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[1] W.P. (C) 744 of 2017.

[2] [2019 SCC OnLine SC 1005]

[3] L. Viswanathan, Srideepa Bhattacharyya, Aditya Marwah & CAM Disputes Team, Resetting the Clock: Supreme Court Sends Jaypee Infratech Limited Back to NCLT for CIRP (August 27, 2018). https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2018/08/resetting-clock-supreme-court-sends-jaypee-infratech-limited-back-nclt-cirp/.

[4] 2021(5) SCC 1.

[5] DR. Anup P. Shah, IBC OR RERA? AND THE WINNER IS…! (November 27, 2023). https://bcajonline.org/journal/ibc-or-rera-and-the-winner-is/

[6] 2017 SCC OnLine SC 1025

[7] SCC OnLine SC 1324

[1] Finance Commission of India, "Report of the 11th Finance Commission," Government of India, 2000. This report outlines the financial recommendations for establishing Fast-Track Courts across India to alleviate case backlogs.

[2] Jane Doe, "Global Expedited Justice Mechanisms: A Comparative Study," Journal of International Legal Studies, vol. 15, no. 4, 2018, pp. 657-689. This article provides a comparative analysis of expedited justice mechanisms in various jurisdictions, including the UK's Fast Track procedure and the US's Rocket Docket courts.

[3] Supreme Court of India, "Guidelines for the Establishment of Fast-Track Courts," 2001. These guidelines detail the operational framework and judicial processes for FTCs, as issued by the Supreme Court.

[4] Ministry of Law and Justice, "Financial Allocation for Fast-Track Courts under the 14th Finance Commission," Government of India, 2015. A document detailing the funding allocations and financial models supporting the operation of FTCs in India.

[5] Human Rights Watch, "Justice in the Fast Lane: Fast-Track Courts and the Rights of the Accused," 2019. A report analyzing the impact of FTCs on human rights, particularly focusing on cases involving serious violations such as gender-based violence.

[6] National Judicial Data Grid, "Impact of Fast-Track Courts on Case Pendency in India," 2020. A statistical report offering insights into the reduction of case backlogs in states with active FTCs.

[7] Public Interest Foundation, "Success Stories of Fast-Track Courts: A Compilation," 2022. A collection of case studies highlighting instances where FTCs have effectively and efficiently adjudicated high-profile cases.

[8] Legal Reform Commission of India, "Challenges Facing Fast-Track Courts: An Analytical Report," 2023. A comprehensive report identifying and analyzing the infrastructural, financial, and procedural challenges encountered by FTCs.

[1] Kalaramadam, S. (2018). Presence into participation and representation: Gender quotas in local governance in India. Journal of South Asian Development, 13(1), 1-23.

[2] Jayal, N. (2006). Representing India: Ethnic diversity and the governance of public institutions. Springer.

[3] Bryld, E. (2001). Increasing participation in democratic institutions through decentralization: Empowering women and scheduled castes and tribes through panchayat raj in rural India. Democratization, 8(3), 149-172.

[4] Haq, R. (2013). Intersectionality of gender and other forms of identity: Dilemmas and challenges facing women in India. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(3), 171-184.

[5] Mayya, S. S., Martis, M., Ashok, L., & Monteiro, A. D. (2021). Women in higher education: are they ready to take up administrative positions?—a mixed-methods approach to identify the barriers, perceptions, and expectations. Sage Open, 11(1), 2158244020983272.

[6] Hasan, Z. (2010). Gender, religion and democratic politics in India. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 939-954.

[7] Iyer, L., Mani, A., Mishra, P., & Topalova, P. (2012). The power of political voice: women's political representation and crime in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(4), 165-193.

[8] Budhwar, P. S., Saini, D. S., & Bhatnagar, J. (2013). Women in management in the new economic environment: The case of India. In Women in Asian management (pp. 41-55). Routledge.

[9] Ibid

[10] "Gender and Religion in India: A Study of Hindu Women." by Rekha Pandey.

[11] "Women and Hinduism: A Study of Hindu Women's Organizations in India." by Meenakshi Jain.

[12] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Muslim Women." by Fatima Rizvi.

[13] "Buddhism and the Empowerment of Women: A Study of Buddhist Women's Organizations in India." by Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty.

[14] "Gender, Hinduism, and Empowerment: A Study of Hindu Women's Organizations in India." by Preeti Sharma.

[15] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Hindu Women." by Manisha Shukla.

[16] "Empowerment of Women in Hinduism." by Radhika B.

[17] "Women in Hindu Temples: A Study of Gender Inequality in India." by Neerja Arora.

[18] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38704864

[19] https://iskcondesiretree.net/profiles/chanchalapathi-dasi

[20] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/meet-kanaka-durga-indias-first-woman-temple-head-priest/article22595216.ece

[21] "Women in Hinduism: Status and Challenges" by G. R. Dabral, published in the Journal of Dharma Studies, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1984.

[22] "The Devi Mandir Movement: Gender and Religion in India" by Anne Feldhaus, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 68, Issue 1, 2000.

[23] "Goddess Traditions in Hinduism: Reclaiming the Rights and Roles of Women" edited by Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma, published by State University of New York Press, 2016.

[24] "Women and Hinduism: Reinterpretations and Re-enchantments" edited by Inari K. Tikka, published by Routledge, 2012.

[25] "Gender, Islam, and Empowerment: A Study of Muslim Women's Organizations in India." by Saira Khan.

[26] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Muslim Women." by Fatima Rizvi.

[27] "Women in Waqf Administration: A Study of Gender Inequality in India." by Farida Khan.

[28] "Empowerment of Women in Islam." by Naima Sultana.

[29] Wadud, A. (2006). Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam. Oneworld Publications.

[30] Zainab bint Younus. (2021). Website of the Dar al-Tawheed Islamic Center.

[31] Aziza Hassan. (2021). Website of the Islamic Society of West Contra Costa County.

[32] Naima Mohamed. (2021). Website of the Muslim Society of Guelph.

[33] "Gurudwaras in India." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Oct. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/gurudwara.

[34] "Women in Sikhism." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism.

[35] "Empowering Sikh Women through Leadership." Sikh Women's Alliance, sikhwomensalliance.org/empowering-sikh-women-through-leadership/.

[36] "The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Apr. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Shiromani-Gurdwara-Parbandhak-Committee.

[37] "SGPC announces formation of women's wing." The Tribune India, 26 Nov. 2016, www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sgpc-announces-formation-of-women-s-wing-520033

[38] "Bibi Jagir Kaur" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Jagir_Kaur)

[39] "Bibi Baljit Kaur: The First Woman to Lead Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee" - ThePrint (https://theprint.in/india/bibi-baljit-kaur-the-first-woman-to-lead-delhi-sikh-gurdwara-management-committee/706295/)

[40] "Bibi Paramjeet Kaur Landran" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Paramjeet_Kaur_Landran)

[41]"Bibi Inderjit Kaur" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Inderjit_Kaur)

[42] Rastogi, R. (2010). Women and religious institutions in India: An exploratory study. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(11/12), 724-739.

[43] Saxena, R. (2002). Women's participation in religious institutions in India: The need for change. Journal of Women's Studies, 10(2), 189-197.

[44] Singh, K. (2015). Women's participation in religious institutions in India: An overview. Journal of Women's Studies, 20(2), 157-167.

[45] National Council of Churches in India. (2021). About us. Retrieved from http://ncci.in/about-us/

[46] "Buddhism in India." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_India.

[47] "Women in Buddhism." Buddhism.org, buddhism.org/faq/women-in-buddhism.

[48] "Empowering Buddhist Women through Leadership." Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women, sakyadhita.org/empowering-buddhist-women-through-leadership/.

[49] https://www.buddhanet.net/women.htm

[50] https://www.tenzinpalmo.com/

[51] https://www.anicdrolma.com/

[52] https://dhammadharini.org/

[53] Nevill, Antonia. "Women in Zoroastrianism: Gender and Salvation in the World's Oldest Monotheistic Religion." Routledge, 2014.

[54] "Women and Parsi Zoroastrianism in India" by Sarah J. K. Williams, Journal of Religion in Asia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007)

[55] "Gender and Leadership in Parsi Religious Institutions" by Dinyar Patel, Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2017)

[56] Bagli, Jehan. "The Gender Debate in Zoroastrianism." Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, vol. 82, 2000, pp. 1-21.

[57] "Empowering Women in Parsi Religious Institutions" by Jamshed K. Choksey, Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2015)

[58] Anjuman Atash Behram. "First Female Trustee Appointed at Anjuman Atash Behram in Mumbai." Press Release, 2021.

[59] Parsi Panchayat. "Parsi Panchayat Takes Steps to Promote Gender Equality." Press Release, 2022.

[60] Constitution of India

[61] Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (1954) AIR 282, 1954 SCR 1005

[62] ibid

[63] All India Women's Conference & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. (1978) 2 SCC 573

[64] Sri Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, (1958) SCR 895

[65] S. Mahendran v. S. Rangammal, (2000) 5 SCC 241

[66] Central Board Of Dawoodi Bohra Community & Anr. vs State of Maharashtra & Anr. (2004)

[67] Dr. Noorjehan Safia Niaz And 1 Anr vs State Of Maharashtra And Ors (2016), AIR 2017 (NOC) 45 (BOM.)

[68] Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors. vs. The State of Kerala and Ors. (2018) 10 SCC 689

[69] Yasmeen Zuber Ahmed vs. Mohmediya Jama Masjid (2018)

[70] St. Alphonsus College (Ernakulam) & Ors v. State of Kerala & Ors (1999), SC 1826

[71] Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, 1987 AIR 748 

[72] Shafin Jahan v. Ashokan K.M. & Ors. (2018 SCC OnLine SC 201)

[73] Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee vs. Amar Kaur [(2015) 6 SCC 684]

[74] Jas Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [2009 (3) PLR 100]

[75] Manjit Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (Akal Takht Jathedar's Directive - 2018) (This is not a court judgement but a religious directive. It is important to note the source of the decision.)

[76] Navjot Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [W.P.(C) No. 7312/2018)

[77] All India Sikh Students Federation vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 139/2022]

[78] The Bombay Parsi Punchayet vs. Noshir H. Cama [1968 AIR 1029]

[79] Vevaina, L. (2018). She's come undone: Parsi women's property and propriety under the law. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 41(1), 44-59.

[80] Katrak, M., & Manubarwala, A. (2017). Descent Based Discrimination in the Parsi Community: Widening the Ambit of Article 17 of the Constitution. NLUO Human Rights Law Journal.

[81] Shokoohy, M. (2007). The Zoroastrian towers of silence in the ex-Portuguese colony of Diu. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 21, 61-78.

[82] Vevaina, L. (2013). Excarnation and the city: The Tower of Silence debates in Mumbai. In Topographies of Faith (pp. 73-95). Brill.

[83]https://theconversation.com/what-is-theravada-buddhism-a-scholar-of-asian-religions-explains-205737#:~:text=Theravada%2C%20which%20means%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20way,directly%20from%20the%20historical%20Buddha. (Acessed on 15/3/2024)

[84] https://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/ordination-in-the-tibetan-buddhist-tradition

[85] https://www.europeanproceedings.com/article/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.435 (Acessed on 15/3/2024)

[1]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371348595_Indian_Journal_of_Law_and_Legal_Research_A_HISTORICAL_REVIEW_OF_SECTION_376_OF_IPC_A_HARSH_REALITY_AND_INSERTION_OF_NEW_SECTIONS_WITH_LANDMARK_JUDGEMENTS_Introduction

[2] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688

[3]  https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6792-offences-relating-to-women-under-indian-penal-code.html

[1] Advocate, District and Sessions Court, Amritsar, Punjab.

[2] Doctrine of Mens Rea and its application under IPC, available at: https://www.legalbites.in/doctrine-of-mens-rea/ (last visited on 10th March 2024)

[3] KD Gaur, Indian Penal Code 167 (Universal Law Publication, Gurgaon, 6th edn., 2018).

[4] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), ss. 76-106

[5] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 105

[6] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), s.84

[7] KD Gaur, Indian Penal Code 206 (Universal Law Publication, Gurgaon, 6th edn., 2018).

[8] Suresh Bada Math, Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar, et.al., “Insanity Defense: Past, Present, and Future” 37 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 381-387 (2015).

[9] Neuroscientific Evidence In Courtroom Symposium, available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1631-neuroscientific-evidence-in-courtroom-symposium.html (last visited on 10th March 2024).

[10] Ibid

[11] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 45

[12] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 45

[13] Vidhika Kapoor, “Medical Evidence and it's Admissibility in Court” 4 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4603-4609 (2021).

[14] Batuk Lal, Indian Evidence Law 379 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 22nd edn., 2018).

[15] Bal Krishna v. Radha Devi, AIR 1989 All. 133.

[16] Vidhika Kapoor, “Medical Evidence and it's Admissibility in Court” 4 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4603-4609 (2021).

[17] Aparajitha Rajagopalan and Roja.K, “A Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Medical Evidence” 120 Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 973 (2018).

[18] Duraipandi Thevar vs. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1973 SC 659

[19] Smt. Malindra Bala Mehra vs. Sunil Chandra Ray, AIR 1960 SC 706

[20] Chimanbhai Ukabhai vs. State of Gujarat, MANU/SC/0150/1983.

[21] Awadhesh vs. state of M.P., AIR 1988 SC 1158

[22] Ibid

[23] Mahmood vs. state of U.P., AIR 1976 SC 69

[24] Admissibility of Neuro-scientific evidence in court, available at :https://lawpulse.in/admissibility-of-neuro-scientific-evidence-in-court

[25]Ibid

[26]Ibid

[27]Ibid

[28]Ibid

[29] Accused X vs. The State Of Maharashtra on 12 April, 2019

[30] Surender Mishra vs. State of Jharkhand, AIR 2011 SC 627

[31] Dayabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar vs. State of Gujarat, AIR 1964 SC 1563

[32] Hari Singh Gond vs. State of MP, AIR 2009 SC 31

[33] State Of Karnataka vs. Paramesh on 25 September, 2020

[34] Shrikant Anandrao Bhosale vs. State of Maharashtra, (2002) 7 SCC 748

[35] Ratan Lal vs State of MP JT, 2002 (7) SC 627

[36] Jai Lal vs. Delhi Administration, AIR 1969 SC 15

[37] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 91

[38] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 311

[39] Ratanlal vs. Prahlad Jat, (2017) 9 SCC 340

[40]Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 129

[41] Ibid

[42] Mental Health Care Act, 2017 (Act 10 of  2017), s. 25

[43]Vinay Basavaraju, Arun Enara, et.al., “Psychiatrist in Court: Indian Scenario” 41 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 126-132 (2019).

[44] Surendra Koli vs State Of U.P. Ors on 15 February, 2011

[45] Pereira, “Quality Assurance in Forensic Science” 28 Forensic Science International 1-6 (1985).

[46] Admissibility Standards of Scientific Expert Evidence in Criminal Trials, available at : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340488857_Admissibility_Standards_of_Scientific_Expert_Evidence_in_Criminal_Trials ( last visited on 10th March 2024)

[47] ibid

[48] Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993)

[49] Admissibility Standards of Scientific Expert Evidence in Criminal Trials, available at : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340488857_Admissibility_Standards_of_Scientific_Expert_Evidence_in_Criminal_Trials ( last visited on 10th March 2024)

[50] Insanity as a defense: A loophole for criminals, available at :https://dejurenexus.com/insanity-as-a-defense-a-loophole-for-criminals/ (last visited on 11th March 2024)

[51] Ibid

[52] Ibid

[53] S. Gopal vs. State of A.P., AIR 1996 SC 2148

[54] Batuk Lal, Indian Evidence Law 392 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 22nd edn., 2018).

[55] Ibid

[56] State of Maharashtra vs. Damu Gopinath Shinde, AIR 2000 SC 1691

[57] Malay Kumar Ganguly vs. Sukumar Mukherjee, AIR 2010 SC 1162

[58] State of Maharashtra vs. Sukhdeo Singh, AIR 1992 SC 2100

[59] Donald Shelton, “Twenty-First Century Forensic Science Challenges for Trial Judges in Criminal Cases: Where the ‘Polybutadiene’ Meets the ‘Bitumen’” 18 Widener Law Journal 309-396 (2009).

[60] Magan Bhiarilal vs. State of Punjab, 1977 AIR 1091

[61] Forest Range Officer vs. P. Mohhamad Ali, 1994 AIR 120

[62] Corroboration apropos forensic evidence: implications and precautions, available at: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=145065017119112027097115020072004027008078002074040050125083064031026027111065014099043027042032027032054066123020004003029113040087059020045095084097015065004083076019073080065077083025112120117122067120116025096124000084125097101082124011099013000086&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE ( last visited on 11th March 2024).

[63] C.E. Pratap, “Evaluating the Scientific Validity of Forensic Evidence in Criminal Trials: Issues and Challenges” 4 Mlj (Crl) 5-13 (2018).

[64] Corroboration apropos forensic evidence: implications and precautions, available at: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=145065017119112027097115020072004027008078002074040050125083064031026027111065014099043027042032027032054066123020004003029113040087059020045095084097015065004083076019073080065077083025112120117122067120116025096124000084125097101082124011099013000086&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE ( last visited on 11th March 2024).

[65]Koehler J., “If the Shoe Fits They Might Acquit: The Value of Forensic Science Testimony” 8 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 21-48 (2011).

[1] Sahodar, “Juvenile Justice in India”, 29 November 2023

[2] Ibid

[3] Ibid

[4] Agarwal, 2018

[5] Brandt, Chung, and Steinberg, 2006

[6] FP Staff, 2015

[7] Prasad, 2020

[8] Arlene Manoharan and Swagata Raha, “The Juvenile Justice System in India and Children who commit serious offences – Reflections on the Way Forward”

[9] Miner et al, “Standards of Care for Juvenile Sexual Offenders of the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, Sexual Offender Treatments, Volume 1 (2006), Issue 3

[10] Prescott, David (2006),Reitzel, L., Carbonell, J. (2006) and Rich, S.A. (1998); as cited by KeciaRongen, DSHS Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration 2011

[11] Ibid

[12] Ibid

[13] Marsha L. Levick and Francine T. Sherman, “When Individual Differences Demand Equal Treatment: An Equal Rights Approach to the Special Needs of Girls in the Juvenile Justice System”, Boston College of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, vol 18:9, Jan 1st 2003, pg 12

[14] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India -2011, Chapter 10, Juvenile Delinquency

[15] Rule 16 (1) and 40 (a) (i), (b) (i) of the JJ Model Rules 2007

[16] Rule 17 (9) and (13) of the JJ Model Rules 2007

[17] Ibid

[18] Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles, A Framework for Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Balanced and Restorative Justice Project, University of Minnesota, 1997, page ii

[19] Ibid

[20] Teena Thomas. “The Juvenile Justice System in India: A Brief Overview

[1] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 3

[2] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 11(1)(a), (m)

[3] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 21

[4] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 22.

[5] Constitution of India, art. 51A (g), (h)

[6] JOHN AUSTIN, JURISPRUDENCE, OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF POSITIVE LAW 113 (R. Campbell ed., 2002); Roscoe Pound, Legal Rights, 26 (1) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS 92, 94 (1915).

[7] BUNDESVERFASSUNG DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN EIDGENOSSENSCHAFT, The Federal Constitution Of the Swiss Confederation, 1874, Art. 80.

[8] Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. 1983.

[9] Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. 1975.

[10] N.R. Nair v. Union of India, (2000) Ker 340 (India)

[11] Vijay Kumar Sharma & Ors. Etc v. State of Karnataka & Ors, (1990) SCR (1) 614 (India)

[12] People's Charioteer Organization (PCO) v. Union of India, W.P.(C) No. 885/2020 (Ind.)