Search Publications

[1] U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.[2] INDIA CONST. art. 21.[3] Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764).[4] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015).[5] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.[6] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015). [7] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.[8] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015).[9] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, Dec. 15, 1989, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414.[10] Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law (1797).[11] Roger Hood & Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective (5th ed. 2015).[12] Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764). [13] Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law (1797).[14] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.[15] Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, Dec. 15, 1989, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414.[16] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, No. 45 of 2023, § 103(1) (India).[17] INDIA CONST. art. 21.  [18] Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 684 (India).[19] Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, (1983) 3 SCC 470 (India).[20] U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.[21] Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 239–40 (1972).[22] Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 206–07 (1976).[23] Death Penalty Information Center, State by State, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state (last visited Sept. 26, 2026).[24] Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, c. 71, § 1 (U.K.).[25] Human Rights Act 1998, c. 42, sch. 1, pt. 3 (U.K.).[26] Bachan Singh, (1980) 2 SCC 684.[27] Furman, 408 U.S. at 239–40.[28] Gregg, 428 U.S. at 206–07.[29] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171. [30] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015).[31] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171. [32] Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, Dec. 15, 1989, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414. [33] Death Penalty Information Center, State by State, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state (last visited Sept. 26, 2026).[34] Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, c. 71, § 1 (U.K.).[35] Human Rights Act 1998, c. 42, sch. 1, pt. 3 (U.K.).[36] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015).[37] Bachan Singh, (1980) 2 SCC 684.[38] Furman, 408 U.S. 238.[39] Gregg, 428 U.S. 153.[40] Law Commission of India, The Death Penalty, Report No. 262 (2015).[41] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 6, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.[42] Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, Dec. 15, 1989, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414.[43] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, No. 45 of 2023, § 103(1) (India).

[1] INDIA CONST. art. 25, available at India Code, Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Religion (last accessed on 15 September 2026).[2] INDIA CONST. arts. 14 and 21, available at Supreme Court of India — Constitution (last accessed on 16 September 2026).[3] The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967; The Madhya Pradesh Dharma Swatantraya Adhiniyam, 1968, discussed in Congressional Research Service, State Anti-Conversion Laws in India (last accessed on 17 September 2026).[4] Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1977) 1 SCC 677, available at Indian Kanoon (last accessed on 18 September 2026).[5] K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1; Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M., (2018) 16 SCC 368, available at Indian Kanoon — Puttaswamy and Indian Kanoon — Shafin Jahan (last accessed on 19 September 2026).[6] The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967; The Madhya Pradesh Dharma Swatantraya Adhiniyam, 1968, discussed in PRS Legislative Research, Anti-Conversion Legislation: Comparison of the UP Ordinances with Other State Laws (last accessed on 15 September 2026).[7] PRS Legislative Research, Inter-State Comparison of Religious Conversion Laws (last accessed on 16 September 2026).[8] The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021; The Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2021; The Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003; The Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018, discussed in Congressional Research Service, State Anti-Conversion Laws in India and PRS Legislative Research (last accessed on 17 September 2026).[9] INDIA CONST. arts. 14, 21 and 25, available at Constitution of India (accessed on 9 October 2026).[10] Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1977) 1 SCC 677, available at Indian Kanoon (accessed on 9 October 2026).[11] PRS Legislative Research, “Anti-Conversion Legislation: Comparison of the UP Ordinances with Other State Laws,” available at PRS Legislative Research (accessed on 9 October 2026).[12] PRS Legislative Research, “Anti-Conversion Legislation: Comparison of the UP Ordinances with Other State Laws,” available at PRS Legislative Research (accessed on 9 October 2026).[13] Rajendra Bihari Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 2025 INSC 1249, available through Indian Kanoon (accessed on 9 October 2026).[14] S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, (1994) 3 SCC 1; Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, (1986) 3 SCC 615, available through Indian Kanoon — S.R. Bommai and Indian Kanoon — Bijoe Emmanuel (accessed on 9 October 2026).[15] Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273, available through Indian Kanoon (accessed on 9 October 2026).

[1] Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, art 18(2); Public Gambling Act 1867 (Act No II of 1867) (repealed).[2] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 2, 9-14, 25 and 44.[3] I Fiedler, 'Online Gambling as a Game Changer to Money Laundering?' (2013) SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2261266; A Thommandru, 'Smurfing in Electronic Banking: A Legal Investigation of the Potential for Transnational Money Laundering' (2023) 51(1) International Journal of Legal Information 69, doi:10.1017/jli.2023.13; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[4] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[5] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2024-2025 (Bangladesh Bank 2026).[6] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 44; Bangladesh Bank, Payment Systems Department, PSD Circular Letter No 04 (28 May 2025); Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021).[7] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 36 and 40-44; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 art 43; Oali Ahad v Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1974) 26 DLR 376 (HCD).[8] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14, 25, 36 and 40-44; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 23-25.[9] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025); Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 31, 32 and 43.[10] I Fiedler, 'Online Gambling as a Game Changer to Money Laundering?' (2013) SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2261266; G Brooks, 'Online Gambling and Money Laundering: Views from the Inside' (2012) 15(3) Journal of Money Laundering Control 304, doi:10.1108/13685201211238052.[11] A Thommandru, 'Smurfing in Electronic Banking: A Legal Investigation of the Potential for Transnational Money Laundering' (2023) 51(1) International Journal of Legal Information 69, doi:10.1017/jli.2023.13; Financial Action Task Force, Virtual Assets Red Flag Indicators of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (FATF 2020).[12] Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 2 and 4; A Thommandru, 'Smurfing in Electronic Banking: A Legal Investigation of the Potential for Transnational Money Laundering' (2023) 51(1) International Journal of Legal Information 69, doi:10.1017/jli.2023.13.[13] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549.[14] Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 2, 4 and 23-25; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Guidance on Reporting Suspicious Transaction Report for the Reporting Organization.[15] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14 and 25; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) s 4.[16] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025) Recommendations 1, 3, 4, 10, 15, 20, 29-31 and 37-40.[17] M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549.[18] Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549.[19] RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w.[20] NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009.[21] Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 art 43; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171, art 17; Oali Ahad v Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1974) 26 DLR 376 (HCD).[22] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 36 and 44; DAA Aysharja, 'Could the New Gambling Law Threaten Citizens' Privacy?' The Daily Star (20 July 2026); Star Online Report, 'Parliament Passes Anti-Gambling Law; up to 7 Years' Jail, Tk 5cr Fine for Online Betting' The Daily Star (30 June 2026).[23] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025); Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 31, 32 and 43.[24] Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); Financial Action Task Force, Stocktake on Data Pooling, Collaborative Analytics and Data Protection (FATF 2021); G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009.[25] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026); Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012); Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025).[26] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026); Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012); Bangladesh Bank, Payment Systems Department, PSD Circular Letter No 04 (28 May 2025); Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025); Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures - Bangladesh: Mutual Evaluation Report (APG 2016).[27] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[28] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025) Recommendations 1, 3, 4, 10, 15, 20, 29-31 and 37-40; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43.[29] Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009.[30] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026); Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures - Bangladesh: Mutual Evaluation Report (APG 2016).[31] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); Financial Action Task Force, Stocktake on Data Pooling, Collaborative Analytics and Data Protection (FATF 2021).[32] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 2-13, 17 and 20-30; BSS, 'Bangladesh Enacts New Anti-Online Gambling Law' The Business Standard (2 July 2026); Star Online Report, 'Parliament Passes Anti-Gambling Law; up to 7 Years' Jail, Tk 5cr Fine for Online Betting' The Daily Star (30 June 2026).[33] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14 and 25; Financial Action Task Force, Virtual Assets Red Flag Indicators of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (FATF 2020).[34] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14 and 25; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) s 4.[35] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14 and 25; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 4 and 23-25.[36] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14 and 25; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) s 4.[37] Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 2 and 23-25; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Guidance on Reporting Suspicious Transaction Report for the Reporting Organization.[38] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 28-46; BSS, 'Bangladesh Enacts New Anti-Online Gambling Law' The Business Standard (2 July 2026).[39] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 36 and 40-46; Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures - Bangladesh: Mutual Evaluation Report (APG 2016).[40] Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures - Bangladesh: Mutual Evaluation Report (APG 2016).[41] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 44; Bangladesh Bank, Payment Systems Department, PSD Circular Letter No 04 (28 May 2025); Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021).[42] M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w.[43] M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w.[44] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[45] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549.[46] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 41; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[47] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026); Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012); Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43; Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025).[48] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 44 and 48; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 31, 32 and 43.[49] Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 18(2), 31, 32 and 43; Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 44.[50] DAA Aysharja, 'Could the New Gambling Law Threaten Citizens' Privacy?' The Daily Star (20 July 2026); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171, art 17; Oali Ahad v Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1974) 26 DLR 376 (HCD).[51] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 40-43; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 31, 32 and 43.[52] RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055; NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) s 4.[53] NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009.[54] Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); RIT Jensen and A Iosifidis, 'Fighting Money Laundering with Statistics and Machine Learning' (2023) 11 IEEE Access 8889, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239549; M Jullum and others, 'Detecting Money Laundering Transactions with Machine Learning' (2020) 23(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 173, doi:10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0055.[55] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025) Recommendation 15; Financial Action Task Force, Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers (FATF 2021); Financial Action Task Force, Virtual Assets Red Flag Indicators of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (FATF 2020).[56] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 46; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) s 24(4); Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025) Recommendations 37-40.[57] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14, 25 and 44; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 4 and 23-25.[58] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 44; Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); DAA Aysharja, 'Could the New Gambling Law Threaten Citizens' Privacy?' The Daily Star (20 July 2026).[59] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 36, 44 and 48; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 art 43; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171, art 17.[60] Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); Financial Action Task Force, Stocktake on Data Pooling, Collaborative Analytics and Data Protection (FATF 2021); NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009.[61] Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Guidance on Reporting Suspicious Transaction Report for the Reporting Organization; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024).[62] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 14, 25, 36 and 42-46; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 23-25.[63] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 40-43; Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43 arts 31, 32 and 43.[64] Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations (FATF 2012, amended October 2025) Recommendations 15 and 37-40; Financial Action Task Force, Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers (FATF 2021); Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 46-47.[65] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 50; Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, Annual Report 2023-2024 (Bangladesh Bank 2024); Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures - Bangladesh: Mutual Evaluation Report (APG 2016).[66] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) ss 2, 14, 25 and 44; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012) ss 4 and 23-25.[67] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026) s 44; Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021); Financial Action Task Force, Stocktake on Data Pooling, Collaborative Analytics and Data Protection (FATF 2021); NK Narasapuram and others, 'Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Suspicious Bank Transactions' (2026) 17 International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics art 111, doi:10.1007/s13042-026-02994-w; G Vilone and L Longo, 'Notions of Explainability and Evaluation Approaches for Explainable Artificial Intelligence' (2021) 76 Information Fusion 89, doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.05.009; DAA Aysharja, 'Could the New Gambling Law Threaten Citizens' Privacy?' The Daily Star (20 July 2026).[68] Gambling Prevention Act 2026 (Act No 98 of 2026); Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 (Act No 5 of 2012); Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, arts 18(2), 31, 32, 39 and 43; Financial Action Task Force, Opportunities and Challenges of New Technologies for AML/CFT (FATF 2021).

[1] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.[2] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1(India).[3] Supra note 1.[4]Hare Ram Singh v. Reserve Bank of India, 2024 Supreme (Del) 865 (India).[5] Reserve Bank of India, Master Direction on Customer Protection – Limiting Liability of Customers in Unauthorised Electronic Banking Transactions, RBI/2017-18/15 (Issued on July 6, 2017).[6] India Const. art. 21.[7] A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras , AIR 1950 SC 27 ( India).[8] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ,(1978) 1 SCC 248 ( India ).[9] Supra note 2.[10] Id.[11] Supra note 2,para .325.[12] Manish Kumar, Digital Surveillance Vs. Privacy Rights: Constitutional Limits Post-Puttaswamy,7.IJLLR 4982,4983 (2025).[13] Supra note 6.[14] Indian Contract Act, 1872, s. 10.[15] Id .at s.14.[16] Hare Ram Singh vs. Reserve Bank Of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 8039 (India).[17] Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025.[18] Id.at Rule3(1).[19] Id.at Rule 3(2).[20] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, s. 6(1).[21] Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, Rule 3(3).[22] Id.at Rule 4.[23] Id.at Rule 5.[24] Information Technology Act, 2000, s.79.[25] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026, Rule 2(1)(wa).[26] Id .at Rule 3(3).[27] See Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1 (India).[28] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026, Rule 7.[29] Id.[30] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026, Rule 3(1)(d).[31] Id.[32] Consumer Protection Act, 2019, s. 2(11).[33] Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, Rule 7.[34] Hare Ram Singh v. Reserve Bank of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 8039 (India).[35] Supra note 25.[36] Fatma Zehra & Eesha Kaul, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Safeguarding Personality Rights in the DigitalAge,4 .IJIRL,984,985(2024).[37] 896. SHAIKH ASHFAQ ET AL., DEFENDING AGAINST VISHING ATTACKS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW FOR PREVENTION AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 411-422(Pankaj Chandre et al. eds., 2024).[38] Hare Ram Singh v. Reserve Bank of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 8039(India).[39] Indian Contract Act, 1872, s.13.[40] Id. at s.14.[41] Id. at s.17 (1).[42] Id. at s.19.[43] Hare Ram Singh v. Reserve Bank of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 8039 (India)[44] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026.[45] Reserve Bank of India, Master Direction - Consumer Protection – Limiting Liability of Customers in Unauthorised Electronic Banking Transactions (Issued on July 6, 2017) (India).[46] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, s. 8 .[47] Hare Ram Singh, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 8039, para. 34( India).[48] Id .[49] Supra note 6.[50] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, s.8.[51] Manoj Roy Sarkar,The Evolving Landscape of Digital Privacy in India: Balancing Innovation and Data Protection by the Government, 9, PusuIT,4 (2024).[52] Supra note 4, para .323.[53] Consumer Protection Act, 2019, sec. 2(11), 2019.[54] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026[55] Id. at Rule 3(3).[56] Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, Rule 3(3).[57] Id.[58] Supra note 54, Rule 7.[59] Supra note 2.[60] Ministry of Home Affairs, Office Memorandum on I4C and Citizen Grievance Redressal, No. 22002/01/2021 (Issued on Jan 12,2021).[61] Common Cause (A Regd. Society) v. Union of India, (1999) 6 SCC 667 (India).[62] Supra note 6.[63] Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, (1993) 2 SCC 746 (India).[64] State Bank of India v. Rajesh Agarwal, (2023) 6 SCC. 1 (India).[65] Malabar Gold and Diamond Ltd. v. Union of India, W.P.(C) 4198/2025 (Del. Jan. 16, 2026) (India).[66] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, s.106.[67] Supra note 6, art. 19(1) (g).[68] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023,s. 111.[69] Supra note 4.