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[1] Advocate At Supreme Court Of Nepal, Legal Practitioner At Mission Legal Service Pvt.Ltd, 5 Years LL.B From Kathmandu School Of Law, Purbanchal University, LL.M From Tribhuvan University, Specialized In Criminal Law And Commercial Law. Email: Rijalsunu@Gmail.Com

[2] Adam Hayes, “Contempt Of Court: Definition, 3 Essential Elements, And Example “ , Investopedia, Https://Www.Investopedia.Com/Terms/C/Contempt-Court.Asp ( Accessed 15th September 2023)

[3] Article 128 (4) Of Constitution Of Nepal 2072

[4]  Professor Dr.Surya Dhugel, “Contempt Of Court In Nepal”, Spotlight Nepal,  Https://Www.Spotlightnepal.Com/2018/02/18/Contempt-Court-Nepal/ ( Accessed 15th September 2023)

[5] Dhugel, Supra Note 4

[6] “Basic Principles On The Independence Of The Judiciary”, Https://Www.Ohchr.Org/En/Instruments-Mechanisms/Instruments/Basic-Principles-Independence-Judiciary , ( Accessed: Sept 20 2023)

[7] Dibya Das Tharu, “Judicial Independence: Myth Or Reality In Nepal?”, Ratopati, Https://English.Ratopati.Com/Story/30709/Myth-Or-Reality-  ( Accessed: Sept 21 2023)

[8] Dr.Newal Chaudhary,” The Art Of Cyber Law &  Cyber Crime”, (Publisher: Mission Legal Service Pvt.Ltd. 2023)

[9] Dr.Bipin Adhikari, “Independence Of Judiciary Under The Draft Constitution”, 22 Nepal Law Review 286 (2010).

[10] Munendra Prasad Awasthi, “The Basic Principle Of Independent Judiciary: Limitations And Challenges For Nepal”, 22 Nepal Law Review 249 (2020).

[1] INDIA CONST. art. 21.

[2] Bipinbhai Sheth v. State Gujarat, AIR 2015 SC 3090.

[3] Noor Aga v. State of Punjab, (2008) 16SC417.

[4] Netar Singh v. State of H.P., MANU/HP/0005/2020

[5] State v. Anil Sharma, (1997) 7 SCC 187.

[6] Jai Prakash Singh v. State of Bihar, (2012) 4 SCC 379

[7] Re Estate of Sturman, 93 N.C. App. 473

[8] Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharastra, AIR 2018 SC 1.

[9] National Crime Records Bureau, CII_2021Volume 1.pdf (ncrb.gov.in), (last visited Feb. 2, 2023)

[10] The News Minute, What the data on ‘false rape cases’ doesn’t tell us | The News Minute, (last visited Feb. 2, 2023)

[1] https://www.quotetab.com/quotes/by-marcus-tullius-cicero

[2] Dr Bhagyashree A Deshpande, Law & Social Transformation in India (1st edn, Central Law Publication 2018).

[3] According to this theory – the historical school of law, the law is the result of past forces and past influencers. Moreover, the law is built and grown on the general consciousness of people. The consciousness, however, starts from the very beginning of society. In addition, some factors that affect this long historical development are as follows: Society and social customs—many religious and conventional principles. Also, the economic needs of society play a crucial role. Last but not least, the needs, and desires of the citizens.

[4] The sociological school of jurisprudence illuminates the relationship between law and society. Because the researchers of this school place focus on the law-society interrelationship, it can be assumed that the fundamental goal of the sociological school's inception is to study about the relationship between law and society.

[5] https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Sociology/notes/social-change.html

[6] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985)

[7] Frederick C Beiser, The German Historicist Tradition (Oxford University Press 2011) accessed 7 August 2023.

[8] Eugene Ehrlich and Klaus A Ziegert, Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (Routledge 2017).

[9] Liz Sonneborn, The End of Apartheid in South Africa (Infobase Publishing 2010).

[10] GP Tripathi and GG Padmakar Tripathi, Law and Social Transformation (Central Law Publications 2015). ; See also: Linus J McManaman, Social Engineering: The Legal Philosophy of Roscoe Pound (Abbey Student Press 1953).

[11] Roscoe Pound, Social Control Through Law (Routledge 2017).

[12] ibid.

[13] Benjamin N Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (Cosimo, Inc 2009).

[14] AIR 1993 SC 477

[15] AIR 2000 SC 1650

[16] AIR 1985 SC 945

[17] AIR 2008 S C 239

[18] (2017) 9 SCC 1

[19] (2014) 5 SCC 438

[20]  AIR 2018 SC 4321

[21]

[22] (2019) 3 SCC 39

[1] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council

[2] A.I.R. 1963 S.C. 1295.

[3] A.I.R. 2017 S.C. 4161.

[4] Science Fiction Neuromancer 1984, William Gibson

[5] http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cyberspace

[6] https://cybercrime.org.za/definition

[7]  https:// ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_

[8] Ms. Anjali Jolly, 2019, Cyber Laws in India, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 08, Issue 11 (November 2019),

[9] Section 5 of the IT Act, 2000.

[10] Section 4 of the IT Act, 2000.

[11] http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/electronic_commerce/1996Model.html

[12] Section 1(2) of the IT Act, 2000.

[13] Section 75 of the IT Act, 2000.

[14] Chapter XI of the Information Technology Act, 2000 describes offences and punishment.

[15] Section 48 of the IT Act 2000

[16] First Schedule of the IT Act, 2000

[17] Second Schedule

[18] Section 3 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872

[19] Third Schedule

[20] Fourth Schedule

[21] Section 46 IT Act. Power to adjudicate

[22] Section 66 IT Act. Hacking with computer system

[23] Section 65 IT Act. Tampering with computer source documents

[24] Section 67 IT Act.Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form

[25] The Official Gazette of India, IT Act Notification no. 220  Available at https://www.meity.gov.in/content/it-act-notification-no-220

[26] Section 62 of the IT Act, 2000 – Appeal to High Court

[27] ICERT, available at https://www.meity.gov.in/content/icert-0

[28] Section 2(ta) of the Information technology Act 2000

[29] Section 2(ha) of the Information technology Act 2000

[30] Section 2(na) of ITA 2008

[31] Shrey Singhal v. Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523

[32] http://www.pib.gov.in

[33] CC No.4680 of 2004

[34] Syed Asifuddin and ors. v.State of Andhra Pradesh and Anr.2005 CriLJ 4314

[35] (2008) 150 DLT 769

[1] Case analysis : Joseph Shine v. Union of India by K Pallavi, https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-joseph-shine-v-union-india/ , last visited on 12.09.2023

[2]https://scobserver.in/cases/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-decriminalisation-of-adultery-background/#:~:text=Section%20497%20IPC%20criminalised%20adultery,though%20were%20exempted%20from%20prosecution.

[3] Indian Penal Code, 1860

[4]Joseph Shine V. Union Of India (2018), https://www.alec.co.in/judgement-page/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-2018, last visited on 08.09.2023 ,

Case Analysis: Joseph Shine v Union of India By Khushboo Garg, https://legalreadings.com/case-analysis-joseph-shine-v-union-of-india/ , last visited on 08.09.2023,

 Case analysis : Joseph Shine v. Union of India by K Pallavi, https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-joseph-shine-v-union-india/ , last visited on 15.09.2023

[5] Joseph Shine Vs Union of India By: Bharti Verma, https://www.lawinsider.in/judgment/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=Obiter%20dicta%3A,t%20make%20it%20an%20offence ,  last visited on 14.09.2023

[6] Joseph Shine Vs Union of India By: Bharti Verma, https://www.lawinsider.in/judgment/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=Obiter%20dicta%3A,t%20make%20it%20an%20offence ,  last visited on  09.09.2023

[7] Joseph Shine v/s Union Of India By Somyagoel, https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3127-joseph-shine-v-s-union-of-india.html , last visited on 11.09.2023

[8]Joseph Shine vs. Union of India, https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=In%20treating%20adultery%20as%20a,based%20on%20their%20personal%20discretion , last visited on 15.09.2023.

[9] Joseph shine v Union of India Legal Blogs Misbah Khan, https://lawbhoomi.com/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-2/#History , last visited on 07.09.2023 ,

Joseph Shine Vs Union of India By: Bharti Verma, https://www.lawinsider.in/judgment/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=Obiter%20dicta%3A,t%20make%20it%20an%20offence ,  last visited on 10.09.2023

[10] Joseph shine v Union of India , Legal Blogs , by Misbah Khan , https://lawbhoomi.com/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-2/#History , last visited on 14.09.2023 ,  

Joseph Shine Vs Union of India By: Bharti Verma, https://www.lawinsider.in/judgment/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=Obiter%20dicta%3A,t%20make%20it%20an%20offence ,  last visited on 11.09.2023

[11] Case analysis : Joseph Shine v. Union of India by K Pallavi, https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-joseph-shine-v-union-india/ , last visited on 16.09.2023

[1] Madam Justice Florence N. Mumba. "The Ombudsman: The Need for Protection and Control", in Norman Lewis and S.S Singh(eds.), 'Ombudsmen: India and the World Community', Indian Institute of Public Administration, British Council Division and British High Commission, New Delhi. 1995, p.37.

[2] Lokpal and Lokayukta, https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specialsimportant-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency

[3] (No date a) Shodhganga - a reservoir of Indian theses @ inflibnet. Available at: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ (Accessed: 21 August 2023).

[4] Chandra Bansi Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR 1984 SC1767: (1984) 4 SCC 316.

[5] Barium Chemicals Ltd v. Company Law Board, AIR 1967 SC 295: 1966 Supp SCR 311.

[6] Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, https://www.gktoday.in/gk/lokpal-and-lokayukta-act-2013/

[7] Sarojini Sharan, OMBUDSMAN IN INDIA, 32 INDIAN J. POLIT. SCI. 158–174 (1971).

[8] Salient features of Lokpal, Lokayuktas Bill - The Hindu, , https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/salientfeatures-of-lokpal-lokayuktas-bill/article5474256.ece

[9] Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, https://www.gktoday.in/gk/lokpal-and-lokayukta-act-2013/

[10] Gellhorn, When Americans Complain, 1966.

[11] Corrie, Priyasha, Instilling Public Confidence in Administration: The Need for an Ombudsman-like Institution in India (May 11, 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1131678 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1131678

[12] Dhawan, Y. (2020) Position of Ombudsman in India, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities. Available at: https://www.ijlmh.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Position-of-ombudsman-in-India-2.pdf  (Accessed: 22 August 2023).

[13] A.T.M. Obaidullah, Democracy and Good Governance: Role of Ombudsman, Bangaldesh Institute of Parliamentary Studies, Dhaka, 1st ed., 2001.

[14] Pradeep K Baisakh, The Lokpal cycle, http://www.indiatogether.org/2005/jan/law-lokpal.htm (Accessed: 21 August 2023).

[15] Sunil Kumar v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1980 SC 1170, Satyendra Chandra Jain v. Punjab National Bank, (1997) 11 SCC 306

[16] Sandeep Suresh, The Extraordinary Institution of Ombudsman: A Strategy for Dealing with Administrative Faults, 1 CALJ 43 (2013).

[17] Faizanuddin , Toothless Watchdogs, http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991011/iex11076.html (Accessed: 21 August 2023).

[18] Arcle on Ombudsman, Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.16, 151 ed.,1986, pp. 960-61

[19] Gary Pienaar, The Role Of The Ombudsman In Fightng Corruption, The 9th International Anti-Corruption Conference, Durban, South Africa, 1999.

[20] Preeti Dileep Pohekar, A Study Of Ombudsman System In India, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2010.

[21] A, A. (2012) Making sense of the muddle: the ombudsman and administrative justice, 2002-2011, Web of Science . Available at: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000212525200007 (Accessed: 22 August 2023).

[22] Robin K. Matsunaga, The Ombudsman, National Conference of State Legislatures, Louisiana, United States of America, 1999, viewed on April 3, 2013.

[23] B.C. Development Corp vs. Friedman, 51985 1 W.W.R 193 (SCC) at 206.

[24] Durga Hotel Complex vs RBI, (2007)5 SCC 120

[25] G. Sadanandan vs. State of Kerala, AIR1966 SC 1925.

[26]Institution of A.P. Lokyukta/Upa/Lokyukta v. T. Ramma Subba Reddy, (1997) 9 SCC 42.

[27] Obrien N, What Future for the Ombudsman? Volume86, Issue1,Page72-80, Political Quarterly, 2015-05-13, web of science https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000352817500011 (Accessed: 22 August 2023).