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[1] Assistant Professor of Law, School of Law, MGSU, Bikaner[2] INDIA CONST. pmbl.[3] INDIA CONST. art. 14, 15(1), 15(3), 16, 39(a), 39(d), 42.[4] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Dec. 18, 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 13.[5] Equal Remuneration Act, No. 25 of 1976 (India); Code on Wages, No. 29 of 2019 (India).[6] Maternity Benefit Act, No. 53 of 1961 (India).[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, No. 14 of 2013 (India). Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, No. 40 of 2019 (India).[8] C.B. Muthamma v. Union of India, (1979) 4 S.C.C. 260 (India).[9] Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, (1981) 4 S.C.C. 335 (India).[10] Mackinnon Mackenzie & Co. Ltd. v. Audrey D’Costa, (1987) 2 S.C.C. 469 (India).[11] Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 S.C.C. 241 (India).[12] Charu Khurana v. Union of India, (2015) 1 S.C.C. 192 (India).[13] Aureliano Fernandes v. State of Goa, (2023) 2 S.C.C. 1 (India).[14] World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2023.[15] ILO Convention No. 111, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), June 25, 1958.[16] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, No. 14 of 2013 (India).[17] E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1974) 4 S.C.C. 3 (India).[18] State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, A.I.R. 1951 S.C. 226 (India).[19] Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, (1992) Supp. (3) S.C.C. 217 (India).[20] C.B. Muthamma v. Union of India, (1979) 4 S.C.C. 260 (India).[21] Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, (1981) 4 S.C.C. 335 (India).[22] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Dec. 18, 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 13.[23] Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, India’s Ratification of CEDAW (1993).[24] CEDAW art. 11.[25] Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 S.C.C. 241 (India).[26] Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A.K. Chopra, (1999) 1 S.C.C. 759 (India).[27] International Labour Organization, Equal Remuneration Convention, No. 100, June 29, 1951.[28] International Labour Organization, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, No. 111, June 25, 1958.[29] World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2023.[30] Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e.[31] Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Title VII Enforcement Guidelines.[32] Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986).[33] Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020).[34] Equality Act 2010, c. 15 (U.K.).[35] Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, July 5, 2006.[36] Directive (EU) 2024/1500, Strengthening Equality Bodies, Apr. 2024.

[1] Associate Professor of Law, Tantia University, Sri Ganganagar.[2]  Digest of Justinian, Book I, Title V.[3] Transfer of Property Act, No. 4 of 1882, § 13 (India).[4] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 112 (8th ed. 2018).[5] Kusum v. State of Maharashtra, (2000) 6 SCC 129.[6] B.B. Mitra, The Transfer of Property Act 221 (12th ed. 2015).[7]  Tagore v. Tagore, (1872) 9 Beng LR 377 (PC).[8] J.H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History 312 (5th ed. 2019).[9] Code Civil [C. civ.] art. 725 (Fr.); Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch [BGB] § 1923 (Ger.).[10] Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers § 25 (Am. Law Inst. 2003).[11] P. Ishwara Bhat, Property Law in India 145 (2016).[12] Avtar Singh, Law of Property 98 (2017).[13] R.K. Sinha, Transfer of Property Act 134 (2019).[14] Transfer of Property Act, No. 4 of 1882, § 13 (India).[15] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 112 (8th ed. 2018).[16] J.H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History 312 (5th ed. 2019).[17] Digest of Justinian, Book I, Title V.[18] Avtar Singh, Law of Property 98 (2017).[19] Tagore v. Tagore, (1872) 9 Beng LR 377 (PC).[20] Raja Bajrang Bahadur Singh v. Thakurain Bakhtraj Kuer, AIR 1953 SC 7.[21] B.B. Mitra, The Transfer of Property Act 221 (12th ed. 2015).[22] P. Ishwara Bhat, Property Law in India 145 (2016).[23] S. Krishnan, “Unborn Rights and Reproductive Technologies,” 42 Indian Bar Review 67 (2021).[24] Transfer of Property Act, No. 4 of 1882, § 13 (India).[25] Id. § 5.[26] Avtar Singh, Law of Property 98 (2017).[27] R.K. Sinha, Transfer of Property Act 134 (2019).[28] Raja Bajrang Bahadur Singh v. Thakurain Bakhtraj Kuer, AIR 1953 SC 7.[29] Gourishankar v. Shantibai, AIR 1959 MP 240.[30] B.B. Mitra, The Transfer of Property Act 221 (12th ed. 2015).[31] P. Ishwara Bhat, Property Law in India 145 (2016).[32] Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch [BGB] § 1923 (Ger.).[33] Tagore v. Tagore, (1872) 9 Beng LR 377 (PC).[34] S. Krishnan, “Unborn Rights and Reproductive Technologies,” 42 Indian Bar Review 67, 72 (2021).

[1] Assistant Professor of Law, School of Law, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner[2] Probation of Offenders Act, No. 20 of 1958, India Code (1958).[3] Mohammad Giasuddin v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1977 SC 1926, (1977) 3 SCC 287.[4] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1978 SC 1675, (1978) 4 SCC 494; see also Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (II), AIR 1980 SC 1579, (1980) 3 SCC 488.[5] State of Gujarat v. High Court of Gujarat, (1998) 7 SCC 392.[6] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, No. 45 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[7] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[8] G.A. Res. 70/175, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) (Dec. 17, 2015).[9] National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics India 2023 (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2025).[10] Indian Penal Code, No. 45 of 1860, India Code (1860).[11] Code of Criminal Procedure, No. 5 of 1898, India Code (1898).[12] Indian Evidence Act, No. 1 of 1872, India Code (1872).[13] Abhyuday Ram Tripathi & Dr. Sheeba Khalid, Evolution of the Criminal Justice System in India: Colonial Legacy and Reforms, Indian J. Legal Rev., Vol. 6, Issue 2, 727–738 (2026).[14] Police Act, No. 5 of 1861, India Code (1861).[15] Mahek Thacker, Reforms in the Indian Criminal Justice System: Colonial Legacies, New Legislation, and Ongoing Challenges, Indian J. Res. L. & Mgmt., Vol. III, Issue 9 (2026).[16] Probation of Offenders Act, No. 20 of 1958, India Code (1958).[17] Rattan Lal v. State of Punjab, AIR 1965 SC 444.[18] Juvenile Justice Act, No. 53 of 1986, India Code (1986).[19] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, No. 56 of 2000, India Code (2000).[20] Convention on the Rights of the Child, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 (India ratified Dec. 11, 1992).[21] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, No. 2 of 2016, India Code (2016).[22] Salil Bali v. Union of India, (2013) 7 SCC 705.[23] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Report of the All India Committee on Jail Reforms (Mulla Committee Report) (1980–83).[24] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1978 SC 1675; see also Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (II), AIR 1980 SC 1579.[25] National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics India 2023 (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2025).[26] G.A. Res. 70/175, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) (Dec. 17, 2015).[27] Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764).[28] Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789).[29] Indian Penal Code, No. 45 of 1860, India Code (1860).[30] Roger Hopkins Burke, An Introduction to Criminological Theory (5th ed. 2018).[31] Probation of Offenders Act, No. 20 of 1958, India Code (1958).[32] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, No. 56 of 2000, India Code (2000); Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, No. 2 of 2016, India Code (2016).[33] Rattan Lal v. State of Punjab, AIR 1965 SC 444.[34] Salil Bali v. Union of India, (2013) 7 SCC 705.[35] Swati Saurabh, Reformative Theory of Punishment in the Modern Era: A Myth or Reality?, The LaWWay with Lawyers J., Vol. 30, Issue 30 (Dec. 11, 2025).[36] Vaibhav Singh Kirsali & Vatsal Chaudhary, Criminological Evaluation of Reformative Justice and Its Role in Preventing Repeat Offences, Indian J. Legal Rev., Vol. 6, Issue 1 (2026).[37] Mohd. Giasuddin v. State of A.P., AIR 1977 SC 1926.[38] Probation of Offenders Act, No. 20 of 1958, India Code (1958).[39] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, No. 56 of 2000, India Code (2000).[40] Preeti Bhagat, From Punishment to Rehabilitation: A Human Rights Analysis of the Reformative System, Legal Service India (Mar. 24, 2026).[41] G.A. Res. 70/175, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) (Dec. 17, 2015); Convention on the Rights of the Child, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3.[42] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, No. 45 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[43] Parvatkar Krishna Rishikesh & Sunil Kulhare, Reformative Outlook on Criminal Justice and Major Legal Codes: An Analysis of India’s Transformative Criminal Law Reforms, MJAP J., Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2025).[44] Abhilash Sontake, The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: A Paradigm Shift in Indian Criminal Jurisprudence, Abhilash Sontake & Associates (Apr. 18, 2026).[45] Id.[46] Mohd. Giasuddin v. State of A.P., AIR 1977 SC 1926.[47] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1978 SC 1675.[48] Roger Hopkins Burke, An Introduction to Criminological Theory (5th ed. 2018).[49] National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics India 2023 (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2025).[50] G.A. Res. 70/175, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) (Dec. 17, 2015).[51] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[52] Id. § 479.[53] National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics India 2023 (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2025).[54] Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1369.[55] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[56] Id. §§ 173, 530.[57] Id. § 530(2).[58] Id. § 530(3).[59] Roger Hopkins Burke, An Introduction to Criminological Theory (5th ed. 2018).[60] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.[61] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, No. 47 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[62] Id. § 65B.[63] Id. § 114A.[64] Zahira Habibullah Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, (2004) 4 SCC 158.[65] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, No. 47 of 2023, Gazette of India (Dec. 25, 2023).[66] Id. §§ 5–11.[67] Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 803(6), U.S. Code (2023).[68] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

[1] Mishra, Praveen. ‘Joshimath Subsidence Linked to Human Activity’. The Secretariat, The Secretariat, 3 November 2023. https://thesecretariat.in/article/five-reasons-why-joshimath-subsidence-is-a-man-made-tragedy-not-a-natural-disaster.[2] Pandey, Kiran. ‘Wayanad District Is Highly Vulnerable to Disaster — Data and History Are Testament’. Down To Earth, Down To Earth, 2 August 2024. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/wayanad-district-is-highly-vulnerable-to-disaster-data-and-history-are-testament.[3] LawBhoomi. M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1996). https://lawbhoomi.com/m-c-mehta-vs-kamal-nath-and-others/[4] Heri, Corina. ‘Leghari v. Pakistan’. Climate and Human Rights Litigation Database, 25 January 2018. https://climaterightsdatabase.com/2018/01/25/leghari-v-pakistan/.[5] Duke.Edu. 2026. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=delpf.[6] Duke.Edu. 2026. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=delpf.[7] Chung, Jeanie. ‘Precedent Setting’. The University of Chicago Magazine, 2020. https://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/precedent-setting.[8] Mishra, Praveen. ‘Joshimath Subsidence Linked to Human Activity’. The Secretariat, The Secretariat, 3 November 2023. https://thesecretariat.in/article/five-reasons-why-joshimath-subsidence-is-a-man-made-tragedy-not-a-natural-disaster.[9] Pandey, Kiran. ‘Wayanad District Is Highly Vulnerable to Disaster — Data and History Are Testament’. Down To Earth, Down To Earth, 2 August 2024. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/wayanad-district-is-highly-vulnerable-to-disaster-data-and-history-are-testament.[10] Verma, Ayush. ‘Public Trust Doctrine in India’. iPleaders, 22 August 2023. https://blog.ipleaders.in/public-trust-doctrine-india/.[11] Ghosh, Shibani. Indian Environmental Law Key Concepts and Principles. Orient BlackSwan, 2019. https://www.orientblackswan.com/pdfs/opaccess/html/9789352875795/chapter6/chapter6.html.[12] IndianRepublic.in. ‘Enforcement vs Law — The Indian Governance Gap’. Writesaket, Blogger, 14 May 2026. https://www.indianrepublic.in/2026/05/enforcement-vs-law-indian-governance-gap.html.[13] Reddy, Jyothi. (2026). Climate Law and Environmental Governance in India: Emerging Judicial Trends. Indian JournalofLaw.4.35-52.10.36676/ijl.v4.i1.154. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400121601_Climate_Law_and_Environmental_Governance_in_India_Emerging_Judicial_Trends[14] Reddy, Jyothi. (2026). Climate Law and Environmental Governance in India: Emerging Judicial Trends. Indian JournalofLaw.4.35-52.10.36676/ijl.v4.i1.154. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400121601_Climate_Law_and_Environmental_Governance_in_India_Emerging_Judicial_Trends[15] IndianRepublic.in. ‘Why Enforcement Is the Weak Link in Rule of Law’. Writesaket, Blogger, 20 May 2026. https://www.indianrepublic.in/2026/05/why-enforcement-weak-link-rule-of-law-india.html.[16] Saba. ‘Uttaranchal High Court’s Order Declaring Ganga, Yamuna as Living Entities Stayed’. SCC Times, 8 July 2017. https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2017/07/08/uttaranchal-high-courts-order-declaring-ganga-yamuna-as-living-entities-stayed/.[17] Heri, Corina. ‘Leghari v. Pakistan’. Climate and Human Rights Litigation Database, 25 January 2018. https://climaterightsdatabase.com/2018/01/25/leghari-v-pakistan/.

[1] United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime, World Drug Report 2025: Methodological Annex, at 19 (2025), UNODC World Drug Report (last visited Aug. 5, 2026). (unodc.org)[2] Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, No. 61 of 1985, pmbl. (India), India Code (last visited Aug. 6, 2026). (indiacode.nic.in)[3] Id. § 4.[4] Id. § 7A.[5] Ministry of Soc. Just. & Empowerment, Gov't of India, National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction, NAPDDR (last visited Aug. 7, 2026). (socialjustice.gov.in)[6] Id.; Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Soc. Just. & Empowerment, Gov't of India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Has Launched the National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (Aug. 1, 2023), PIB (last visited Aug. 8, 2026). (pib.gov.in)[7] Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Gov't of India, Measures to Prevent Drug Abuse and Combat Illegal Drug Trade (Mar. 18, 2025), PIB (last visited Aug. 9, 2026). (pib.gov.in)[8] Ministry of Soc. Just. & Empowerment, Gov't of India, National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction, supra note 6.[9] INDIA CONST. art. 21.[10] State of Punjab v. Baldev Singh, (1999) 6 SCC 172.[11] Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, No. 61 of 1985, §§ 27, 64A (India).[12] Gaunter Edwin Kircher v. State of Goa, (1993) 3 SCC 145.[13] P.P. Beeran v. State of Kerala (2001).[14] Basheer @ N.P. Basheet v. State of Kerala (2004).[15] Ayub Khan v. State of Rajasthan (2002).[16] Directorate of Revenue Intelligence v. Raj Kumar Arora, Crim. App. No. 1319 of 2013 (S.C. Apr. 17, 2025).[17] Rijesh Ravindran v. Union of India (Karn. H.C. July 28, 2021).[18] Baldev Singh, (1999) 6 SCC 172.[19] State of Punjab v. Balbir Singh, (1994) 3 SCC 299; Baldev Singh, (1999) 6 SCC 172.[20] Union of India v. Mohanlal, (2016) 3 SCC 379.[21] Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, No. 61 of 1985, §§ 64A, 71 (India).[22] Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Gov't of India, National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction.[23] Press Information Bureau, Gov't of India, Measures to Prevent Drug Abuse and Combat Illegal Drug Trade (Mar. 18, 2025).[24] Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, No. 61 of 1985, § 64A (India).

V R KALYANI. “The Role of Bloom's Taxonomy in Legal Education.” White Black Legal – International Law Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1

[1] Marconi Debbarma, ‘Refugees Experience and the Host Communities: Critical Analyses on Absence of Refugee Law in India’ (2025) 60 Journal of Asian and African Studies 3204 available at: <https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096241228804> accessed 28 August 2026.[2] Erika Feller, ‘The Evolution of the International Refugee Protection Regime’ (2001) 5 Journal of Law & Policy.[3] Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention).[4] UN General Assembly, Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 31 January 1967, United Nations, Treaty Series, 606 UNTS 267.[5] Guy S Goodwin-gill, ‘The Dynamic of International Refugee Law’ (2014) 25 International Journal of Refugee Law 651 available at: <https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeu003> accessed 30 August 2026.[6] Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, ‘International Refugee Law and Refugee Policy: The Case of Deterrence Policies’ [2014] Journal of Refugee Studies available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2487087> accessed 26 August 2026.[7] Refugee Convention (n 1) art 1A (2).[8] David W Kennedy and David Kennedy, ‘International Refugee Protection, 8 Hum’, vol 1 (1986) available at <http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16082842> accessed 28 August 2026.[9] Feller (n 2).[10] Refugee Convention (n 2) art 33.[11]International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), art. 7, (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171.[12] Arun Sagar and Farrah Ahmed, ‘The Model Law for Refugees: An Important Step Forward?’, vol 17 (2005) available at: <https://www.jstor.org/stable/44290310> accessed 28 August 2026.[13] Registration of Foreigners Act 1939, S 2.[14] Sanjay S Bang, ‘The Status of Refugee in India: Need for a Domestic Legislation for Protection of Their Human Rights’ (2012) 1.[15] Prabodh Saxena, ‘Creating Legal Space for Refugees in India: The Milestones Crossed and the Roadmap for the Future’ (2007) 19 International Journal of Refugee Law 246 available at: <https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eem007> accessed 28 August 2026.[16] ‘77th Meeting of the Standing Committee - Update on Budgets and Funding (2019, 2020-2021) | UNHCR’ available at: <https://www.unhcr.org/media/77th-meeting-standing-committee-update-budgets-and-funding-2019-2020-2021> accessed 28 August 2026.[17] David W Kennedy and David Kennedy, ‘International Refugee Protection, 8 Hum’, vol 1 (1986) available at: <http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16082842> accessed 30 August 2026.[18] Ibid.[19] The Constitution of India 1950, art 51(A).[20] Vishaka & Ors vs State of Rajasthan & Ors, (1997) 6 SCC 241.[21] The Constitution of India 1950, art 51(c).[22] Ibid art 253.[23] V/O Tractor Export, Moscow v. M/S Tarapore & Co, 1969 SCC (3) 562.[24] Mr. Louis De Raedt & Ors vs Union of India and Ors, 1991 AIR 1886.[25] State of Arunachal Pradesh v Khudiram Chakma, AIR 1994 SC 1461[26] Dr Malavika Karlekar v Union of India, Writ Petition (Criminal) No 583 of 1992 Supreme Court of India.[27] Mohammad Salimullah v Union of India, AIR 2021 SC (Civil) 1753.[28] Union of India v Nandita Haksar Petition(s) for Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No(s) 2184/2022.[29] Zothansangpui v. State of Manipur, C.R No.981 of 1989.[30] Nuang Maung Mye Nyant v. Govt. of India, CWP No. 5120/94.[31] Shar Aung v. Govt. Of India, GI.WP NO.110 of 1998.[32] Seyed Ata Mohammadi v. Union of India and Others, A.D. No. 1458 of 1994[33] Hans Muller of Nurenburg v. Superintendent, Presidency, 1955 SCR (1)1284.[34] Ktaer Abbas Habib Al Qutaifi v. Union of India, 1999 CriLJ 919.[35] Aswathy Madhukumar, ‘Internatıonal Law in India: Analyzing the Legal and Policy Framework Through International and Refugee Laws’ (2023) 2 IUS LAW JOURNAL.[36] Ambika Verma and Fellow Jindal Global, ‘Global Compact on Refugees: Bridging the Gap Between International and Domestic Refugee Regime in India’, available at <https://ssrn.com/abstract=4450953> accessed 28 August 2026.[37] Aishwarya Birla, ‘Evaluating the Indian Refugee Law Regime: How Has the Judiciary Responded to Refugee Claims in Light of International Law Obligations, and How Can It Do Better?’ (2023) 35 International Journal of Refugee Law 81, available at <https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eead013> accessed 28 August 2026.[38] V Suryanarayan, 'Humanitarian Concerns and Security Needs: Sri Lankan Refugees in Tamil Nadu' in P Chari and others (eds), Refugees in India (Manak Publications 2003) 55–56.[39]Rajeev Dhavan, On the Model Law for Refugees: A Response to the National Human Rights Commission(2003), available at: <http://www.pilsarc.org/aow/ 64.pdf> accessed 28 August 2026.

[1] “Interrelationship Of Law And Society,” available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3334-interrelationship-of-law-and-society.html (last visited May 9, 2026).[2] Pratik Tiwari, “Cooling‑Off And Committees: New Path For Section 85 BNS Reform” Live Law, 10 August 2025.[3] Bhumika Indulia, “Electronic Evidence in Focus: Navigating Legal Shifts in the Law on Electronic Evidence under the BSA, 2023” SCC Times, 2024 available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/10/23/electronic-evidence-in-focus-navigating-legal-shifts-in-the-law-on-electronic-evidence-under-the-bsa-2023/ (last visited May 9, 2026).[4] Editor, “Law on Domestic Violence [Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005]” SCC Times, 2020 available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/07/27/law-on-domestic-violence-protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-2005/ (last visited May 9, 2026).[5] Editor, “Section 173(3) BNSS Explained: FIR, Preliminary Enquiry & Legislative Intent” SCC Times, 2026 available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2026/01/17/section-173-3-bnss-statutory-interpretation-fir-registration/ (last visited May 9, 2026).[6] Marc Galanter, “Introduction: The Study of the Indian Legal Profession” 3(2/3) Law & Society Review 201–218 (1968–1969). Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052998[7] Marc Galanter, “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change” 9(1) Law & Society Review 95–160 (1974). Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-society-review/article/why-the-haves-come-out-ahead-speculations-on-the-limits-of-legal-change/8A16E3B6212A1A61E196841F092CF428[8] Marc Galanter, “The Displacement of Traditional Law in Modern India” 24(4) Journal of Social Issues 65–91 (1968). Available at: https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/item/30867[9] Upendra Baxi, “Taking Suffering Seriously: Social Action Litigation in the Supreme Court of India” 4 Third World Legal Studies 107–132 (1985). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/twls/vol4/iss1/6/[10] S. P. Sathe, “Judicial Activism: The Indian Experience” 6 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 29–46 (2001). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol6/iss1/3/[11] Rajeev Dhavan, “Promises, Promises…: Human Rights in India” 39 Journal of the Indian Law Institute 149–183 (1997). Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953266[12] Rajeev Dhavan, “The Press and the Constitutional Guarantee of Free Speech and Expression” 28 Journal of the Indian Law Institute 299–335 (1986). Available at: https://www.rajeevdhavan.com/articles/[13] Rajeev Dhavan, “Means, Motives and Opportunities: Reflecting on Legal Research in India” 50(6) The Modern Law Review 725–749 (1987). Available at: https://www.rajeevdhavan.com/articles/[14] Nick Robinson, “A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload” 10(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 570–601 (2013). Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/empleg/v10y2013i3p570-601.html[15] Daniela Berti, “Hostile Witnesses, Judicial Interactions and Out-of-Court Narratives in a North Indian District Court” 44(3) Contributions to Indian Sociology 235–263 (2010). 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State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225; AIR 1973 SC 1461[33] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248; AIR 1978 SC 597[34] Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217; AIR 1993 SC 477[35] Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241; AIR 1997 SC 3011[36] Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation, (1985) 3 SCC 545; AIR 1986 SC 180[37] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1; AIR 2015 SC 1523[38] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1[39] Shayara Bano v. Union of India, (2017) 9 SCC 1[40] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1[41] Common Cause (A Regd. Society) v. 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[1] Norwegian Police Service, Report on the 22 July Terror Attacks (2012)[2] 2011 Norway Attacks: Government of Norway Official Report (2012).[3] Anders Behring Breivik, 2083: A European Declaration of Independence (2011).[4] Norwegian Ministry of Justice & Public Security, White Paper on Terrorism Response (2013).[5] Andrew Silke, Terrorists, Victims and Society (John Wiley & Sons 2003).[6] Jerrold M. Post, The Mind of the Terrorist (2007).[7] Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Univ. Pa. Press 2008).[8] European Commission, Radicalisation Awareness Network Report (2016).[9] Robert K. Merton, Social Structure and Anomie, 3 Am. Soc. Rev. (1938).[10] The People v. Anders Behring Breivik (Nor. 2012).[11] Travis Hirschi, Causes of Delinquency (1969).[12] Lawrence E. Cohen & Marcus Felson, Social Change and Crime Rate Trends, [volume] Am. Soc. Rev. (1979).[13]Robert K. Merton, Social Structure and Anomie, 3 Am. Soc. Rev. (1938).[14] Paul Gill, Lone-Actor Terrorists (Routledge 2015).[15] Norway Attacks: Breivik Sentenced to Preventive Detention, BBC News (2012).[16] United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime, Handbook on Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism (2017).[17] Europol, European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) (2017).[18] Stuart Hall, The Work of Representation (1997).[19] Yvonne Jewkes, Media and Crime (2015).[20] Human Rights Watch, Norway: Justice Response to Terrorism (2013).

[1] Norwegian Police Service, Report on the 22 July Terror Attacks (2012)[2] 2011 Norway Attacks: Government of Norway Official Report (2012).[3] Anders Behring Breivik, 2083: A European Declaration of Independence (2011).[4] Norwegian Ministry of Justice & Public Security, White Paper on Terrorism Response (2013).[5] Andrew Silke, Terrorists, Victims and Society (John Wiley & Sons 2003).[6] Jerrold M. Post, The Mind of the Terrorist (2007).[7] Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Univ. Pa. Press 2008).[8] European Commission, Radicalisation Awareness Network Report (2016).[9] Robert K. Merton, Social Structure and Anomie, 3 Am. Soc. Rev. (1938).[10] The People v. Anders Behring Breivik (Nor. 2012).[11] Travis Hirschi, Causes of Delinquency (1969).[12] Lawrence E. Cohen & Marcus Felson, Social Change and Crime Rate Trends, [volume] Am. Soc. Rev. (1979).[13]Robert K. Merton, Social Structure and Anomie, 3 Am. Soc. Rev. (1938).[14] Paul Gill, Lone-Actor Terrorists (Routledge 2015).[15] Norway Attacks: Breivik Sentenced to Preventive Detention, BBC News (2012).[16] United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime, Handbook on Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism (2017).[17] Europol, European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) (2017).[18] Stuart Hall, The Work of Representation (1997).[19] Yvonne Jewkes, Media and Crime (2015).[20] Human Rights Watch, Norway: Justice Response to Terrorism (2013).