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Reproductive rights form an important part of human rights, constitutional liberty, equality, privacy, dignity and bodily autonomy. They concern the ability of individuals to make informed decisions about reproduction, pregnancy, contraception, abortion, fertility, childbirth and reproductive healthcare. At the same time, the State regulates reproductive matters through criminal law, medical regulation, public-health policies, family-planning programmes and laws governing abortion and assisted reproductive technologies. This study examines the relationship between reproductive autonomy and State regulation within the Indian constitutional and legal framework. It analyses the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, as amended in 2021, the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021, and relevant constitutional principles and judicial decisions. The study also considers the international human-rights framework, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It adopts a doctrinal methodology based on statutes, constitutional provisions, case law, books, journal articles and authoritative reports. The central argument is that reproductive regulation may be legitimate when it protects health, informed consent and equality, but it must not become arbitrary, discriminatory or disproportionate interference with personal autonomy. The study concludes that a rights-based framework requires accessible healthcare, clear legal standards, privacy protection, non-discrimination, accountable institutions and effective remedies.

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) occupy an important position in India’s financial system by extending credit to households, small businesses, infrastructure projects and segments that may not be fully served by conventional banks. Their contribution is accompanied by vulnerabilities arising from maturity transformation, reliance on wholesale funding, concentration of exposures, governance weaknesses and interconnectedness with banks and capital markets. The defaults and distress associated with major entities, particularly Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS), Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL) and Reliance Capital Limited, exposed the potential for entity-level weaknesses to transmit stress across the financial system. This paper examines the legal and regulatory framework governing NBFCs in India, analyses the causes of NBFC distress, and evaluates the regulatory response. It adopts doctrinal and analytical methods, relying on legislation, RBI directions, government materials, judicial decisions and selected case studies. It argues that NBFC crises cannot be explained exclusively as liquidity events: liquidity stress may reveal deeper problems in asset quality, funding strategy, governance, transparency and supervisory effectiveness. The paper considers the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the scale-based regulatory framework, fraud risk management directions and the special insolvency framework for financial service providers under section 227 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. It concludes that India has strengthened its framework, but effectiveness depends on timely supervision, credible disclosures, board accountability, robust liquidity planning and coordinated resolution arrangements.

This study addresses the characteristics of the capital market instrument, factors, and accounting classification. The research examines the properties of equity, debt, and hybrid instruments, and their costs, from 1998 to 2026. The study revealed that companies use the accounting flexibility of IAS 32 to classify subordinated hybrid debt as equity to mislead the users of financial reports. The study finds that option pricing models suggest higher cost than straight debt for hybrids. However, despite the attacks on the credibility by credit rating agencies and the deep analytic research, hybrid instruments are viewed by most investors as risky equity resulting in lower prices and higher forecast errors.

Online dating is one of the most important of the part’s modern world, where internet, smartphone and dating application is most common to use where every people of society use that kind of things. It helps individual to maintain their relationship and through it people can interact with another individual, develop their friendship and form romantic relation with them, like their advantages or their benefits there are many types disadvantage also happened in online dating like online dating created many types of social, emotional, privacy and legal challenges. Online dating users experience many numbers of issue like, fake profile, romantic scams, cyberstalking, online blackmail, identity theft. This paper examines that some of social, legal issues that are relating to online dating, privacy, cybercrime and online dating that raise including privacy, cybercrime and many types of online harassments. Aim of this paper is about to discuss many types of social and legal issues that created due to online dating raising, in which privacy, cybercrime and online harassment is involved. The ambition of this paper to discuss many types of social and legal issues that is related to online dating, including privacy, cybercrime and online harassment. The paper also focuses on the legal provisions related to online dating in India, such as the Furthermore, the current legal issues related to online dating, including the challenges in identifying the offenders, reporting cybercrimes, preserving digital evidence, and seeking legal remedies, will be discussed. This research also aims the need for digital awareness, responsible use of dating sites and apps, improved privacy protection, reporting mechanisms and safety measures. I plan to obtain research results to understand if current legal and technological frameworks are sufficient to prevent online dating dangers and establish recommendations for safer and more responsible dating in the digital environment.

When humans lived in forests, they enjoyed all rights bestowed by nature; they could sustain themselves anywhere without formalities. As time passed, they became dependent on specific activities for their livelihood. Today, people must engage in some form of employment to sustain themselves. In modern times, these activities have evolved into large corporate organizations where thousands of people work for their livelihoods. This is where human rights violations in the corporate world begin. This chapter details which rights are protected within this corporate environment and the extent to which they are being violated. The primary objective of human rights protection, supported by the United Nations (UN), is to safeguard individuals against the arbitrary actions of states and their governments. By issuing a declaration on human rights against the state in 1929, an international legal body conveyed a significant message regarding human rights values. The UN Charter accords a prominent place to human rights; its Preamble and Article 76 contain provisions promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms. Today, human rights violations within labor policies pose a major challenge, as there is no comprehensive mechanism to ensure the protection of human rights during corporate operations. UN Principle 15 mandates the inclusion of human rights responsibilities within corporate policies. There is an urgent need for a corporate human rights policy that encompasses economic, political and workplace-related rights—such as non-discrimination, the prohibition of child labor, occupational health and safety, quality standards, and maternity benefits. This chapter sheds light on the issue of human rights violations in the corporate sector and offers relevant suggestions. It also attempts to explain the challenges involved in implementing human rights in the corporate world and discusses the future landscape of human rights.

The rapid growth of digital technology has increased the occurrence of cybercrimes, creating significant challenges for victim identification, criminal investigation, and victim protection in India. Cybercrime victimisation includes online financial fraud, identity theft, cyberstalking, cyberbullying, phishing, and other forms of digital exploitation. Digital forensics plays a crucial role in collecting, preserving, and analysing electronic evidence to identify offenders and support criminal proceedings. However, investigators and victims face several challenges, including anonymous online identities, deletion of digital evidence, cross-border jurisdictional issues, delayed investigations, and difficulties in reporting cybercrimes. Victims may also experience financial losses, psychological distress, social stigma, privacy violations, and secondary victimisation during the investigation process. The Indian legal framework, including the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provides relevant provisions for addressing cybercrime, investigation, and electronic evidence. This study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach to examine the relationship between cybercrime victimisation, digital forensic investigation, and victim protection. It aims to identify existing legal and investigative challenges and suggest measures to strengthen forensic capabilities, improve victim support, safeguard privacy, and promote effective access to justice in India.

Cosmetics have become an essential part of contemporary life, impacting social conventions, health, psychological well-being, and personal identity. Serious constitutional issues have been brought up by the cosmetics industry's explosive growth in India because many of its goods are counterfeit, contain hazardous or untested substances, or are not properly controlled, endangering the public's health and safety. A recent international lawsuit against Johnson & Johnson over talcum powder tainted with asbestos highlights the serious repercussions of regulatory failure in the cosmetics industry and should serve as a warning to India. Article 21 specify about Right to health, dignity, life and privacy and bodily autonomy[1], equality and non-discrimination under Articles 14 and 15, environmental protection under Article 48A, are among the constitutional liberties that are examined in this paper in connection with cosmetic regulation. Additionally, it draws attention to new issues including the pink tax, deceptive beauty standards, animal testing, environmental damage, and the difficulties presented by online cosmetic markets. The report promotes more stringent safety regulations, more transparency, ethical sourcing, and robust enforcement measures in support of a rights-based regulatory framework. It argues that in a more intricate and international beauty business, cosmetic regulation must go beyond consumer protection to satisfy constitutional objectives of health, equality, dignity, and justice. [1] Indian Constitution. art. 21.

Indian law prohibits the engagement of any person for the hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, and the Supreme Court treats unsafe sanitation work as a violation of dignity and of the guarantee against forced labour. Yet figures placed before Parliament record 498 deaths in sewer and septic-tank cleaning between January 2019 and June 2026. It argues that the central difficulty is the attribution of responsibility. Sanitation work is increasingly outsourced, and the law governing it is split between a prohibition statute, the contract-labour regime of the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020, and executive schemes. This split allows public authorities to treat worker safety as the contractor’s contractual duty, narrows rehabilitation through the separation of “manual scavenging” from “hazardous cleaning”, and lets compensation displace prosecution. Through Delhi Jal Board, Safai Karamchari Andolan and Balram Singh, the paper shows that the courts already treat the public authority’s safety duty as non-delegable, and recommends that this principle be given statutory form.