States and India Announce Historic Trade Deal (Feb. 2026), https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/02/fact-sheet-the-united-states-and-india-announce-historic-trade-deal/.[8]India — Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules, WT/DS456/AB/R (Sept. 16, 2016) [hereinafter Solar Cells AB Report].[9]India — Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products, WT/DS430/AB/R (June 4, 2015) (avian-influenza import prohibitions).[10]India — Measures Concerning Sugar and Sugarcane, WT/DS579/R, WT/DS580/R & WT/DS581/R (circulated 14 Dec. 2021) (Brazil, Australia and Guatemala v. India).[11]AIB Insights, The India–UK Free Trade Agreement: A Boon or a Curse?, Published in AIB Insights (Nov. 2025) (recording signature of the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement).[12]India–European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement, signed 10 March 2024, entered into force 1 October 2025.[13]India Briefing, India's Free Trade Agreements: Updates in 2025 (23 Dec. 2025) (India–Oman CEPA signed 18 December 2025; entry into force anticipated in early 2026).[14]Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U.N.T.S. 401, art. 17 [hereinafter DSU].[15]WTO, Overview of the Appellate Body, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/appellate_body_e.htm (noting that the Appellate Body has been unable to hear new appeals since 11 December 2019 owing to a shortfall in the number of serving members).[16]WTO, India and the WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/india_e.htm (India a founding Member since 1 January 1995 and a contracting party to GATT 1947 since 8 July 1948).[17]Constitution of India, art. 246 read with Union List, Entry 41 (trade and commerce with foreign countries) and Entry 83 (duties of customs).[19]General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, art. II (Schedules of Concessions).[20]Agreement on Safeguards, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U.N.T.S. 154.[21]Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14 [hereinafter SCM Agreement].[22]Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement).[24]India — Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules, WT/DS456/R (Feb. 24, 2016).[25]Vrinda Yadav, India — Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules, 2(3) Intl. J. for Legal Research & Analysis (2024).[26]Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, 1868 U.N.T.S. 186, art. 2.[30]GATT 1994, art. XX (General Exceptions).[32]Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Countervailing Duty on Subsidized Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules, 1995, framed under s. 9 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975.[33]Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, Directorate General of Trade Remedies — Constitution and Mandate (2018) (merging the erstwhile Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties and the Directorate General of Safeguards).[34]Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel v. Union of India, (1970) 3 SCC 400 (Supreme Court of India) (on the treaty-making and implementation power of the Union executive under art. 73 of the Constitution).[35]Commissioner of Customs (Import), Mumbai v. Dilip Kumar & Co., (2018) 9 SCC 1 (Supreme Court of India, Constitution Bench) (rule of strict construction of exemption notifications under the Customs Act, 1962).[38]Global Trade Research Initiative, Trump's Reciprocal Tariffs and India: Flagship Report (2025).[39]Centre for Social and Economic Progress, India and Sanctions on Russian Energy: Policy Response and Future Options (Oct. 2025).[40]India Briefing, US Tariff on India: Navigating 50 Per Cent Tariff Rate and Trade Rules (27 Aug. 2025).[51]Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, Foreign Trade Policy 2023 (notified 31 March 2023, effective 1 April 2023).[52]Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, Foreign Trade Policy 2023, ch. 2 (General Provisions Regarding Imports and Exports), paras 2.107–2.108 (export prohibition and restriction).[53]Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Notification No. 06/2015-2020 (13 May 2022) (prohibiting export of wheat, subject to exemptions for consignments already registered and government-to-government humanitarian commitments). [58]GATT 1994, art. I (General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment) and art. III (National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation). [62]GATT 1994, art. XI (General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions). [64]GATT 1994, art. XXI (Security Exceptions). [78]Deccan Herald, Discounts Lift Russia's Fertilizer Exports, Becomes Top Supplier to India (2022).[80]Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue, Notification imposing Special Additional Excise Duty on export of petrol, diesel and aviation turbine fuel (1 July 2022) (the 'windfall tax' on domestic crude and fuel exporters).[83]Kishore Dash, India Bans Exports of Wheat, Complicating Efforts to Address Global Food Security Problems Posed by Russia's War in Ukraine, Washington International Trade Association Blog (16 May 2022).[85]International Food Policy Research Institute, Food Export Restrictions Have Eased as the Russia-Ukraine War Continues, But Concerns Remain for Key Commodities, IFPRI Blog (2024).[94]Easyship, Trump Tariff on India 2025: 50% U.S. Duties & Impact on Trade (2025).[96]ClearTax, US Tariff on India: Impact, Affected Products, Rates and India's Response (July 2026) (recording the interim reduction of the U.S. reciprocal tariff from 25% to 18% under the February 2026 framework).[100]Business Standard, From UK FTA to US Tariff Duels: What 2025 Revealed About India's Tradecraft (28 Dec. 2025).

[1] Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright, Part I: One Nation One License One Payment—Balancing AI Innovation and Copyright (2025); Press Information Bureau, ‘DPIIT Publishes First Part of Working Paper on AI–Copyright Interface’[2] Copyright Act 1957, ss 14(a)(i), 14(c)(i), 14(d)(i) and 14(e)(i).[3] Copyright Act 1957, s 52(1)(a)-(c).[4] Copyright Act 1957, ss 31-31D.[5] Ikigai Law, ‘Exploring the DPIIT’s Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright’ (discussion of the proposed hybrid licensing model and CRCAT).[6] Copyright Act 1957, ss 17-19.[7] Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Act, amended 28 September 1979), art 5(2).[8] Ikigai Law, ‘Exploring the DPIIT’s Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright’ (discussion of the AI Training Data Disclosure Form, work databases and royalty distribution).[9] Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, art 53(1)(c)-(d), (2) and (7).[10] Copyright Act 1957, ss 2(xa), 65A and 65B.[11] Copyright Act 1957, ss 18(1), provisos concerning literary and musical works incorporated into cinematograph films and sound recordings, and 19(9)-(10).[12] Copyright Act 1957, ss 33-36.[13] Copyright Act 1957, ss 51 and 57.[14] Berne Convention, art 9(2); Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, art 13; World Trade Organization, WTO Analytical Index: TRIPS Agreement-Article 13.[15] Software Freedom Law Center, India, ‘Comments on DPIIT Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright-Part 1’ (3 February 2026).[16] Ikigai Law (n 8).

[1] Constitution of India 1950, art 298.[2] Erusian Equipment & Chemicals Ltd v State of West Bengal (1975) 1 SCC 70.[3] Raghunath Thakur v State of Bihar (1989) 1 SCC 229.[4] Joseph Vilangandan v Executive Engineer, PWD, Ernakulam (1978) 3 SCC 36.[5] Kulja Industries Ltd v Chief General Manager, Western Telecom Project, BSNL (2014) 14 SCC 731.[6] Patel Engineering Ltd v Union of India (2012) 11 SCC 257.[7] Constitution of India 1950, arts 14 and 298.[8] Ramana Dayaram Shetty v International Airport Authority of India (1979) 3 SCC 489.[9] Food Corporation of India v Kamdhenu Cattle Feed Industries (1993) 1 SCC 71.[10] Constitution of India 1950, arts 19(1)(g) and 19(6).[11] State of Madhya Pradesh v Nandlal Jaiswal (1986) 4 SCC 566.[12] Constitution of India 1950, art 21.[13] Gorkha Security Services v Government of NCT of Delhi (2014) 9 SCC 105.[14] UMC Technologies (P) Ltd v Food Corporation of India (2021) 2 SCC 551.[15] Kulja Industries (2014) 14 SCC 731.[16] Tata Cellular v Union of India (1994) 6 SCC 651.[17] Michigan Rubber (India) Ltd v State of Karnataka (2012) 8 SCC 216.[18] General Financial Rules 2017, rr 149, 151 and 175, as amended.[19] Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Office Memorandum No F.1/20/2018-PPD (2 November 2021), Guidelines on Debarment of Firms from Bidding.[20] Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2nd edn (2024), section on debarment of firms from bidding.[21] General Financial Rules 2017, r 151(iii), read with the applicable amendments and debarment guidelines.[22] General Financial Rules 2017, r 175 (Code of Integrity for Public Procurement).[23] Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(i) (8 May 2026), ‘Amendment in the General Financial Rules, 2017 (GFR, 2017)—Rule 151 relating to Debarment from Bidding’.[24] Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(ii) (8 May 2026), ‘Guidelines on Debarment of Firms from Bidding—amendment reg’.[25] Public Procurement (Preference to Make in India) Order 2017, as amended.[26] Department of Expenditure, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(i) (8 May 2026), amendment to GFR 2017, r 151; Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(ii) (8 May 2026), amendments to the debarment guidelines.[27] Erusian Equipment (1975) 1 SCC 70.[28] Joseph Vilangandan (1978) 3 SCC 36.[29] Patel Engineering (2012) 11 SCC 257.[30] Kulja Industries (2014) 14 SCC 731.[31] UMC Technologies (2021) 2 SCC 551.[32] M/s A.K.G. Construction and Developers Pvt Ltd v State of Jharkhand 2026 INSC 312.[33] M/s Techno Prints v Chhattisgarh Textbook Corporation 2025 INSC 236.[34] Shree Durga Industry v Union of India, WPO No 65 of 2024 (Calcutta High Court, 13 February 2024); M/s A.K.G. Construction and Developers Pvt Ltd v State of Jharkhand 2026 INSC 312; M/s Techno Prints v Chhattisgarh Textbook Corporation 2025 INSC 236.[35] Sandeep Verma, ‘Debarment and Suspension in Public Procurement: A Survey of Important Executive Guidance and Case Law from India’ (paper presented at the 7th International Public Procurement Conference, Bali, August 2016).[36] Kranti Associates (P) Ltd v Masood Ahmed Khan (2010) 9 SCC 496.[37] General Financial Rules 2017, r 151, as amended.[38] Companies Act 2013, ss 2(6), 2(87) and 2(46), where applicable to the corporate relationship in issue.[39] Constitution of India 1950, arts 245, 246 and 298.[40] Constitution of India 1950, art 226.[41] Kaushal J Thaker, ‘Role of Constitutional Courts in Matters Concerning Contracts by Government and Public Contracts: A Brief Analysis of Case Law’ (2021) 3(2) GLS Law Journal 1–13 <https://doi.org/10.69974/glslawjournal.v3i2.45>.[42] M/s A.K.G. Construction 2026 INSC 312.[43] Department of Expenditure, Manual for Procurement of Goods (2024), provisions concerning publication and implementation of debarment orders.[44] Kulja Industries (2014) 14 SCC 731; M/s A.K.G. Construction 2026 INSC 312.[45] Department of Expenditure, Guidelines on Debarment of Firms from Bidding (2024), as amended on 8 May 2026.[46] United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Model Law on Public Procurement (2011), arts 9–10.[47] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Recommendation of the Council on Public Procurement (18 February 2015), OECD/LEGAL/0411.[48] Gorkha Security Services (2014) 9 SCC 105; UMC Technologies (2021) 2 SCC 551.[49] M/s A.K.G. Construction 2026 INSC 312.[50] Gorkha Security Services (2014) 9 SCC 105; UMC Technologies (2021) 2 SCC 551.[51] Om Kumar v Union of India (2001) 2 SCC 386.[52] M/s Techno Prints 2025 INSC 236.[53] Department of Expenditure, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(ii) (8 May 2026), para 5(h).[54] State of Punjab v Bandeep Singh (2016) 1 SCC 724.[55] Constitution of India 1950, art 226.[56] Tata Cellular (1994) 6 SCC 651.[57] Michigan Rubber (2012) 8 SCC 216.[58] Kaushal J Thaker (2021) 3(2) GLS Law Journal 1–13.[59] The proposed safeguards are analytical recommendations; compare the statutory and executive framework in General Financial Rules 2017, r 151, as amended, and Department of Expenditure, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(ii) (8 May 2026).[60] General Financial Rules 2017, r 151, as amended by Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(i) (8 May 2026).[61] Department of Expenditure, Office Memorandum No 2/6/2026-PPD(ii) (8 May 2026), para 11.[62] Constitution of India 1950, arts 14 and 19(1)(g).[63] Erusian Equipment (1975) 1 SCC 70; Gorkha Security Services (2014) 9 SCC 105; UMC Technologies (2021) 2 SCC 551; Kulja Industries (2014) 14 SCC 731.[64] M/s A.K.G. Construction 2026 INSC 312; Shree Durga Industry WPO No 65 of 2024 (Calcutta High Court, 13 February 2024).

[1] https://www.teachmint.com/tfile/studymaterial/tgtpgtltgradelecturer/english/a-glossary-of-literary-terms-7th-edm-h-abrams-1999pdf/777c0b78-d17f-48de-90b2-e2128dd42885[2] https://www.ijllr.com/post/determination-of-marriage-as-a-license-to-rape-a-comparative-analysis-of-the-status-of-marital-rape[3] https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/4/51765.pdf[4] https://ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2509066.pdf [5] https://www.juscorpus.com/the-sex-consent-matrix-a-framework-for-analyising-marital-autonomy-under-indian-law/[6] https://www.voxmentalhealth.com/blogs/reclaiming-consent-how-patriarchy-shaped-duty-sex-and-eroded-womens-sexual-autonomy[7] https://doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2022.118[8] https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgqkl2kqkxzo[9] https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16rdchd[10]https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/gender/marital-rape-legal-reform-social-challenges-gender-justice-india/article69356999.ece[11] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2025.10.037[12] https://recordoflaw.in/consent-marriage-and-the-law-examining-marital-rape/[13] https://www.thefactsfirst.in/news/marital-rape-in-india-2026[14] DOI: 10.1177/26318318221131745[15] https://ijrlm.com/wp-content/uploads/jms/ms/69e69fee69c1f.pdf[16] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women[17] https://www.berkeleyjournalofinternationallaw.com/post/marital-rape-in-india-an-international-human-rights-law-violation[18] https://ijirt.org/publishedpaper/IJIRT175774_PAPER.pdf[19] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/Legal-Articles/no-means-no-even-in-marriage-the-legal-void-of-marital-rape-in-india/[20] https://ijrlm.com/wp-content/uploads/jms/ms/69e69fee69c1f.pdf[21] https://lawarticle.in/marital-rape-legal-position-in-india-under-the-new-criminal-laws/[22] https://www.insightsonindia.com/2025/02/17/marital-rape-2/

[1]The Trade Marks Act, No. 47 of 1999, § 28(1), India Code (1999).[2]Id. § 29.[3]Id. § 29(1).[4]Id. § 29(2).[5]Id. § 29(3).[6]Id. § 29(4).[7]Id. § 27.[8]The Trade Marks Act, No. 47 of 1999, § 134(1), India Code (1999); Commercial Courts Act, No. 4 of 2016, §§ 3, 4, India Code (2016).[9]The Trade Marks Act, No. 47 of 1999, § 134(2), India Code (1999).[10]Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, Order XXXIX, rr. 1-2, § 151, India Code; Specific Relief Act, No. 47 of 1963, §§ 36-42, India Code (1963).[11]See Wander Ltd. v. Antox India (P) Ltd., 1990 Supp SCC 727 (India) (laying down the governing principles for the grant of interlocutory injunctions and the scope of appellate interference therewith).[12]See Time Inc. v. Lokesh Srivastava, 2005 SCC OnLine Del 558 (India) (awarding punitive damages in a trademark and copyright infringement suit against a defendant who failed to contest the proceedings).[13]See National Garments v. National Apparels, AIR 1990 Ker 119 (India) (recognising the utility of search and seizure orders in protecting evidence of infringement).[14]The Trade Marks Act, No. 47 of 1999, § 101, India Code (1999).[15]Id. § 103.[16]Id. § 115(4).[17]Trade Marks Act, No. 47 of 1999, § 91 (India) (as it stood prior to the 2021 amendment, providing for appeals to the Appellate Board).[18]Tribunals Reforms Act, No. 33 of 2021, §§ 3-4 & Sch., India Code (2021).[19]Intellectual Property Rights (Imported Goods) Enforcement Rules, 2007, G.S.R. 300(E) (India).[20]Amritdhara Pharmacy v. Satya Deo Gupta, AIR 1963 SC 449 (India).[21]Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73 (India).[22]Id.[23]N.R. Dongre v. Whirlpool Corp., 1996 PTC (16) 583 (Del) (India), aff'd, (1996) 5 SCC 714 (India).[24]Time Inc. v. Lokesh Srivastava, 2005 SCC OnLine Del 558 (India).[25]Christian Louboutin SAS v. Nakul Bajaj, 2018 SCC OnLine Del 12215 (India).[26]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights arts. 41-61, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299.[27]Id. arts. 44-46, 51, 61.[28]Lanham (Trademark) Act § 35(c), 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c) (2018).[29]See Practice Direction 63 (Intellectual Property Claims), Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (Eng.).