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[1] Principal(i/c)/Associate Professor, Govt.Law College Ramanathapuram.

[2] Lao Tzu

[3] Indian Evidence Act 1872.

[4] Indian Evidence Act , 1872

[5] Indian Evidence Act , 1872

[6] 4 October, 1988

[7] Andhra High court  on 31st Jan 2017

[8] Supreme Court on 26th March 2004

[9] Delhi High court on 6th Jan 2014

[10] Finance Ministry told parliament.

[1] media as legal framework available at https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-558-media-as-a-legal-framework-an-analysis.html  (visited on June 2 2024)

[2] Freedom of the press important in democracy available at https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/why-is-freedom-of-the-press-important-in-a-democracy/  ( visited on  June 2 2024)

[3] Editorial, “Can journalists be forced to reveal their source? Bengaluru police notice” newslaundry, 11 Jan, 2023

[4] 30 (1986) DLT 21,

[5] Impact on press freedom available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/i/S0264999316301316 (visited on 2 June 2024)

[6] Challenges faced by journalist available at  https://hrhub.my/top-challenges-that-journalists-face/ (visited on 2 June 2024)

[7]Tarakant Dwivedi v. State of U.P

[8] Rohini Singh v. State of Gujarat

[9] Editorial “Indian investigators raid premises linked to NDTV founders” The Guardian, June 5, 2017

[10] Editorial “ radia tapes controversies” The quint  Feb 2, 2018

[11] Editorial  “The 16 activists arrested in relation to the case are victims of witch-hunt” The Hindu July 11, 2021

[12] “.P.Jain, Indian Constitution Law 98(Kamal Law House, Calcutta, 5th edn.., 1998).”

[13] Batuk Lal  The Indian Evidence Act 1872( Central Law agency 3rd Edition 2019)

[14] Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras

[15] State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai

[16] Selvi & ors.v. Karnataka

[17] Contempt of court for journalist available at https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/journalists-not-exempt-from-disclosing-sources-what-is-the-law-8392518/ ( visited on              June 22, 2023)

[18] (1936 AC 322 at 335

[19] Contempt of court by media Available at https://blog.ipleaders.in/contempt-of-court-by-the-media-a-study/ (visited at June 22, 2022)

[20] Positions of the US and the UK on Court Contempt related to journalist rights available at https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/contempt-court-reporting-restrictions-and-restrictions-public-access-hearings (visited at  June 22, 2023)

[21] Press council Act 1978 in the protection of confidentiality of sources of journalist in India available at (visited on June 22,2023)

[22] M.P.Jain, Indian Constitution Law 98(Kamal Law House, Calcutta, 5th edn.., 1998).

[23] Ibid

[24] Press council Act available at https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-7091-media-and-press-council-of-india-act.html#:~:text=General%20powers%20of%20the%20Council,Code%20of%20Civil%20Procedure%2C%201908. (visited on June 2, 2024)

[25] Ibid                                                                                                                                                                   

[26] (1997) 8 SCC 386

[27]Press council Act available at https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-specific-press-freedom-safeguards-how-indian-journalism-lacks-a-free-environment-news-235239 (visited on June 2, 2024)

[28] Ibid                       

[29] Norms and conduct of Journalist available at https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/Norms.aspx ( visited on June 2, 2024)

[30] Supra note 42, Art 19

[31] Official secret act available at https://blog.ipleaders.in/conflict-between-right-to-information-and-official-secrets-act-1923/ (visited on June 2, 2024)

[32] The Law commission report available at https://www.latestlaws.com/library/law-commission-of-india-reports/law-commission-report-no-93-disclosure-sources-information-mass-media/ (visited on June 23, 2023)

[33] Right to information act available at https://www.moneylife.in/article/rti-an-important-tool-for-all-journalists/56878.html ( visited on June 2, 2024)

[34] Ibid

[35] CRIMINAL APPEAL No. - 293 of 2014

[36] RTI Act access information available at https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.punjab/c/e4pNpL2_gHU( visited on June 23, 2023)

[37] Public relation with journalism available  at https://publicmediasolution.com/blog/major-difference-between-public-relations-and-journalism (visited on June 2023)

[38] Right to information act available at https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1 (visited on June 2, 2024)

[39] Censorship over right to protection of journalist’s rights related to confidentiality in India available at https://thewire.in/media/backstory-censorship-comes-in-all-shades-and-sizes-in-india(visited on June 2, 2024)

[40]First press regulation Act in India

[1] Research Scholar for Ph.D., School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

[2] Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

[3] Government of India. "Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005)." [Legislative Department](https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2005-43.pdf).

[4] Rao, N. (2018). "Challenges faced by male victims of domestic violence in India." Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(3), 291-295. [Indian Journal of Psychiatry](https://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=2018;volume=60;issue=3;spage=291;epage=295;aulast=Rao).

[5] Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2010). "Men's experiences of intimate partner violence and seeking help: A cross-sectional survey in a British Police Force area." BMC Public Health, 10(1), 784. [BMC Public Health](https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-10-784).

[6] Gupta, R., & Saravanan, P. (2016). "Hidden Victims: Male Domestic Violence Victims in India." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(6), 433-437. [IJSSH](http://www.ijssh.org/papers/687-H030.pdf).

[7] Sharma, M. K., & Singh, H. (2018). "The experiences of male victims of domestic violence in India: A qualitative study." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(18), 2860-2880. [Journal of Interpersonal Violence](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260516635315).

[8] Afifi, T. O., MacMillan, H., Cox, B. J., Asmundson, G. J., Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2009). "Mental health consequences of intimate partner violence against men: A meta-analysis." American Journal of Men's Health, 3(3), 237-246. [AJMH](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557988308323854).

[1]By Jeremy Hsu,  Deepfake politicians may have a big influence on India’s elections, 26 April 2024

2024 India election: Deepfake politicians may have a big influence | New Scientist

[1] Andrew J. Mc Clurg, Adem Koyuncu and Luis Eduardo Sprovieri, Practical Global Tort Litigation, Yale.L.J. 105 (1997).

[2] B.S. Markesinis & S.F.Deakin, Tort Law (Oxford University Press, 2th edition, 1993).

[3] 3 Bruce R. O'Brien, The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009).

[4] Chavan, Bhagwan Narayanrao, Tortious liability of Government of India enshrined under Article 300 of the Constitution, L.Q. Vol.7 No.3, (1999).

[5] David G. Owen, Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press, 5th edition, 1990).

[6] Dr. J. N. Pandey, Law OF TORTS (Central Law Publication, 5th edn., 2005).

[7] Ellen M. Bublick, China’s New Tort Law: the Promise of Reasonable Care, J. I.L.I. (Vol . 26:1&2) (2012)

[8] Fleming.J.G, An Introduction to the Law of Torts (Clarendon, 2nd edn., 1985)

[9] Bro C.C..469 ('1785)

[10] Moore Ind. App. 555 (1827)

[1] International Chamber of Commerce

[2] London Court of International Arbitration

[3] International Chamber of Commerce

[4] London Court of International Arbitration

[5] United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

[6] https://www.newyorkconvention.org/english

[7] https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/arbitration/what-is-arb.html

[8] International Chamber of Commerce

[9] London Court of International Arbitration

[10] Singapore International Arbitration Centre

[11] https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/

[1] WIKIPEDIA, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation (last visited Apr. 8, 2024).

[1] Charles J. Russo, Encyclopedia of Education Law 461 (2023).

[2] Arvind P. Datar, Legal Formalism in Arbitration, 1 Indian Arbitration Review 1 (2017).

[3] The Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, § 19 (1996).

[4] The Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, § 20 (1996).

[5] SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd., 8 SCC 618 (1996).

[6] Board of Control for Cricket in India v. State Bank of India, 4 SCC 673 (1996).

[7] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Cellular Operators Association of India, 9 SCC 714 (2011).

[8] AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986).

[9] International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Rules, art. 18(1) (2021).

[10] Bharat Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Services Inc., 9 SCC 552 (2012).

[11] Burn Standard Company v. AFL, 4 SCC 455 (2003).

[12] Union of India v. Vodafone International Holdings B.V., 6 SCC 613 (2012).

[13] BALCO v. Kaiser Aluminium, 9 SCC 552 (2012).

[14] Supra note 8.

[15] Dr. Rashmi Rao, Balancing Legal Formalism and Procedural Justice in Arbitration: A Comparative Study of India and the United Kingdom, Indian Law Review (2012).

[16] BALCO v. Kaiser Aluminium CIVIL APPEAL NO.7019 OF 2005

[1] Research Scholar, Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh

[2] www.geeksforgeeks.org accessed on 1st June, 2024

[3] Justice RituRaj Awasthi, “The idea of Justice after 75 years of Independence” available at www.cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in accessed on 1st June, 2024

[4] ibid

[5] ibid

[6] ibid

[7] ibid

[8] ibid

[9] The works of PV Kane, Vol. 3, p. 243, 248

[10] Supra note 9

[11] The Constitution of India, Art. 124

[12] Id, Art. 214

[13] https://doj.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[14] ibid

[15] https://www.mha.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[16] Supra note 13

[17] Supra note 13

[18] Steve Wilson & Helen Rutherford, “English Legal System” (2018)

[19] Essay on Access to Justice, available at https://www.studocu.com accessed on 2nd June, 2024

[20] Lord James Bryce (in Modern Democracies)

[21] Connellan Gregory, “Access to Justice” Legaldate 2001, vol. 13, pg 5-8

[22] Pia Letto Vanamo, “Access to Justice: A conceptual & practical analysis with implications for Justice Reforms” IDLO Voices of Development Jurists paper series vol. 2 ( 2005 )

[23] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Art 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted to him by the Constitution or law

[24] Id, Art 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him

[25] The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Art 2(3)

Each State party to the covenant undertakes:

1. To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity
2. To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any competent authority provided for by the legal system and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy

[26] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art 14

The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India

[27] Id, Art 21

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

[28] Item 11 A: Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts

[29] https://www.digitallibrary.un.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[30] ibid

[31] Prof. Dr. Jyoti Rattan & Dr. Vijay Rattan, “Cyber Laws & Information Technology” 9th edn (2022)

[32] Supra note 20

[33] https://www.uncitral.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[34] ibid

[35] ibid

[36] Supra note 33

[37] “Use of technology in judicial process and alternate dispute resolution” 2015 available at www.lawctopus.com accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[38] ibid

[39] ibid

[40] Supra note 37

[41] K Subramaniam,“The epidemic and ensuring safety in courts” 2020 available at www.thehindu.com accessed on 4th june, 2024

[42] ibid

[43] ibid

[44] ibid

[45] Supra note 37

[46] https://www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/330764 accessed on 5th June, 2024

[47] Supra note 37

[48] Charlie Harrel, Digital “War Room” in Hearings, Trials and Beyond: How Technology Innovations in Singapore, the UK and the US are transforming the legal landscape tech talk, available at https://v1.lawgazette.com.sg/2016-10/1686.htm accessed on 5th June, 2024

[49] Supra note 46

[50] Martinez A & Fabra Abat Pere, “E-Justice: Information and Communication technologies in the court system” (2008)

[51] ibid

[52]https://justice.gov.bc.ca/cso/about/index.do;jsesssionid=cio8vrXxHzCv59WxK4b3GWsZ.0e1ba411-53d7-3b0d-8e0a-d5b7d8cafbab accessed on 7th June, 2024

[53] ibid

[54] Justice Sunil Ambwani, "Information and Communication Technology in Courts" at National Judicial Academy, Bhopal.

[55] Computers are not new to the Indian courts. Towards the end of 1989, one low-end computer was installed in Supreme Court of India for caveat matching. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, I initiated the process of court computersation in Patna High Court, as a sitting at Patna High Court. On my transfer to Karnataka in 1994, I undertook to introduce ICT in the entire judiciary of the state of Karnataka. Through the Karnataka judiciary webstie, case lists of high Courts and district courts was made available online, a day before, for the first time in the country. The system created has subsequently been adopted in different states in India.

[56] Kshitiz Verma, “e-courts Project: A Giant Leap by Indian Judiciary” (2018)

[57] ibid

[58] ibid

[59] ibid

[60] ibid

[61] ibid

[62] ibid

[63] Source: compiled by authors from the websites of the Ministry of Law & Justice (https://doj.gov.in), Supreme Court’s e-Committee (https://ecommitteesci.gov.in) and e-courts (www.ecourts.gov.in)

[64] Supra note 46

[65] AIR 2003 SC 2053

[66] 2018 (11) SCALE 475

[67] https://pib.gov.in accessed on 8th June, 2024