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[1] The criminal (amendment) act,2013

[2] the Indian Penal Code, 1860

[3] the Code of Criminal Procedure ,1973

[4] the Evidence Act 1860

[5] the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act, 2012

[6] Aaron Karp , “Unheard and Uncounted: Violence against Women in India”,16,(2015)

[7] Bhattacharyya, Rituparna. (2013). Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Will it ensure women’s safety in public spaces?. Space and Culture, India

[8]Suvir Raghuvansh , Criminal Law Amendment Act, (2013).

[9] Mukesh And Anr V. State (Nct Of Delhi) And Ors, SCC Online SC 533.

[10] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 120-B.

[11] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 365 and § 366.

[12] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 307.

[13] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 376(2)(g) and § 377.

[14] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 395 and § 396.

[15] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 302.

[16] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 201.

[17] Indian Penal Code,1960, § 412.

[18] Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 684.

[19] The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013.

[20] Justice J.S. Verma Committee, Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law, 66 (January 23, 2013).

[21] the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act,2013.

[22] Representation of the People Act, 1951.

[23] Indian Penal Code,1860.

[24] Laxmi v. Union of India, (2016) 3 SCC 669.

[25] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 100.

[26] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 326A and 326B.

[27] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 354A.

[28] Indian Penal Code,1860, §354B.

[29] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 354C.

[30] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 354D.

[31] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 166A

[32] Indian Penal Code,1860, § 166B.

[33] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

[34] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 154, 161, and 164.

[35] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 273.

[36] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 357C.

[37] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 197.

[38] Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 309.

[39] Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

[40] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 53A.

[41]Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 114A.

[42] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 146.

[43] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 119.

[44] Protection Of Children From Sexual Offences Act, 2012.

[45] Protection Of Children From Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 42.

[46] Indian penal code, 1860, § 375.

[1] “Insider Trading Regulations - A Primer”, Nishith Desai Associates (2013, July).

[2] http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000821/fc021044.html

[3] Seyhun, H. Nejat, ‘Insider Trading and Effectiveness of Chinese Walls in Securities Firms’, Journal of Law, Economics and Policy, Forthcoming (September 2007)

[4] Dr. David F.C. Brewer and Dr. Michael J. Nash, ‘The Chinese wall security policy’, IEEE Symposium on research of security and privacy, pp 206-214 (May 1989)

[5] https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/market-manipulation/#:~:text=potential%20new%20risks.-,Market%20Manipulation%20And%20Insider%20Trading,available%20to%20the%20general%20public

[6] Stanislav Dolgopolov, ‘Insider Trading’, Econlib.org.

[7] Ester Herlin-Karnell, Nicholas Ryder, ‘Market Manipulation and Insider Trading: Regulatory Challenges in the

United States of America, the European Union and the United Kingdom’ (2019)

[8] Marc I. Steinberg, ‘Insider Trading – A Comparative Perspective’, The Securities Regulation Law Journal.

[9] Kern Alexander, ‘Insider dealing and market abuse: The financial services and markets act 2000’, ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Working Paper No. 222 (December 2001)

[10] https://groww.in/p/insider-trading

[11] https://blog.ipleaders.in/five-landmark-cases-insider-trading/#Rakesh_Agrawal_vs_SEBI

[12] https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-market-efficiency/

[13] Trang Hoang, Emma Neuhauser, Hossein Varamini, ‘The Linkage between Insider Trading Activities, Market Efficiency, and Stock Information Content’, Journal of Business & Economic Policy, Vol. 4(3) (September 2017)

[14] Sultan Mehmood, Muhammad Shaoor Ul Hassan, Muhammad Irfan, 'Effect of Insider Trading on Market Efficiency', Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol.11, No.24 (2020)

[15] https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/insider_trading

[1] Anonymous Author, CSR Information for The Sahara Group CSRHub (2011), link (last visited Aug 5, 2021).

[2] Yeoson Yoon, The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities on Companies with Bad Reputations (2009).

[3] Divya Gill & Ishan Kathuria, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study on Sahara India Pariwar 5 (2014).

[1] ‘Interference of Indian Judiciary in Religious Matters - iPleaders’ (iPleaders) accessed 31 January 2024.

[2] (2019) 11 SCC 1; 2018 (8) SCJ 609

[3] AIR 1954 SC 282

[4] AIR 1958 SC 731

[5] AIR 1956 Cal 9

[6] ‘Ayodhya: Why the Ram Janmabhoomi case went on for as long as it did’ (Moneycontrol) accessed 31 January 2024.

[7] ‘Interference of Indian Judiciary in Religious Matters - iPleaders’ (iPleaders) accessed 31 January 2024.

[8] ‘Judiciary must not interfere in matter of religious faith and sentiment: Justice Indu Malhotra | India News - Times of India’ (The Times of India) accessed 1 February 2024.

[1] In the report: Sextortion A crime of corruption and sexual exploitation, the defintion of the word sextortion is given. The international Association Of Women Judges have defined sextortion as “[A] form of sexual exploitation and corruption that occurs when people in positions of authority whether government officials, judges, educators, law enforcement personnel, or employers seek to extort sexual favours in exchange for something within their power to grant or withhold. In effect, sextortion is a form of corruption in which sex, rather than money, is the currency of the bribe.” in IAWJ, Twenty Five Years of Judging for Equality (2016) 179.

[2] Personality rights, also known as the 'right of publicity,' acknowledge an individual's status as both a physical and spiritual being, ensuring their enjoyment of their own sense of existence. It encompasses various laws related to personality, and it grants individuals, particularly public figures or celebrities, the authority to manage and regulate the commercial use of their identity.

[3] This famous phrase was given by Lincoln in his Gettsysburg Address on 19th November 1863 in the memory of the fallen soldiers who took part in the battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War

[4]  Regime change due to death of Jawaharla Nehru, Assassinations of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gndhi

[5]Martin Giles, The GANfather: The man who’s given machines the gift of imagination, MIT Technology Review (Feb. 21, 2018), https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/02/21/145289/the-ganfather-the-man-whos-given-machines-the-gift-of-imagination/.

[6] Id

[7] Id

[8] Tackling deepfakes in European policy, European Parliament (July 30, 2021), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2021)690039.

[9] Exeter, D.J., Ameratunga, S., Ratima, M., Morton, S., Dickson, M., Hsu, D. and Jackson, R., 2010. Student engagement in very large classes: The teachers’ perspective. Studies in higher education, 35(7), pp.761-775.

[10] Kevin Mcspadden, You Now Have a Shorter Attention Span Than a Goldfish, Time (May 14, 2015), https://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/.

[11](e.g., Allen and Smith, 2012; Kay, 2012; Lloyd and Robertson, 2012; Rackaway, 2012; Hsin and Cigas, 2013; Stockwell et al., 2015). - Cynthia J Brame & Kathryn E Perez, Effective Educational Videos: Principles and Guidelines for Maximizing Student Learning From Video Content, 15 CBE - Life Sciences Education (2017).

[12] Bobby Chesney & Danielle Citron, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 107 California Law Review 1753 (2019).

[13] Id

[14] Id

[15] Id

[16] Tim Smedley, Is public speaking fear limiting your career?, BBC (Mar. 22, 2017), https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170321-is-public-speaking-fear-limiting-your-career.

[17]Deepfake shows its positive face (2023) University of Bath. Available at: https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/deepfake-shows-its-positive-face/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[18] Id

[19]  Govt directs social media platforms to comply with it rules amid concerns over deepfakes (2023) The Indian Express. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-social-media-platforms-it-rules-concerns-deepfakes-9083707/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[20] G, M.C. (2024) Why 2024 could be among India’s most consequential elections, The Indian Express. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/looking-at-2024-politics-on-the-front-burner-in-an-election-year-9082634/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[21] Cahlan, S. (2020) How misinformation helped spark an attempted coup in Gabon. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/13/how-sick-president-suspect-video-helped-sparked-an-attempted-coup-gabon/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[22] Operation Deepfakes: India Today uncovers tech manipulators out to influence voters, polls (2023) India Today. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/operation-deepfakes-india-today-uncovers-tech-manipulators-out-to-influence-voters-polls-2480813-2023-12-26 (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[23]Saha, B. and Tiwari, S. (2023) How deepfakes could impact Indian elections, India Today. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/how-deepfakes-could-impact-indian-elections-2464241-2023-11-17 (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[24] Section 356 language is broad enough to include deepfake videos also, give a short explanation

[25] Due to low technical ablities to detect deep-fakes accompanied by the democratisation of the technology, everybody having access to it.

[26] Dr. A. Shaji George (2023) “Regulating Deepfakes to Protect Indian Elections”, Partners Universal Innovative Research Publication, 1(2), pp. 75–92. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10154619.

[27] 19)Yinuo Geng*CITE AS: 7 GEO. L. TECH. REv. 157 (2023) - Geng, Y. (2023) Comparing ‘deepfake’ regulatory regimes in the United States, the European Union, and China, Georgetown Law Technology Review. Available at: https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/comparing-deepfake-regulatory-regimes-in-the-united-states-the-european-union-and-china/GLTR-01-2023/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[28] Section 2010, division 20 of california election code

[29]  Section 2010 (b) (1), (b) (2)

[30]  Section 2010 (b) (3)

[31]  Section 2010 (d) (2) (3) (4) (5), most prominent exceptions are  broadcast made in goodfaith, with disclaimer of deepfake, publication of deepfake of general interest with disclaimer of it being a deepfake, deepfakes that constitute satire or parody.

[32]  Peng, C. (2022) CAC issues landmark rule to rein in Deepfake Misuse, Lexology. Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a8dda00e-1f3b-4c99-a098-2a9e395d8c65 (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[33]  id

[34] Jayanta Deka / TNN / Updated: Sep 10, 2013 (no date) Muzaffarnagar riots: On Social Media, rumours and Anger: India News - Times of India, The Times of India. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muzaffarnagar-riots-On-social-media-rumours-and-anger/articleshow/22446959.cms (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[35] India Hunts ‘Fake News’ spreaders after anti-Muslim attacks (2021) The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/07/india-hunts-fake-news-spreaders-after-anti-muslim-attacks (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[36] Arun, C. and Nayak, N. (2016) Preliminary findings on online hate speech and the law in India, SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2882238 (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[37] Samuels, E. (2020) How misinformation on WhatsApp led to a mob killing in India. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/21/how-misinformation-whatsapp-led-deathly-mob-lynching-india/ (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[38] Arun, C. (2019) On WhatsApp, rumours, lynchings, and the Indian Government, SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3336127 (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[39] See footnote 12

[40] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021

[41] Rule 4(1) mandates the appointment of a Chief Compliance Officer, a nodal contact person for 24x7 coordination with law enforcement, and a Resident Grievance Officer. Rule 4(2) requires enabling the identification of the first originator of information.

[42] Ziegler, Z., 2023. Michael polányi’s fiduciary program against fake news and deepfake in the digital age. AI & SOCIETY, 38(5), pp.1949-1957.

[43]Standard, B. (2023) AI-powered deepfakes rise in 2023; concerns of its impact on privacy, Business Standard. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/ai-powered-deepfakes-rise-in-2023-concerns-of-its-impact-on-privacy-123123100076_1.html (Accessed: 05 January 2024).

[44] Aakash Sharma, Bollywood to war: How the year of deepfakes unfolded, India Today (Dec. 22, 2023), https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/deepfake-artificial-intelligence-cyber-crime-elections-bollywood-actors-digital-world-2479431-2023-12-22.

[45]  Narayan Namboodiri, Deepfake clips: ‘Sextortionists’ target celebs, Times of India (Feb. 23, 2021), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/deepfake-clips-sextortionists-target-celebs/articleshow/81162493.cms.

[46] Journalist Rana Ayyub Is Fighting to Expose the Truth in India, TIME (Oct. 22, 2021), https://time.com/6108251/rana-ayyub-india-journalism-modi/.

[47] Karen Hao, A horrifying new AI app swaps women into porn videos with a click, MIT Technology Review (Sept. 13, 2021), https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/13/1035449/ai-deepfake-app-face-swaps-women-into-porn/.

[i] Dr. Sam Taraporevala, “ The Copyright Challenge: Legal and Social Imperatives” in Library Services for blind and Visually Impaired People 37 (2012).

[ii]George Kerscher, The Definition of Print Disabled available at http://www.readingrights.org/definition – print-disabled

[iii] Indonesian Journal of International Law (2021), Vol 18, No 4

[1] David James "Dave" Pelzer (born December 29, 1960 in San Francisco, California) is an American author, of several autobiographical and self-help books. He is best known for his 1995 memoir of childhood                abuse, A Child Called "It".

[2] Tom O’Neill and Dawn Zinga, Children’s Rights, (University of Toronto Press Incorporated,2008).

[3] Dr. Savita Bhakhry, Children in India and their rights, (National Human Rights Commission)

   (Faridkot House, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi,2006).

[4] Trevor Buck, International Child Law, (Routledge Taylor& Francis Group,2014).

[5] Asha Bajpai, Child Rights in India, (Oxford University Press,2nd Edition 2006).

[6] R. D. Bhagat, Crime Against Women and Child, (Centrum press, New Delhi,2014).

[7] Dr. Savita Bhakhry, Children in India and their rights, (National Human Rights Commission)

   (Faridkot House, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi,2006).

[8] The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.

[9] Subhash Chandra Singh, Rights of Child, (Serials Publications, New Delhi,2007).

[10] Dolly Singh, Child Rights and Social Wrongs (Kanishka Publishers, Distributors, New Delhi,2001)

[11] Defining Child Sexual Abuse Touching and Non-Touching Behaviors, available at: http://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/defining-child-sexual-abuse, (visited on June 1, 2017).

[12] Child sexual abuse, available at: www.who.int/violenceinjuryprevention/resouces/publication, (visited on May 24,2017).

[13]Section 354 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[14] Section 361 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[15] Section 366A of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[16] Section 366B of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[17] Section 369 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[18] Section 372 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[19] Section-375 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[20] Section-377 of Indian Penal Code 1860.

[21] Rape and sexual offences: Crime & punishment in India, available at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rape-and-sexual-offences-crime-and-punishment-in-india/1/238406.html

[22]Article 15(3) of The Constitution of India.

[23] Article-39 of The Constitution of India.

[24] Article-24 of The Constitution of India.

[25] Article-21A of The Constitution of India.

[26] The Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others is a resolution of the UN General Assembly.

[27] The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,1956, available at:  http://www.hrln.org/hrln/child-rights/laws-in-place/1715-the-immoral-traffic-prevention-act-1956.html#ixzz4r6orZNnB.

[28] The Information Technology Act, 2000 is an Act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce. It is based on the United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996 (UNCITRAL Model) recommended by the General Assembly of United Nations by a resolution dated 30 January 1997.

[29] The Information Technology Bill, 2008 has been passed both the houses of Parliament in December, 2008 and was signed by the President of India on February 5, 2009 and became the Amendment Act.

[30] Section 67 of Information Technology Act 2008.

[31] Section 67A of Information Technology Act 2000.

[32]Section-67B of Information Technology Act 2008.

[33] Section-67C of Information Technology Act 2000.

[34] Section-2(a) of The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006.

[35]The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, available at:  http://childlineindia.org.in/child-marriage-india.htm.

[36] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, available at: http://childlineindia.org.in/Prohibition-of-Child-Marriage-Act-2006.htm

[37] Section-2(d) of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012.

[38] Section- 3 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012- The Act clearly defines sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography as distinct offences. When an offence is committed by a public servant, police officer, member of armed forces, security personnel, jailor or any person in the management of any medical or educational institution or a guardian who is responsible for the protection and care of the child, it is considered as an aggravated form of penetrative sexual assault under the Act.

[39] Section- 11 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012- A person is said to commit sexual harassment upon a child when such person with sexual intent-

1. utters any word or makes any sound, or makes any gesture or exhibits any object or part of body with the intention that such word or sound shall be heard, or such gesture or object or part of body shall be seen by the child; or
2. makes a child exhibit his body or any part of his body so as it is seen by such person or any other person; or
3. shows any object to a child in any form or media for pornographic purposes; or
4. repeatedly or constantly follows or watches or contacts a child either directly or through electronic, digital or any other means; or
5. threatens to use, in any form of media, a real or fabricated depiction through electronic, film or digital or any other mode, of any part of the body of the child or the involvement of the child in a sexual act; or
6. entices a child for pornographic purposes or gives gratification therefor

[40] Section- 13 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012-Using a child in any form of media (including programmes or advertisement telecast by television channels or internet or any other electronic form or printed form, whether or not such programmes or advertisement is intended for personal use or for distribution), for the purposes of sexual gratification, amounts to an offence under this Act.

[41]Section-37 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012.

[42]Section-35(2) of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012.

[43] Section- 19 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012.