Search Publications

[1] Lucia Zedner, Pre-crime and pre-punishment: a health warning, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, CJM 102, Available at:

[2] Paul Lawrence, The Vagrancy Act (1824) and the Persistence of Pre-emptive Policing in England since 1750, 57(3) The British Journal of Criminology 513-531 (2017). Available at:  <https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw008>

[3] Ibid.

[4] Stark, Findlay and Bock, Stefanie, Preparatory Offences, University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 64/2018 (2018). Available at SSRN: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3276568> or <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3276568>

[5] Diana Wendy Fitzgibbon, Pre-emptive Criminalisation: Risk Control and Alternative Futures, Issues in Community and Criminal Justice Monograph 4 (2004)

[6] Jude McCulloch and Sharon Pickering, “PRE-CRIME AND COUNTER-TERRORISM: Imagining Future Crime in the ‘War on Terror.’” 49(5) The British Journal of Criminology 628-45 (2009) JSTOR, Available at:

[7] Felicific calculus is pleasure measurement concept introduced the Jeremy Bentham. Bentham was a proponent of Utilitarianism which supports acts that cause maximum happiness to maximum number of people, and avoid harm. In felific calculus, seven things are taken into consideration – intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, purity, and extent.

[8] R.A. Duff et. al, Public Wrongs, and Civil Order, 13(1) Criminal Law and Philosophy 27-48 (Springer, 2019)

[9] Andrew von Hirsch, The Offence Principle in Criminal Law: Affront to Sensibility or Wrongdoing, 11 K.C.L.J. 78 (2000).

[10] Diana Wendy Fitzgibbon, Institutional Racism, Pre-Emptive Criminalisation and Risk Analysis, 46(2) The Howard Journal 128-144 (2007)

[11] Patrick Keyzer et. al, Pre-emptive Imprisonment for Dangerousness in Queensland under the Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003: The Constitutional Issues, 11 Psychiatry, Psychol. & L. 244 (2004).

[12] Valsamis Mitsilegas, The Transformation of Privacy in an Era of Pre-Emptive Surveillance, 20 TILBURG L. REV. 35 (2015).

[13] Diana Wendy Fitzgibbon, Pre-emptive Criminalisation: Risk Control and Alternative Futures, Issues in Community and Criminal Justice Monograph 4, NAPO ISBN 0-901617-19-9 (2004)

[14] Srujana Bej, et. al, Construction(s) of Female Criminality: Gender, Caste and State Violence, EPW Engage. Available at:

[1]Indian Competition Act 2002,s.3(5)

[2]Alyssa A.Lutz and Lauren J.Stiroh, “The Relevant Market in IP and Antitrust Litigation”(2003) 9 (4) IP Litigator,

[3]Alyssa A.Lutz and Lauren J.Stiroh, “The Relevant Market in IP and Antitrust Litigation”(2003) 9 (4) IP Litigator,

[4] Goenka Institute of Education and Research v Anjani Kumar Goenka and Anr.,2009 (39) PTC 720 (Del.)

[5] Goenka Institute of Education and Research v Anjani Kumar Goenka and Anr.,2009 (39) PTC 720 (Del.):In this case "Goenka" was a prominent component of the trademarks of both the applicant and the respondent; the rival marks were "Goenka Public School" and "G.D. Goenka Public School."One institution was in Delhi and the other was in Rajasthan.

[6] Indian Competition Act 2002,s.3(5)

[7] Alyssa A.Lutz and Lauren J.Stiroh, “The Relevant Market in IP and Antitrust Litigation”(2003) 9 (4) IP Litigator,

[8]Indian Competition Act 2002,s.2(r): It states that “relevant market” means the market which may be determined by the commission with reference to the relevant product market or the relevant geographic market or with reference to both the markets”

[9]Nguyen, Thanh, Defining Relevant Market Under the European Union Competition Law - Regulations and Practice - Experience for Vietnam (2012). <https://ssrn.com/abstract=2069995 >Accessed on 23/07/2023

[10]Report Of Competition Law Review Committee,Ministry of Corporate Affairs Government of India,2019 July,p.50,available at https://ies.gov.in/pdfs/Report-Competition-CLRC.pdf ,Accessed 30 July 2023

[11] Report Of Competition Law Review Committee,Ministry of Corporate Affairs Government of India,2019 July,p.50,available at https://ies.gov.in/pdfs/Report-Competition-CLRC.pdf ,Accessed 30 July 2023

[12] Indian Competition Act,s.19(5):It states that “) For determining whether a market constitutes a “relevant market” for the purposes of this Act, the Commission shall have due regard to the “relevant geographic market’’ and “relevant product market”

[13] Indian Competition Act 2002,s.2(t)

[14]Shubhalakshmi Bhattacharya & Ganesh BhaskarLata, “A comparative perspective of Competition Law cases in the ride-sharing industry: reflections from Singapore, EU, and India” (2022) 36(3) International Review of Law , Computers & Technology <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600869.2022.2030026> Accessed 30 July 2023

[15]Shubhalakshmi Bhattacharya & Ganesh BhaskarLata, “A comparative perspective of Competition Law cases in the ride-sharing industry: reflections from Singapore, EU, and India” (2022) 36(3) International Review of Law , Computers & Technology <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600869.2022.2030026> Accessed 30 July 2023

[16]Indian Competition Act 2002,s.19 (7) provides that "The Commission shall, while determining the relevant product market, have due regard to all or any of the following factors, namely:- (a) physical characteristics or end-use of goods; (b) price of goods or service (c) consumer preferences; (d) exclusion of in-house production; (e) existence of specialized producers; (f) classification of industrial products."

[17]Goenka Institute of Education and Research v Anjani Kumar Goenka and Anr.,2009 (39) PTC 720 (Del.)

[18]Goenka Institute of Education and Research v Anjani Kumar Goenka and Anr.,2009 (39) PTC 720 (Del.): In this case "Goenka" was a prominent component of the trademarks of both the applicant and the respondent; the rival marks were "Goenka Public School" and "G.D. Goenka Public School."One institution was in Delhi and the other was in Rajasthan.

[19] Monsanto Holdings Private Limited & Ors v. CCI & Ors,LPA 247/2016

[20] Indian Competition Act 2002,s.2(t)

[21]Belaire Owners' Association v.Dlf Limited, Huda & Ors,2011 CompLR 0239

[22]Belaire Owners' Association v.Dlf Limited, Huda & Ors,2011 CompLR 0239:In this case,the informants booked the units and paid a significant amount in advance when DLF announced the opening of Group Housing Complexes, known as The Belaire, in Gurgaon. They hardly had any choice but to follow DLF's instructions.The original plan was unilaterally changed by the DLF without notifying the informants.The DLF added 53 percent more flats.The Informants filed a complaint under the Act against DLF, the Haryana Urban Development Authority, and the Department of Town and Country Planning, State of Haryana, citing the construction's unusual delay and significant compression of the common areas and facilities originally designated for each flat. In the lawsuit, the informant claimed that DLF had imposed severe restrictions by abusing its dominating position.

[23] Small but Significant, non-transitory Increase in Price test (popularly known as the “SSNIP test”) which examines whether a sustained increase of approximately 5% in the price of a product would cause consumers to shift their demand to a substitute for that product.The logic behind the SSNIP test is that if the small but significant, non transitory increase in price is not profitable for the hypothetical monopolist, then there exists at least one substitute to the product whose prices were raised as part of the exercise.

[24] Belaire Owners' Association v.Dlf Limited, Huda & Ors,2011 CompLR 0239

[25] Belaire Owners' Association v.Dlf Limited, Huda & Ors,2011 CompLR 0239

[26]The Court states that "Non-residential" properties may include a wide array of properties such as office space, retail shops, commercial space, hotels, storage space, industrial space, infrastructure, sports or amusement spaces etc.Residential properties are buildings where people live, such as stand-alone houses, builder-floors, apartments, row-houses, condominiums or studio-apartments.

[27] Ashish Ahuja v. Snapdeal and others,Case No. 17 of 2014

[28] Mohit Manglani v Flipkart,Case No 80 of 2014

[29] Mohit Manglani v Flipkart,Case No 80 of 2014

[30] Matrimony.Com Limited v. Google LLC & Others,Case Nos. 07 and 30 of 2012

[31] The Consumer Unity and Trust Society ("CUTS") and Matrimony.com had each filed two separate complaints with the CCI. In both of these complaints, Google was accused of abusing its dominant position in the "online search" and "online search advertising" markets by conducting promotional advertisements, biasing search results in favor of its own shopping and travel websites, and creating a search bias. Both concerns were resolved by the CCI with a single order.

[32] Biocon Limited & Ors. v. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag & Ors.,Case No. 68 of 2016

[33] Rouche created an antibody called trastuzumab, which was  commercialized in India as the medication Herceptin. ,used to attack cancer cells. The company removed Herceptin off the Indian market and replaced it with a less expensive drug called Trastuzumab in an effort to stop rivals from creating biosimilar versions of the drug and to circumvent the need for a compulsory license. Meanwhile, the informants worked  to create a less expensive biosimilar version of it. Following the biosimilar version's release, the sources said that the Roche Group (opposite parties) began pursuing pointless legal battles against other companies in an effort to keep them from entering the "Trastuzumab" market.Furthermore, it was argued that the opposing parties had frivolous conversations with different authorities with the goal of obstructing the entry of its rivals.Furthermore, it was argued that the opposing parties had frivolous conversations with different authorities with the goal of obstructing the entry of its rivals and informant filed a complaint alleging abuse of dominance and anti competitive practises.

[34]Prints India vs Springer India Private Limited,Case No:16 of 2010

[35]Prints India vs Springer India Private Limited,Case No:16 of 2010:Springer India is a division of the global publishing company Springer Science, and India Prints distributes Indian publications.India Prints was subject to multiple additional contractual requirements from Springer India. These requirements included lowering the journal discounts and requiring India Prints to give Springer India the end-user information. Should the information not be submitted, Springer India reserves the right to stop supplying India Prints with more publications. Prints India agreed to these conditions.But it stopped the practise when it began to notice a decline of clientele, for which it gave Springer India the information. Following that, Springer India made the decision to stop providing India Prints with periodicals.

[36]PepsiCo. Inc. And Ors. vs Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd. And Anr.,2003 (27) PTC 305 Del

[37]In this case, Pepsi sued Coca-Cola for improperly exploiting its trademark and defaming its goods in a commercial. When the actor in this commercial asks various people about their preferred beverage, they all name one that has packaging that is strikingly similar to Pepsi. The actor continues, saying they prefer this version since it's overly cutesy and aimed at younger audiences.After being forced to sample both beverages, the children eventually confess that the one they preferred was actually Coca-Cola. The other bottle's packaging was remarkably similar to Pepsi's, and the wording "Pappi" was inscribed in a similar style on the bottle cap.

[38]PepsiCo. Inc. And Ors. vs Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd. And Anr.,2003 (27) PTC 305 Del

[39]M/S Matrimony.Com Limited vs Kalyan Jewellers India Limited,(MAD) 2020-3-226:The appellant holds trademark registrations for a number of additional names that have been developed by combining the language, location, or religion with the term "marriage," such as "Tamil Matrimony," "Kerala Matrimony," and so on. The appellant is also the registered owner of the mark "Bharat Matrimony." A few of the defendants submitted bids for the "AdWords," which are identical to the appellant's trademarks save for the space between the words.The appellant used "infringement" and "passing off" as grounds for filing a lawsuit seeking a permanent injunction.

[40]M/S Matrimony.Com Limited vs Kalyan Jewellers India Limited,(MAD) 2020-3-226:

[41] M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Limited & Others. Vs. Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (India) Limited (MMBL) & Others,Case No. 107/ 2015

[42] M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Limited & Others. Vs. Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (India) Limited (MMBL) & Others,Case no 50/2013

[43]Matrimony.Com Limited v. Google LLC & Others,Case Nos. 07 and 30 of 2012

[1] Grinin L. E. Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives? Age of Globalization. Number 1 / 2008

[2]  Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)

[3]  Appaodrai, A.,  The Substance of Politics, OUP, Delhi, 1985

[4] https://law.niviiro.com/different-kinds-of-sovereignty-political-science#

[5] https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Popular-sovereignty.pdf

[6] https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Popular-sovereignty.pdf

[7] https://www.ipl.org/essay/Popular-Sovereignty-In-The-French-Revolution-PK7UWC2NFJED6

[8] https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/revolutionary-ideas/#Popular_sovereignty

[9] https://www.uibk.ac.at/theol/cover/contagion/contagion3/contagion03_hamerton-kelly.pdf

[10] Jasmine Joshep, Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transforms

[11] Marie-Luce Paris, Popular Sovereignty and the Use of the Referendum – Comparative Perspectives with Reference to France

[12] https://www.gacrkl.ac.in/coursematerial/sem2-ev2-chap1.pdf

[13] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6889-popular-sovereignty-and-the-indian-constitution.html

[14] https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb0a9f8f-f39c-43b0-8e47-f0521602588a/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Andrea%2BDolcetti%2B-%2BPopular%2BSovereignty%2C%2BConstitutionalism%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2BIndian%2BConstitution%2B-%2BFinal%2BVersion.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article

[15] M. Loughlin and N. Walker, The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form, OUP, 2008

[1] D. Sergio, “Organisation Mondiale du Commerce” (2008).

[2] D. Chirstian, “WTO / WTO Pol. 4470” (2006).

[3] G. Jacques, “For sustainable development in West Africa: Food sovereignty” (2006).

[4] D. Sandrine D, “Les relations entre les règles des accords multilateraux sur l'environnement et celles de l'OMC” (2003).

[5] B. Julien, “Effectiveness Of Dispute Settlement Mechanism Of The Wto: Towards A Better The Multilateral Trading System Predictability” (2005).

[6] L. Olivier, “GATT (Geneva), an instrument for multilateral negotiations, Mr. LONG delivered the text of the speech before an audience gathered at the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (Karachi)” (1976).

[1] International Committee of Red Cross, ‘Command Responsibility and failure to act’ (Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, 2014) <https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/1087/command-responsibility-icrc-eng.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024

[2] Jamie Allan Williamson, ‘Some considerations on command responsibility and criminal liability’ (2008) 90(870) International Review of the Red Cross <https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/irrc-870_williamson.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024

[3] Sherrie L. Russell-Brown, ‘The Last Line of Defense: the Doctrine of Command Responsibility and Gender Crimes in Armed Conflict’ (2012) 22(1) WILJ <https://wilj.law.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1270/2012/02/russell-brown.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024

[4] American Red Cross, ‘Summary of  the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols’ (ARC, 2011) <https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/International_Services/International_Humanitarian_Law/IHL_SummaryGenevaConv.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024

[5] James G. Stewart, ‘The Future of the Grave Breaches Regime: Segregate, Assimilate or Abandon?’ (2009) 7(4) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/7/4/855/857193> accessed 31 March 2024

[6] Sandesh Sivakumaran, ‘Re-envisaging the International Law of Internal Armed Conflict’ (2011) 22(1) EJIL <https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/22/1/219/436546> accessed 31 March 2024

[7] Vladyslav Lanovoy, ‘The Use of Force by Non-State Actors and the Limits of Attribution of Conduct’ (2017) 28(2) EJIL <https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/28/2/563/3933332> accessed 31 March 2024

[8] Cedric Ryngaert, Anneleen Van de Meulebroucke, ‘Enhancing and Enforcing Compliance with International Humanitarian Law by Non-State Armed Groups: an Inquiry into some Mechanisms’ (2012) 16(3) JCSL < https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article/16/3/443/777786> accessed 31 March 2024

[9] Tilmann Altwicker, ‘Transnationalizing Rights: International Human Rights Law in Cross Border Context’ (2018) 29(2) EJIL <https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/29/2/581/5057069> accessed 31 March 2024

[10] Anton O. Petrov, ‘Non-State Actors and Law of Armed Conflict Revisited: Enforcing International Law through Domestic Engagement’ (2014) 19(2) JCSL <https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article/19/2/279/797954> accessed 31 March 2024

[11] Darryl Robinson, ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’ (2003) (14(3) EJIL <https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/14/3/481/440578> accessed 31 March 2024

[12] Chile Eboe-Osuji, ‘Grace Breaches’ as War Crimes: Much Ado about Serious Violations?’ (ICC) <https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/827EE9EC-5095-48C0-AB04-E38686EE9A80/283279/GRAVEBREACHESMUCHADOABOUTSERIOUSVIOLATIONS.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024

[13] Jesse Medlong, ‘All other Breaches: State Practice and the Geneva Conventions’ Nebulous Class of Less Discussed Prohibitions’ (2013) 34(4) Michigan Journal of International Law <https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mjil> accessed 32 March 2024  

[14] Emily L. Camins, ‘Needs or Rights? Exploring the Limitations of Individual Raparations for Violations of International Humanitarian Law’ (2016) 10(1) IJTJ <https://academic.oup.com/ijtj/article/10/1/126/2356892> accessed 31 March 2024

[15] Yves Sandoz, ‘The History of the Grave Breaches Regime’ (2009) 7(4) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/7/4/657/857200> accessed 31 March 2024

[16] In re Yamashita 327 U.S. 1 (1946)

[17] Jamie Fellows, ‘Law at a Critical Juncture: the US Army’s Command Responsibility Trials at Manila 1945-1947’ (2020) American Journal of Legal History <https://academic.oup.com/ajlh/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ajlh/njaa005/33444498/njaa005.pdf> accessed 4 April 2024

[18] Jean Senat Fleury, ‘The Tokyo Trial’ (2022) <https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/88866210/THE_TOKYO_TRIAL-libre.pdf?1658511082=&response-content disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTHE_TOKYO_TRIAL.pdf&Expires=1712176828&Signature=H~EGnkdrTuJHDR-E7l4r~ZlnZv~JQm9kcNrhORVh~vCUMqSBOih-MtaADQGBqfZSEd0z3ia bo0Ey6HPBSffFKOKiYuo05SqghHm9S8a1nyyj8za14acqxHq42UyrtAwyIb6pFa6Yu6B5xpOnbuup~MeoQ2G2VF4NG6EdqAHjb~vLNHoRt2NBWg3K6dslqk6R5fBj63fbl56C3pwKPpSFSl1~BsZc5MSVc~y7PbgGQyQS~IYoPm9GsfOReQBg~3PD8PURDGG8~f~Jtw9nBspyZVvivHL3P5W2hpJCGXBvUr5hgNmKEJOENxntfs2rncbi852GeXGpTNTYhmixW9qKg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA> accessed 4 April 2024

[19] David Glazier, ‘Kangaroo Court or Competent Tribunal?: Judging the 21st Century Military Commission’ (2003) 89(8) Virginia Law Review <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3202371> accessed 4 April 2024

[20] Robin Rowland, ‘Command Ability and Command Responsibility: Lt. Col. Hirateru Banno and the “F Force” Trials’ (M.A Thesis, York University 2003)

[21] Kirsten Ainley, ‘ Excesses of Responsibility: The Limits of Law and the Possibilities of Politics’ (2011) 25(4) Ethics and International Affairs <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ethics-and-international-affairs/article/excesses-of-responsibility-the-limits-of-law-and-the-possibilities-of-politics/A57A5011E1A88DF744D4E1C9BC5E8439> accessed 8 April 2024

[22] Annex – A Note on Command Responsibility (Human Rights Watch) <https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/us0405/10.htm> accessed 8 April 2024

[23] James Stewart, ‘The End of ‘Modes of Liability’ for International Crimes’ (2012) 25(1) LJIL <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/end-of-modes-of-liability-for-international-crimes/B2D623853D6AC70CE29270F6D7CF2B36> accessed 8 April 2024

[24] United States v. Wilhelm von Leeb et al 12 LRTWC 1 at 59 (1948)

[25] Jewish Virtual Library, ‘Nazi War Crimes Trials: High Command Trial’ <https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/high-command-trial-1947-1948> accessed 31 March 2024

[26] Casebook ICRC, ‘United States Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, United States v. Wilhelm von Leeb et al’ <https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/united-states-military-tribunal-nuremberg-united-states-v-wilhelm-von-leeb-et-al> accessed 31 March 2024

[27] John Jay Doughlass, ‘High Command Case: a Study in Staff and Command Responsibility’ (1972) 6(2) International Lawyer <https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3898&context=til> accessed 31 March 2024

[28] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ‘Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #12: The High Command Case’ (Holocaust Encyclopedia) <https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/subsequent-nuremberg-proceedings-case-12-the-high-command-case> accessed 31 March 2024

[29] Dieter Fleck, ‘Shortcomings of the Grave Breaches Regime’ (2009) 7(4) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/7/4/833/857159> accessed 31 March 2024

[30] Jean-Marie Henckaerts, ‘The Grave Breaches Regime as Customary International Law’ (2009) 7(4) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/7/4/683/857186> accessed 31 March 2024

[31] Lindsay Moir, ‘Grave Breaches and Internal Armed Conflict’ (2009) 7(4) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/7/4/763/857123> accessed 31 March 2024

[32] Sylvain Vite, ‘Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations’ (2009) 91(873) IRRC <https://doi.org/10.1017/S181638310999021X> accessed 31 March 2024

[33] Julian M. Lehmann, ‘All Necessary Means to Protect Civilians: What the Intervention in Libya Says About the Relationship Between the Jus in Bello and the Jus ad Bellum’ (2012) 17(1) JCSL <https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article/17/1/117/865607> accessed 31 March 2024

[34] Alessandra Spadaro, ‘Punish and Be Punished? The Paradox of Command Responsibility in Armed Groups’ (2020) 18(2020) JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jicj/mqz059/33394475/mqz059.pdf> accessed 31 March 2024 

[35] Nayef Ahmad Althunibat, ‘The Global Accountability of Commanders and Superiors: Exploring the Powers and Responsibilities of the International Criminal Court’ (2023) 5(2) Journal of Research Administration <https://journalra.org/index.php/jra/article/view/682/492> accessed 31 March 2024

[36] Jenny S. Martinez, ‘Understanding Mens Rea in Command Responsibility: From Yamashita to Blaskic and Beyond’ (2007) 5(3) JICJ < https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/5/3/638/790806> accessed 31 March 2024

[37] Hannes Jobstl, ‘Bridging the Accountability Gap: Armed Non-state Actors and the Investigation and Prosecution of War Crimes’ (2020) 18 JICJ <https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jicj/mqaa026/33788425/mqaa026.pdf> accessed 1 April 2024 

[38] Chia Lehnardt, ‘Individual Liability of Private Military Personnel under International Criminal Law’ (2008) 19(5) EJIL <https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/19/5/1015/505543> accessed 1 April 2024

[39] Christa Meindersma, ‘Violations of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions as Violations of the Laws or Customs of War under Article 3 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’ (2009) 42(3) Netherlands International Law Review <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165070X00005891> accessed 1 April 2024

[40] Remy Jorritsma, ‘Where General International Law meets International Humanitarian Law: Attribution of Conduct and the Classification of Armed Conflicts’ (2018) 23(3) JCSL <https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article/23/3/405/5236611> accessed 1 April 2024

[41] Sonja Boelaert-Suominen, ‘Grave Breaches, Universal Jurisdiction and Internal Armed Conflict: Is Customarry Law moving towards a Uniform Enforcement Mechanism for all Armed Conflicts?’ (2000) 5(1) JCSL <https://www.jstor.org/stable/44471205> accessed 2 April 2024 

[42] Benson Wawery Thuo, ‘Achieving Accountability from Terrorist Groups for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: A Case Study of Somalia’ (2022) 1(1) EAJIHL <https://eajihl.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/EAJIHL-Journal-Vol-1-Issue-1-Downloadable-Size.pdf#page=112> accessed 2 April 2024

[43] Chiara Redaelli, ‘A Common Enemy: Aggregating Intensity in Non-International Armed Conflicts’ (Humanitarian Law & Policy, 22 April 2021) <https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/04/22/common-enemy/> accessed 2 April 2024

[44] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict’ (UN OHCHR New York and Geneva 2011) <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf> accessed 2 April 2024

[45] Rob Grace, ‘Surmounting Contemporary Challenges to Humanitarian-Military Relations’ (Watson Institute International & Public Affairs Brown University 2020) <https://watson.brown.edu/chrhs/files/chrhs/imce/research/Surmounting%20Contemporary%20Challenges%20to%20Humanitarian-Military%20Relations_Grace.pdf> accessed 2 April 2024

[46] United Nations, ‘International Laws Protecting Civilians in Armed Conflict Not Being Upheld, Secretary-General Warns Security Council, Urging Deadly Cycle Be Broken’ <https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15292.doc.htm> accessed 2 April 2024

[47] Mark Bonchek and Chris Fussell, ‘Use Doctrine to Pierce the Fog of Business’ (Harvard Business Review 2013) <https://hbr.org/2013/02/use-doctrine-to-pierce-the-f> accessed 2 April 2024

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