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[1] Student, 3rd Year in BBA LLB(Hons), The Tamilnadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University, School of Excellence in Law.

[2] Student, 3rd Year in BBA LLB(Hons), The Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, School of Excellence in Law.

[3] Harris N.M., The euthanasia debate, 147 (3) J R Army Med Corps, 367-70 (2001)

[4] House of Lords, Report of the Select Committee on Medical Ethics, 1994.

[5] http://www.therichest.com/rich-list/most-influential/10-countries-where-euthanasia-and -assisted-suicide-are legal/ (Last Visited on November 19, 2023)

[6] 1991 (1) BomCR 92.

[7] https://www.religioustolerance.org/euth l.htm (Last visited on November 19, 2023)

[8] M.D. Singh “Euthanasia: How Merciful is the killing: Amritsar Law Journal, vol. XII, 2001 p-53.

[9] Article 21 of Indian Constitution, 1950.

[10] Section 309 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[11] 1985 Cr LJ 931.

[12] "Right to Die: Court in Review - Supreme Court Observer", https://www.scobserver.in/journal/right-to-die-court-in-review/amp/ (Last Visited on November 18, 2023)

[13] Section 115 of Mental Health Care Act, 2017.

[14] Writ Petition (Criminal) No:16 of 2020

[15] 1987 Cr LJ 743.

[16] (1988) Cr LJ 549.

[17] AIR 1966 SC 1257.

[18] 1996 SCC (2) 648.

[19] 1994 Cri LJ 1605.

[20] 2000 CrLJ 3729 (Ker)

[21] (2011) 4 SCC 454.

[22] AIR 2018 SC 1665.

[1] Sec 2(h) of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007

[2] Arokiasamy, J., & Sm. (n.d.). Social Problems and Care of the Elderly. https://www.emjm.org/1997/v52n3/Social_Problems.pdf  Last Visited on 13/10/23.

[3] Rajan, S. (n.d.). POPULATION AGEING AND HEALTH IN INDIA. Retrieved October 16, 2023, from

https://www.cehat.org/cehat/uploads/files/ageing(1).pdf. Last Visited on 16/10/23.

[4] Section 20 of Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act.

[5]Mst. Samu Bai And Anr. vs Shahji Magan Lal on 19 January 1961 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1345969/. Last Visited on 17/10/2023.

[6] Section 21 of Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act

[7] Section 22 of Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act

[8]Diva Rai, Concept of Maintenance in Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - iPleaders, IPleaders (June 13, 2019), https://blog.ipleaders.in/concept-of-maintenance-in-hindu-marriage-act-1955/. Last Visited on 29/10/23.

[9] Dr. Ashwani Kumar v. Union of India & Ors, CWP No. 193 of 2016 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/19090773/  Last Visited on 30/10/23.

[10] M/S. Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khimalal Totame and Ors, AIR 1990 SC 630. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1813295/  Last Visited on 03/11/23.

[11] Section 2(a) of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[12] Section 2(b) of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[13] Section 2(g) of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[14] Section 5 of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[15] Section 7 of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[16] Section 9 of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[17] Section 11(2) of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[18] Section 17 of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[19]  Section 24 of Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act.

[20] IBID 10

[21] Sneha Mahawar, Government’s lethargic attitude towards senior citizens in India and the reparative role of the judiciary - iPleaders, IPleaders (Sept. 10, 2021), https://blog.ipleaders.in/governments-lethargic-attitude-towards-senior-citizens-india-reparative-role-judiciary/  Last Visited on 05/11/23.

[1] Article 12: Definitions Constitution of India, https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-12-definitions/ (last visited Oct 15, 2023)

[2] Explained: Article 12 of the Indian Constitution LexForti, https://lexforti.com/legal-news/article-12-constitution/ (last visited Oct 15, 2023)

[3] If the body has the structure of a state or not

[4] Justice KK Mathew – the unsung hero of Article 12 jurisprudence Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news, https://www.barandbench.com/columns/justice-kk-mathew-unsung-hero-article-12-jurisprudence (last visited Oct 15, 2023)

[1] Govind v State of Madhya Pradesh (AIR 1975 SC 1378)

[2] Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2006) 5 SCC 475

[3] Article 44 of the Indian Constitution

[4] Taken from complication landmarks judgment of High Courts of India on family matters, Year of publication 2016, compiled By Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority.

[5] K.S. Puttuswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1 (‘K.S. Puttuswamy’)

[6] Rayala M. Bhuvaneswari v. Nagaphanender Rayala AIR 2008 AP 98

[7] Preeti Jain v. Kunal Jain, MANU/RH/0335/2016.

[8] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2019) 3 SCC 39 (‘Joseph Shine’)

[9] https://www.scobserver.in/cases/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-decriminalisation-of-adultery-background/, last visited, 10.11.2023.

[10] Fatima v. Emperor, AIR 1914 Lah. 380.

[11] https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2016/09/FT_Marriage_Age_Appendix_2016_09_08.pdf, last visited,12.11.2023.

[12] Section 375 of The Indian Penal code.

[13] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-to-examine-whether-girls-aged-15-can-be-married-off-under-muslim-personal-law-when-statutes-make-it-an-offence/article66373319.ece, last visited, 12.11.2023.

[14] Taken from complication landmarks judgment of High Courts of India on family matters, Year of publication 2016, compiled By Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority.

[15] https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/, last visited, 12.11.2023

[16] Supriya Chakraborty & Anr. v Union of India, 2023 INSC 920

[17] https://www.wionews.com/india-news/marriage-a-license-to-rape-indias-top-court-to-hear-pleas-on-marital-rape-these-countries-criminalise-it-576588, last visited, 13.11.2023.

[18] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, 2018SCC Online SC 1676

[1]http://assets.publishing.service.gov

[2] https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx

[3] https://ipleaders.in/parental-child-abduction-law-india

[4] https://www.inianlawoffices.com/legal-articles/child-abduction-by-parents

[5] https://gsbagga.com/blog/constitutes-parental-kidnapping-parental-abduction

[6] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1515807/

[7] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/390542/

[8] http://www.advocatekhoj.com/lawreports/theindianpenalcode

[9] https://www.indiancode.nic.in/handle

[10] https://travel.state.gov

[11] https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx

[12] http://www.ojp.gov

[13] https://www.linkedin.com

[14] https://www.jstor.org

[1] Peter Marquand B.S .Mrcp Solicitor, “Introduction to Medical Law”, Butterworth, Heinemann Oxford Auckland Boston Johannesburg, Melbourne, New Delhi, 2002, p.234

[2] bid.

[3] Section 19&20 of the Code of Civil Procedure Code,1908

[4] AIR 1988 SC 2127

[5] R v. Lawrence [1981] 1 All ER 974, [1982] AC 510, [1981]2WLR 5249[HC]

[6] Dr.Krishnaprasad v .State of Karnataka 1989(1) ACJ 393

[7] Section 30 of Indian Medical Council Act

[8] Section 20 of Indian Medical Council Act

[9] Section 24 of M.C.Act

[10] Section 30 of Indian Medical Council Act

[11] Section 10 of the Consumer Protection Act,1986

[12] Section 10 of Consumer Protection Act,1986

[13] Section 16

[14] Section 20

[15] [1994] CPJ 509

[16] Section 11 of Consumer Protection Act

[17] Section 11(2)

[18] Section 21

[19] Section 17

[20] Section 15 of the CPA

[21] Section 21(a) (ii)

[22] under Section 21(a) (ii)

[23] Section 17 (b) and Section 21 (b) of the CPA

[24] 1I (1992) CPJ 360 NC

[25] 1992 (1) CPR

[26] Housing Board v. Dr. S.L. Chaudhary 1991 (1) CPR 515

[27] 1991 (1) CPJ 440

[28] 1991 (11) CPR 251

[29] Wheel World v. Dr. Smt. Janak Narendra 1991 (11) CPR 632

[30] Jaipur Stock Exchange v C.P.Mehta 1991 (1) CPR 26

[31] Union of India v. Nadhu Shah Kapoor II (1993) CPJ 1044

[32] Delhi Development Authority v. J.N. Luthra 1993 II CPJ 934.

[33] Avas Vikas Parishad v. Rajinder Kumar Jain 1 (1993) CPJ 372

[34] Sec: 24 of CPA

[35] Limitation Act, 1963

[36] 24A of Consumer Protection Act

[37] AIR 1976 SC 26

[38] AIR 1964 SC 1617

[39] 1995 (1) CPR

[40] Section 4 of Indian limitation Act

[41] Section 5

[42] Section 26 of the Consumer Protection Act

[43] Section 27,

[44] Section 20 of CPA Act 1986

[45] (2002) 6 S CC 635 : AIR 2002 SC 2931

[1] Jaswinder Kaur; Chitrarekha Bhardwaj, “Right to Abortion in India: A Critical Appraisal of Legislative and Judicial Initiatives”, 6, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities, 2223 (2023).

[2] Krishan Nehra, “Abortion Law: Australia (New South Wales), India, Kenya, Russia”, Washington, D.C., Law Library of Congress, (1994).

[3] Roe v. Wade, 35 L Ed 2d 147: 410 US 113 (1973).

[4] Ibid.

[5] Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 U.S. 416 (1983).

[6] Ibid.

[7] Jaspreet Singh, “Abortion in India: From Criminalization to Liberalization”, 4, Indian Journal of Law & Legal Research, 1 (2022 – 2023).

[8] Rishika Rishabh, “Abortion Laws in India: The Paramount Need for Change”, 19, Supremo Amicus, 391-403 (2020).

[9] Sharvari Sanjay Naik, “Recent Rules on Abortion in India with the Constitutionality of Abortion Laws”, 4, Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 1 (2022 – 2023).

[10] Shreya, “Legality of Abortion in India: With Specific Reference to Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021”, 4, Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 1 (2020).

[11] Mrs. X And Ors. v. Union of India, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 81 of 2017.

[12] Murugan Nayakkar v. Union of India Ors., W.P.(C) No. 749/20171.

[13] Savita Sachin Patil And Another v. Union Of India And Others, Writ Petition (C) No. 121 of 2017.

[14] Sonali Khare, “Abortion: A Taboo in India”, 19, Supremo Amicus, 536 (2020).

[15] Ahona Mukherjee, Apurba Pattanayak and Priyansha Mohanty, “Abortion Laws in India”, 3, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities, 1210 (2020)

[1] Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Special Address - Ending Hunger: A Global Concern, Conference on Overcoming Global Hunger, Washington DC, November 30, 1993.

[2] http://www.righttofood.org/work-of-jean-ziegler-at-the-un/what-is-the-right-to-food/ Last visited on May 10, 2016 at 1110 hours.

[3] General Comment No. 12 of the United Nations (UN) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Food/Pages/FoodIndex.aspx Last visited on May 11, 2016 at 1700 hours

[4] Multilateral treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966. It came into force on January 3, 1976 and commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education and the right to an adequate standard of living. As of 2016, the Covenant has a total of 164 parties and another six countries, including the United States(US), have signed but not ratified the Covenant. 25 countries, most notably Malaysia, have neither signed nor ratified the Covenant. It forms a part of the International Bill of Human Rights, along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), including the latter's first and second Optional Protocols. It is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (UNCESCR). Available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx Last visited on July 1, 2017 at 0900 hours.

[5] Lidija Knuth and Margret Vidar, Constitutional and Legal Protection of the right to food around the World, p. 32 (FAO, Rome, 2011).

[6] Held at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) in Rome, Italy from November 13-17, 1996 in response to the continued existence of widespread undernutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. This Summit witnessed participation from almost 10,000 participants from 185 countries and the European Community, and provided a forum for debate on one of the most important issues facing world leaders in the new millennium - the imperative of eradicating hunger. The 'Rome Declaration on World Food Security' and the 'World Food Summit Plan of Action' were two outcomes of this summit, and it provided a framework for bringing about important changes in policies and programmes that were needed to achieve 'Food for All'. Available at http://www.fao.org/WFS/ Last visited on July 4, 2017 at 1600 hours.

[7] Supra Note 2 at p. 1

[8] Pooja Ahluwalia, "The Implementation of the right to food at the National Level: A Critical Examination of the Indian Campaign on the right to food as an Effective Operationalization of Article 11 of ICESCR", CHRGJ Working Paper No. 8 (New York, 2004).

[9] Francis Ng and M. Ataman Aksoy, "Who Are the Net Food Importing Countries?", Policy Research Working Paper No. 4457 (World Bank Development Research Group, Washington DC, January 2008).

[10] Supra Note 8 at p. 2.

[11] AIR 1980 SC 1579.

[12] In every prison, there is the institution of the Board of Visitors which includes judicial and administrative officers and also members of the public. Such members include District & Sessions Judges, District Magistrates and Sub-Divisional Magistrates among the members. Bureau of Police Research and Development, Model Prison Manual for the Superintendence and Management of Prisons in India, p. 287 (New Delhi, 2003).

[13] (1982) 2 SCC 494

[14] Supra Note 15 at p. 6.

[15] Formerly known as Central Hindu College, is one of the oldest higher education institutions in India and serves as a public central university located in Varanasi, UP. Established in 1916 by Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya, with over 12,000 resident students, it claims the title of the largest residential university in the whole of Asia. Its main campus is spread over 1,300 acres (5.3 sq. km) and was built on land donated by the hereditary ruler of Banaras and its south campus spread over 2,700 acres (11 sq. km), hosts the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agriculture Science Centre) and is located about 60 km (37 miles) away from Banaras. It celebrated its centenary year in 2015-2016. Available at http://www.bhu.ac.in/ Last visited on January 12, 2018 at 1900 hours.

[16] AIR 1987 SC 1802.

[17] 3 Constitution of India, Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State:

[18] AIR 1989 SC 677.

[19] Supra Note 43 at p. 13.

[20] AIR 1990 SC 630.

[21] Supra Note 552 at p. 107.

[22] AIR 1996 SC 1051

[23] AIR 1995 SC 142.

[24] (2010) 170 DLT 476 (DB).

[25] It is one of the five types of writs which can be issued by courts in India, and means 'we command' in the Latin language. It is issued by a superior court to compel a lower court or a government officer to perform his / her mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly. The word 'mandamus' has appeared in a number of orders issued by the sovereigns of England in the years following the Norman Conquest, and the first instance of a mandamus being used to enforce the right of a private citizen was seen in the year 1615. Available at http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/592/Analysis-Of-WritOf-Mandamus.html Last visited on November 4, 2018 at 1145 hours.

[26] (2010) 172 DLT 9.

[27] (2011) 125 DRJ 173.

[28] (2013) 2 SCC 688

[29] Supra Note 442 at p. 85.

[30] Supra Note 385 at p. 73.

[31] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 857 of 2015

[32] NFSA, Sec. 14: Internal grievance redressal mechanism: Every State Government shall put in place an internal grievance redressal mechanism which may include call centres, help lines, designation of nodal officers, or such other mechanism as may be prescribed.

[33] NFSA, Sec. 15: District Grievance Redressal Officer: (1) The State Government shall appoint or designate, for each district, an officer to be the District Grievance Redressal Officer for expeditious and effective redressal of grievances of the aggrieved persons in matters relating to distribution of entitled foodgrains or meals under Chapter II, and to enforce the entitlements under this Act.

[34] NFSA, Sec. 16: State Food Commission: (1) Every State Government shall, by notification, constitute a State Food Commission for the purpose of monitoring and review of implementation of this Act

[35] Order dated August 31, 2010 of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 titled PUCL v. Union of India & Ors. Available at https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/bosir/orderpdfold/1148757.pdfLast visited on October 11, 2018 at 1130 hours.

[36] Supra Note 389 at p. 74.

[37] Supra Note 36 at p. 10

[38] Supra Note 390 at p. 74.

[39] Order dated September 6, 2010 of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 titled PUCL v. Union of India & Ors. Available at https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/bosir/orderpdfold/1151015.pdf Last visited on October 1, 2018 at 1500 hours.

[40] Supra Note 20, See 10.

[41] Supra Note 21 at p. 7.

[42] Id

[43] Supra Note 518 at p. 101.

[44] undernourished and nearly all of them live in developing countries. Available at http://www/fao.org/nens/story/en/item Last visited on July 23, 2016 at 1330 hours

[45] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 filed before the Hon'ble Supreme Court in April 2001 following a large number of starvation deaths in the state of Rajasthan. The matter was argued by noted Senior Advocate Colin and alleged that these persons were deprived of the required employment and food relief as mandated by the Rajasthan Famine Code of 1962. This case took place at a time when the parts of the country continued to face hunger and malnutrition. The Apex Court, through a series of directions in this matter from 2001 onwards, has attempted to lay down the law with regards to ensuring nutritional security in the country. Available at http://www.pucl.org/reports/Rajasthan/2001/starvation-writ.htm Last visited on July 17, 2016 at 1540 hours

[46] Order dated September 17, 2001 of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 titled PUCL v. Union of India & Ors. Available at http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jonew/bosir/orderpdfold/18655.pdf Last visited on April 19, 2017 at 2300 hours.

[47] Order dated August 12, 2010 of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 titled PUCL v. Union of India & Ors. Available at http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/jonew/bosir/orderpdfold/1139485.pdf Last visited on March 1, 2018 at 2300 hours.