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[1] Assistant Professor- Senior Scale, UPES, School of Law, Knowledge acres, Kandoli, Dehradun- 248007, Uttrakhand, India

[1] https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm

[2] https://www.wipo.int/portal/en/index.html

[3] https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2020-0113.html

[4] https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-aluminum-co-of-america-2

[5] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/229714/

[6]https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1780194/#:~:text=(1)%20No%20enterprise%20shall%20abuse%20its%20dominant%20position.

[1] B.COM.,LL.B (HONS), The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University- SOEL.

E-mail: dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

[2] Criminal Appeal No. 607-608 of 2017

[3] Punishment to a public servant for failure to record FIR.

[4] Whoever prints or publishes the name or any matter which may make known the identity of any person against whom an offence under § 376

[5] Punishment for rape on women under twelve years of age.

[6] Gang rape on a imprisonment cognizable non-bailable court of woman under sixteen for life which shall session.

[7] Gang rape on imprisonment for cognizable non-bailable court of women under life which shall session.

[8] AIR 1979 SC 185.

[9] No. 9041- M of 1989.

[10] 28 January, 2000- 2 SCC 465.

[11] Criminal Appeal No. 273 of 1975.

[12] W.P.(C) 382/2013.

[13] Criminal Appeal No. 298 of 2003.

[14] (2008) 8 SCC 531.

[15] Criminal appeal (SJ) No. 300 of 1997.

[16] Criminal appeal no. 1731 of 2010.

[1] Lalit Dadwal and O.P Chauhan, Human Rights: Promotion and Protection 50 (Anmol Publications, Delhi, 2004)

[2] Gurdip Singh, Introduction, Environmental Law: International and National Perspectives 8 (Lawman Publication, New Delhi, 1995)

[3] Y. Anjaneyulu, The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies, Introduction to Environmental Science 5 (B S Publication, Hyderabad, 2004).

[4] David P Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations 10 (Cambridge University Press, England, 2000)

[5] Dr. Priti Saxena, Crime against the Mother Earth Leading to Poisonous Future, Vol.xxxi (3&4), Indian Bar Review, 369 (July-Dec.2004)

[6] Manu Smiriti. Chapter 3, Versa 56 and Chapter 4. Versa 56 as cited by B.N. Tiwari. Hindu Culture and Ecology in Gautam Sharma (Edition).Environment Man and Nature 31. (1989), cited in Dr. Priti Saxena , Crime against the Mother Earth Leading to Poisonous Future, (Vol.xxxi (3&4) Indian Bar Review , 369 (July-Dec. 2004).

[7]I.A. Khan, Environmental Pollution, Text Book of Environmental Law 9 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2002)

[8] Bhagwati, J. In Defense of Globalization. 56 (London: Oxford University Press. 2007)

[9] Sarat C. Joshi, ‘‘Environmental Pollution and Human Rights’’, Human Rights in Environmental Perspective 107 (Akansha Publishing House, Delhi, 2010)

[10] B. Stephens, The amorality of profit: transnational corporations and human rights, 20-45 (Berkeley Journal of International Law, 2002)

[11] Conor Greaty and Adam Tomkins , Understanding Human Rights, 50(London: Manshell, 1996)

[12] Nault, M.D. & England, S. L., Globalization and human rights in the Developing world. 45 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)

14.Kadragic, A., Globalization and Human Rights 12 (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Company 2006)

[14] A. Brysk, Globalization and Human Rights. 30 (Berkeley: University of California Press., 2002)

[15] U.N. (2000). Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights: Preliminary report of the secretary-General, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., 5

[16] SAHRDC, Human Rights and International Law, OUP, New Delhi, 2008.

[1] Nikita Begum Talukdar, Assistant Professor Senior Scale, University of petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

[2] Ministry of Electronics an IT, “Data Protection in India” February, 2018, available at  https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/6.Data%20Protection%20in%20India.pdf. (Last visited on 4/2/2022)

[3] Ibid.

[4] Michael C. James, “A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Privacy in the United States, Canada and Europe, Vol. 29 Issue 2, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 261, (2014)

[5] Id. at 261.

[6] John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 13 (Batoche Books, 1859)

[7] Id. at 06.

[8] Warren and Brandeis, “The Right to Privacy”, Harvard Law Review Vol.4, No. 5, 193 (1890)

[9] Thomas Cooley, Treatise on the Law of Torts, 2nd edition, (1888).

[10] Id. at 29.

[11] Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1975) 2 SCC 148; R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu 1994) 6 SCC 632; People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (1997) 1 SCC 301.

[12] (1954) SCR 1077

[13] 1964) 1 SCR 332

[14] (1973) 1 SCC 471

[15]Id. at 476.

[16] (1975) 2 SCC 148.

[17] 1994) 6 SCC 632;

[18] 1997) 1 SCC 301.

[19] (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[20][20]Aditya Saroha, “Explained-What kept cybersecurity busy in 2021?”, The Hindu, November 21, 2021, available at https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/explained-what-kept-cybersecurity-busy-in-2021/article37995271.ece. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[21] Nivedita, “HC seeks Centre’s response to petition on cyber security breaches”, The Hindu, August 16, 2021, available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-seeks-centres-stand-on-plea-concerning-data-leaks-at-air-india-bigbasket-dominos-mobikwik/article35937434.ece. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[22] Id.

[23] Id.

[24] Aaron Holmes, “533 million Facebook users' phone numbers and personal data have been leaked online”, Business Insider India, November 21, 2021, available at https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/533-million-facebook-users-phone-numbers-and-personal-data-have-been-leaked-online/articleshow/81889315.cms. ((Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[25]Aditya Saroha, “Explained- What kept cybersecurity busy in 2021?”, The Hindu, July 21, 2021, available at https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/explained-what-kept-cybersecurity-busy-in-2021/article37995271.ece. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[26] Special correspondent, “Pegasus surveillance”, The Hindu, July 21, 2021, available at https://www.thehindu.com/topic/pegasus-surveillance/. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[27] I Id.

[28] Special correspondent, “Pegasus spyware used to ‘snoop’ on Indian journalists, activists”, The Hindu, July 21, 2021, available at  https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pegasus-spyware-used-to-snoop-on-indian-journalists-activists/article35399573.ece. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[29] P.J George, “Explained-Pegasus and the laws on surveillance in India”, The Hindu, July 25, 2021, available at  https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-pegasus-and-the-laws-on-surveillance-in-india/article35516430.ece. (Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[30] Ashok, “A credible probe: On Supreme Court verdict on Pegasus row”, The Hindu, October 28, 2021, available at   https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-credible-probe-the-hindu-editorial-on-supreme-court-verdict-on-pegasus-row/article37200571.ece. ((Last visited on 2/2/2022)

[31] The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000), s. 43: “Where a body corporate, possessing, dealing or handling any sensitive personal data or information in a computer resource which it owns, controls or operates, is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures and thereby causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, such body corporate shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation, to the person so affected.”

[32] The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000), s 72 A: ““Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract. –Save as otherwise provided in this Act or any other law for the time being in force, any person including an intermediary who, while providing services under the terms of lawful contract, has secured access to any material containing personal information about another person, with the intent to cause or knowing that he is likely to cause wrongful loss or wrongful gain discloses, without the consent of the person concerned, or in breach of a lawful contract, such material to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees, or with both”.

[33] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 4.

[34] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 2 (i) “Data Fiduciary” means “any person who alone or in conjunction with other persons determines the purpose and means of processing of personal data.”

[35] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 4.

[36] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 11

[37] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 13

[38] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 12

[39] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 14

[40] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 33, The Schedule.

[41] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) S. 17.

[42] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 Of 2023) Ss. 18-26.

[43] A Free and Fair Digital Economy Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians’, Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of Justice B.N. Srikrishna, July 2018.  

[44] Ibid.

[1] Unknown, “History of the Pharmaceutical industry”, (2020) https://pharmaphorum.com/rd/a_history_of_the_pharmaceutical_industry

[2] Correa, C., (2007) Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights: a commentary on the TRIPS agreement. OUP Catalogue. See World Trade Organization. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Art. 27

[3] World Health Organization (2006) Public Health Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights. World Health

Organization.

[4]   FM't Hoen, E., (2016) Private patents and public health: Changing intellectual property rules for access to

medicines (Health Action International,2016)

[5] FM't Hoen, E., (2016) Private patents and public health: Changing intellectual property rules for access to

medicines (Health Action International,2016)

[6]   FM't Hoen, E., (2016) Private patents and public health: Changing intellectual property rules for access to

medicines (Health Action International,2016)

[7] Kappe, E., (2014) Pharmaceutical lifecycle extension strategies. In Innovation and Marketing in the Pharmaceutical Industry

[8] Ho, C.M., (2014) Should All Drugs Be Patentable: A Comparative Perspective. 17Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law

[9] Section 3(d), Indian Patent (Amended) Act, 1970

[10] Section 83, Indian Patent (Amended) Act, 1970

[11] Novartis vs Union of India and ors., [2013] 13 SCR 148

[12] Section 2 (1) (j), Indian Patents Act, 1970

[13] Section 2 (1) (ja), Indian Patents Act, 1970

[14] Boehringer Ingelheim v The Controller of Patents

[15] Novartis vs Cipla, 2017 (70) PTC 80 (Del)

[16] Ankit Ratogi, “Cipla va Novartis AG”, (2017), https://indiancaselaw.in/cipla-limited-v-novartis-ag-and-ors/

[17] Gautam Kumar, “Cipla vs Novartis: Import Qualifies as working of patent” (2017), https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/598434/cipla-v-novartis-import-qualifies-as-working-of-patent

[1] Ian Sample.(2020, January 13).What are deepfakes – and how can you spot them? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/13/what-are-deepfakes-and-how-can-you-spot-them

[2] Section 52, Indian Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14 Acts of Parliament 1957 (India).

[3] Section 57, Indian Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14 Acts of Parliament 1957 (India).

[4] Section 55, Indian Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14 Acts of Parliament 1957 (India).

[5] Section 63, Indian Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14 Acts of Parliament 1957 (India).

[6] Section 79, Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 Acts of Parliament 2000 (India).

[7] Myspace Inc. V. Super Cassettes Industries Ltd.[236 (2017) DLT 478]

[8] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 3; 33 I.L.M. 1197 (1994).

[9] WIPO, What is intellectual property?, WIPO (Jul. 24, 2020, 12:56 AM), https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/