[1] President, available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/President (last visited on July 26, 2021).

[2] Prime Minister, available at: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/prime-minister (last visited on July 26, 2021).

[3] Prime Minister, available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister (last visited on July 26, 2021).

[4] Parliament, available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/parliament(last visited on July 26, 2021).

[5] Classification, available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/classification (last visited on July 27, 2021).

[6] The Constitution of India, 1950.

[7] Ibid., Art. 53.

[8] Ibid., Art. 77.

[9] Ibid., Art 85.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Ibid., Art. 123

[12] Article II of the United States Constitution 

[13] Ibid., Art. III.

[14] AIR 1955 SC 549.

[15] AIR 1971 SC 1002.

[16] AIR 1955 SC 549.

[17] AIR 1974 SC 2192.

[18] AIR 2006 SC 35.

[1] Nele D’ Haese et al., A Multidimensional Indication set to assess the benefits of  WEEE Material recycling, J Clear Product., 305-316, (2014)

[2] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986201

[3] CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, India) Guidelines, 2008

[4] Adediran Y.A. and Abdulkarim A. (2012) “Challenges of Electronic Waste Management in Nigeria” International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, July 2012, PP.640-648

[5] Deepak Pant, E-waste projection using life-span and population statistics, 18 Int'l J. Life Cycle Assessment 1465 (2013).

[6] Annual Report ,2018 , NITI AAYOG

[7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986201

[8] Oladele Osibanjo, Evaluation of Pb and Cu Contents of Selected Component Parts of Waste Personal Computers, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management (Oct. 2015).

[9] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/the-growing-environmental-risks-of-e-waste/

[10] https://eprewastecpcb.in/#/

[11] Sustainable Development Goals- https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals

[12] Ambika Bhatia, A Study on Awareness of Consumers towards E-Waste Management in the City of Jaipur (2019).

[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Dark Commercial Patterns: OECD Digital Economy Papers, 336 OECD iLibrary 55 (Oct. 26, 2022), https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/44f5e846-en.pdf?expires=1707135816&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C09AFF503D737DA4AFF8EF1F428CCA0.

[2] Arunesh Mathur et al., Dark Patterns at Scale: Findings from a Crawl of 11K Shopping Websites, 3 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 81 (2019).

[3] Linda Di Geronimo et al., UI Dark Patterns and Where to Find Them: A Study on Mobile Applications and User Perception, 473 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 5 (2020).

[4] Johanna Gunawan et al., A Comparative Study of Dark Patterns Across Mobile and Web Modalities, 5 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 377, 377:13 (2021).

[5] Steve Dale, Heuristics and Biases: The Science of Decision-Making, 32 Bus. Info. Rev. 93, 93 (2015).

[6] Alison Hung, Keeping Consumers in the Dark, 121 Colum. L. Rev. 2483, 2483 (2021).

[7] Agnieszka Kitowska, The Hows and Whys of Dark Patterns: Categorizations and Privacy, in Human Factors in Privacy Research 173, 174 (Nina Gerber et al. eds., 2023).

[8] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023, Gazette of India, pt. lll sec. 4 (Nov. 30, 2023) § 2 (e).

[9] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1.

[10] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1.

[11] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1.

[12] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 2.

[13] District of Columbia v. Grubhub, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/district-of-columbia-v-grubhub.

[14] Id.

[15] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[16] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[17] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[18] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 5.

[19] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 6.

[20] Deliberation of the Restricted Committee Concerning Google LLC and Google Ireland Limited, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/deliberation-of-the-restricted-committee-concerning-google-llc-and-google-ireland-limited.

[21] The Data Protection Act, No. 78-17, 1978 (France).

[22] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 7.

[23] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 9.

[24] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28).

[25] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 10.

[26] Ari E. Waldman, Cognitive Biases, Dark Patterns, and the ‘Privacy Paradox,’ 31 Current Opinion in Psychol. 105, 107-108 (2020).

[27] Id. at 107.

[28] Id. at 107.

[29] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6.

[30] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6.

[31] Ari, supra note 25, at 107.

[32] Ari, supra note 25, at 109.

[33] LendingClub Agrees to Pay $18 Million to Settle FTC Charges, Federal Trade Commission (Jul. 14, 2021) https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/07/lendingclub-agrees-pay-18-million-settle-ftc-charges#:~:text=Online%20lender%20LendingClub%20Corporation%20agreed%20to%20pay%20%2418,and%20about%20whether%20their%20loan%20applications%20were%20approved.

[34] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503, 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[35] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (a), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[36] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (b) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[37] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5, 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58.

[38] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5 (a) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58.

[39] Karmanya Singh Sareen & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors., (2019) 17 SCC 689.

[40] WhatsApp v Right to Privacy: Supreme Court Directs WhatsApp to Publicize its May 2021 Undertaking; to Hear Petition in April 2023, SCC Online Blog (Feb. 3, 2024), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/02/03/directed-whatsapp-to-widely-publicise-stand-that-its-users-in-india-do-not-have-to-accept-its-2021-privacy-policy-in-order-to-use-mobile-application/.

[41] General Data Protection Regulation, 2016, 216/679, European Parliament, 2016 (European Union).

[42] Digital Services Act, 2022, 2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[43] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[44] Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, 2019, 2019/2161, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[45] Dan Cooper et al., EU Stance on Dark Patterns, Insider Privacy, https://www.insideprivacy.com/eu-data-protection/the-eu-stance-on-dark-patterns/.

[46]  Mark R. Leiser & Cristiana Santos, Dark Patterns, Enforcement, and the emerging Digital Design Acquis -- Manipulation beneath the Interface, SSRN eLibrary (2023) https:/Mark, %20Cristiana%20-%20Dark%20Patterns%20Article%20Outline.pdf.

[47] European Commission, Digital Services Act Package (Digital Strategy) https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package.

[48] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 25 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[49] Mark, supra note 49, at 20.

[50] Mark, supra note 49, at 20.

[51] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 2,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[52] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 45 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[53] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 67 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[54] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[55] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[56] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[57] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[58] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 3 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[59] Mark, supra note 49, at 23.

[60] DETOUR Act, 2019, 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[61] DETOUR Act, 2019, § 3(a)(1) 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[62] California Privacy Rights Act, 2020.

[63] Colorado Privacy Act, 2021, 2021/190, General Assembly, 2021 (State of Colorado).

[64] Mark, supra note 49, at 23

[65] Mark, supra note 49, at 23

[66] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[67] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[68] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, § 37,2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[69] Mark, supra note 49, at 25.

[70] Mark, supra note 49, at 25.

[71] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28).

[72] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (e).

[73] India Corporate Law, https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2023/12/dark-pattern-guidelines-illuminating-or-illusory/ (last visited on Jan 28, 2024).

[74] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 3.

[75] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1.

[76] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (28).

[77] Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (2000) § 66.

[78] Ombudsman Scheme for Non - Banking Financial Companies 2018.

[79] Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006.

[1] Priyanka Srivastava, Depicting women in bollywood: The mould never changes, INDIA TODAY (Oct. 11, 2014), https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/depicting-women-in-bollywood-222702-2014-10-11 .

[2] DD BASU, INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (25h ed. 2021).

[3] SN MISRA, INDIAN PENAL CODE (22nd ed. 2018).

[4] The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, No. 60, Acts of Parliament, 1986 (India).

[5] The Information Technology Act,2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[6] The Cable Television Networks (Regulations) Act, 1995, No. 7, Acts of Parliament, 1995 (India).

[7] The Cinematograph Act, 1952, No. 52, Acts of Parliament, 1952 (India).

[8] Matthew Wills, Putting an end to obscene quackery, JSTOR DAILY ( Jan. 15, 2024), https://daily.jstor.org/putting-an-end-to-obscene-quackery/.

[9] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597 (India).

[10] Ranjit D. Udeshi vs State Of Maharashtra, 1965 SCR (1) 65 (India).

[11] Aveek Sarkar And Ors. vs State Of West Bengal, (2014) 4 SCC 257 (India).

[12] K.A. Abbas v. Union of India, 1971 SCR (2) 446 (India).

[13] Bobby Art International v. Om Pal Singh Hoon, (1996) 4 SCC 1 (India).

[14] S. Mukhopadhyay & D. Banerjee, Bollywood, Popular visual media, and sexism in india: a critical glance back, 3 Journal of Psychosexual Health, 256-261 (2021). 

[15] Fahad Alzahranu, The portrayal of Women and Gender Roles in Films, 7 Int. Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, April 2016.

[16] Aarti Bhanushali, Is Bollywood Glorifying Stalking? , DECCAN CHRONICLE (Feb. 5, 2017, 12:34 AM), https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050217/bollywood-and-its-stalk-value.html.

[17] Pranab Dhar, When films objectify women, The Hindu, Dec. 22, 2019.

[18] Ekta Lahiri, Simmba Review: Can We Stop Using Rape As A Plot Device?, FII (Jan 8, 2019) https://feminisminindia.com/2019/01/08/simmba-movie-review-rohit-shetty/.

[19] Kabir Singh: Bollywood's misogyny problem is not new, BBC (Jun. 25, 2019) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48754412.

[20] Anjali Chauhan, Pushpa Film Review: The Problematics in Making of a Hyper-Masculine Hero, FII (Jan. 19, 2022) https://feminisminindia.com/2022/01/19/pushpa-film-review-allu-arjun-fahadh-faasil/.

[21] Soumyabrata Gupta, The hero complex and problematised representation of women in KGF verse, ZOOM (Apr. 18, 2022, 11:57 PM) https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/the-hero-complex-and-the-problematised-representation-of-women-in-the-kgf-verse-article-90920731.

[22] Pritha Bhattacharjee, Film Review: Animal Is A Stir of Misogny And Violence,FII (Dec. 13, 2023) https://feminisminindia.com/2023/12/13/film-review-animal-is-a-stir-of-misogyny-and-violence/.

[23] Prince Prasad & Rahul Tiwari, Feminism in Indian Cinema: A Critical Analysis, 8 IJNRD 164 (2023).

[1]DR. RASHMI MISHRA, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: A STUDY ON ODISHA, https//:ijcrt.org.//(visited on 25 Febrary, 2024).

[2]INDIRA JAISING, LAW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE,Pg no. vii, Monica Sakhrani, (2007).

[3] ANUPAMA GOEL, GENDER VIOLENCE IN INDIA AND THE LAWS: AN ANALYSIS, http//:www.researchgate.net>(Last visited on 1 march, 2024).

[4] RAHAT ZAMANI, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY, (2009) https://core.ac.uk> (Last visited on 2 April, 2024).

[5] WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION,WOMEN AGAINST VIOLENCE (Last visited on 2 April, 2024)

[6]GENDER BASED VIOLENCE, https://egyankosh.ac.in. (Last visited on 13 April, 2024)

[7] SURBHI CHAUDHARY, DOWRY AND DOWRY DEATH ,timeofindia.indiatimes.com. (Last Visited on 10 April, 2024).

[8]  JANANI G.S. DR.S PANDIARAJ, HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA, https://acadpubl.eu/hub/. (Last VIisted on 16 April, 2024).

[9] Ibid.

[10] INDIRA JAISING, LAW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, Pg no. 3, MONICA SAKHRANI (2007).

[11] MANU, A STUDY ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN INDIA,      https//:www.legalserviceindia.com>(Visited on 30 March 2024).

[12] NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN, LAW RELATED TO WOMEN, http://ncw.nic.in. (Last Visited on 10 April, 2024).

[1] Patrick Bolton, Joseph F. Brodley, & Michael H. Riordan, Predatory Pricing: Strategic Theory and Legal Policy

[2] Damien Geradin & Jochen Stutz, Online Markets and Offline Welfare Effects: Price Coordination in Brick- and-Mortar Retail, 16 J. Competition L. & Econ. 439 (2020).

[3] Id

[4] William E. Kovacic & Carl Shapiro, Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking, 17 J. Econ. Persp. 43 (2003)

[5] Michael A. Salinger, Predatory Pricing: Strategic Theory and Legal Policy, 96 Yale L.J. 449 (1986)

[6] Id

[7] Lina M. Khan, Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 Yale L.J. 710 (2017).

[8] AIR 2002 SC 2728

[9] Lina M. Khan, Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 Yale L.J. 710 (2017).

[10] AIR 2002 SC 2728

[11] Aparna R, Analysis on the Predatory Pricing in the Indian E-commerce Sector, Indian Corp. & Fin. L. Rev., May 11, 2021.

[12] Id

[13] Lina M. Khan, Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 Yale L.J. 710 (2017).

[1] Co-author is a student of Army Institute of Law, Mohali

[2] Co-author is a student of Symbiosis Law School, Nagpur

[3] Aditi Aggarwal, Transformative constitutionalism and role of the judiciary, iPleaders (Last visited on September 16, 2023 at 10:33 PM) https://blog.ipleaders.in/transformative-constitutionalism-role-judiciary/

[4] Abhishek Roy, Transformative Constitutionalism And Indian Supreme Court: A Study Of Navtej Johar's Case, Legal Service India (Last visited on June 18, 2023 at 10:55 AM) https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3156-transformative-constitutionalism-and-indian-supreme-court-a-study-of-navtej-johar-s-case.html

[5] MD. Saif Ali Khan & Dr. Sharafat Ali, Transformative constitutionalism: Contemporary Issues and Challenges in India, Vol.3 Issue 3, IJLMH, 1411, 1411-1412 (2020) https://ijlmh.com/transformative-constitutionalism-contemporary-issues-and-challenges-in-india/

[6] Sanskriti Prakash & Akash Deep Pandey, Transformative Constitutionalism & the Judicial Role: Balancing Religious Freedom with Social Reform, Manupatra (Last visited on June 19, 2023 at 11:02 AM) https://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/AB27D7AA-C3B3-4538-BA67-0100E7A0F797.1-G__constitution.pdf

[7] Sharanya Ghosh, Transformative Constitutionalism,  iPleaders (Last visited on September 27, 2023 at 10:45 AM) https://blog.ipleaders.in/transformative-constitutionalism/

[8] Dharmesh, An analysis of transformative constitutionalism in India and the role played by the judiciary in shaping the constitution, Vol.5 Issue 1, IJLPSR, 129, 129-130 (2023)  https://www.lawjournals.net/assets/archives/2023/vol5issue1/6015.pdf

[9] (1981) 1 SCC 246

[10] AIR 2018 SC 4321

[11] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, § 377

[12] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.14

[13] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.21

[14] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.25

[15] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.19

[16] Varnav Somwal, A Study Of Transformative Constitutionalism: The Indian Experience, Vol.IV Issue VI, IJLLR, 1, 11 (2022) https://www.ijllr.com/post/a-study-of-transformative-constitutionalism-the-indian-experience

[17] Ibid, 11-12

[18] (2020) 10 SCC 459

[19] The Factories Act, 1948, § 5

[20] Shrivastava, Abhijeet and Shrivastava, Anujay, ‘Economic’ Dignity and Transformative Constitutionalism in India – Attempting to Cut the ‘Gordian Knot’ (August 17, 2021). [2021] 1(4) JCLJ 446-457, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3900739

[21] Muralidhar Dayandeo Kesekar v Vishwanath Pandu Barde, 1995 Supp (2) SCC 549 [5]

[22] Bhikusa Yamasa Kshatriya (P) Ltd v Union of India, AIR 1963 SC 1591

[23] (2005) 5 SCC 1

[24] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.38

[25] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.39

[26] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.42

[27] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.43

[28] Bandhua Mukti Morcha v Union of India, 1984 3 SCC 161

[29] 1995 6 SCC 309

[30] Panchayat Varga Sharmajivi Samudaik Sahakari Khedut Coop Society & Ors v Haribhai Mevabhai & Ors, 1996 10 SCC 320

[31] Delhi Jal Board v National Campaign For Dignity & Rights of Sewerage And Allied Workers & Ors., 2011 8 SCC 568

[32] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.Article 25(2)(b)

[33] State of Bombay v Narasu Appa Mali, AIR 1952 Bom 84

[34] The Constitution of India, 1949, Art.13

[35] AIR 1984 Del 66

[36] Mohd Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum, (1985) 2 SCC 556

[37] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 125

[38] Danial Latifi v Union of India, (2001) 7 SCC 740

[39] Shayaro Bano v. Union of India, AIR 2017 SC 4609

[40] AIR 1954 SC 388

[41] AIR 1954 SC 375

[42] The Constitution of India, Art.17

[43] AIR 1993 KER 42

[44] AIR 1966 SC 1119

[45] AIR 2015 SC 1345

[46] AIR 1995 SC 605A

[47] AIR 1960 SC 1402

[48] AIR 1984 SC 447

[49] AIR 2005 SC 3762

[50] AIR 1958 SC 731

[51] (1985) ILLJ 463 KER

[52] (1973) 4 SCC 225

[53] 1978 AIR 597

[54] (2017) 10 SCC 1

[55] AIR 1993 SC 477

[56] (2019) 3 SCC 39

[57] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, § 497

[1] The Constitution of India, art 23

[2] The Constitution of India,  art 24

[3] Mahendra Pal Singh, VN Shukla's, Constitution of India 252(Eastern Book Company, Lucknow , 12th edn, 2012)

[4] Ibid.

[5]  R.S. Khullakpa vs. R.K. Tangkhul, AIR 1961 Mani 1

[6] Id at 253.

[7] Kadar v. Muthukoya Thangal, AIR 1962 Ker 168

[8] Gujarat state v. Hon’ble high court case, AIR 1998 7 SCC 392

[9] Bandhua Mukti murcha VS Union of India,(1984) 3 SCC 161

[10] The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860) ss. 370, 370A

[11] The Constitution of India,  art 24

[12] M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, 1987 SCR (1) 819