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[1] V.D.MAHAJAN,Eastern Book Publication, Lucknow, Fifth Edition

[2] V.D.MAHAJAN,Eastern Book Publication, Lucknow, Fifth Edition

[3] http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/49120/12/12_chapter%203.pdf

[4] https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/historical-school-jurisprudence

[6] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[7] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[8] Donovan, James (2008) Legal Anthropology: An Introduction. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press

[9] Donovan, James (2008) Legal Anthropology: An Introduction. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press

[10] Donovan, James (2008) Legal Anthropology: An Introduction. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press

[11] http://anthropology%20of%20law

[12] Just, Peter (1992). ‘History, Power, Ideology, and Culture: Current Directions in the Anthropology of Law’, 26 Law and Society Review 373-412.

[13] Just, Peter (1992). ‘History, Power, Ideology, and Culture: Current Directions in the Anthropology of Law’, 26 Law and Society Review 373-412.

[14] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[15] Just, Peter (1992). ‘History, Power, Ideology, and Culture: Current Directions in the Anthropology of Law’, 26 Law and Society Review 373-412.

[16] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[17] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[18] http/anthropology%20of%20law

[19]https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/historical-school-jurisprudence

Jurisprudence and Legal Theory  by Tondon

[20] AIR 1993 SC 1126

[21] AIR 1995 SC 1189

[22] AIR 1995 SC 1531

[1]Advocate, District Court, Tiruchirapalli.

[2]Article21. Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[3] The Constitution of India 1950.

[4] The Constitution of India 1950.

[5] AIR 1994 SC 1349.

[6] The Constitution of India 1950.

[7] AIR 2011 SC 308.

[8] The Constitution of India 1950.

[9] The Constitution of India 1950.

[10] AIR 1953 SC 10.

[11] AIR 1979 SC 1369.

[12] AIR 1997 SC 610.

[13] The Constitution of India 1950.

[14]Ibid.

[15] The Constitution of India 1950.

[16] Ibid.

[17] The Constitution of India 1950.

[18]Ibid.

[19]AIR 2014 SC 2756.

[1]  Trafficking in Persons bill (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021 official Notification by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare.

[2] Trafficking in Persons bill (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021 official Notification by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare.

[3] Trafficking in Persons bill (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021 official Notification by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare.

[4] Trafficking in Persons bill (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021 official Notification by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare.

[5] Ibid

[1] (2011) 7 MLJ 1

[2] H.C.P.No.1299 of 2020

[3] Writ Petition (MD)No.3133 of 2015

[4] 2021 SCC OnLine Mad 2241

[5] W.P.(MD)No.7855 of 2019

[6] 2021 SCC OnLine Mad 2335

[7] WP.No.30795/2019

[8] Indian Kannon

[9] CRL.A.No.113 of 2021

[10] 2021 SCC OnLine Mad 317

[11] CRL.A.No.258 of 2019

[12] Crl. A. No. 321 of 2019

[13] Crl.O.P.No.23120 of 2019

[14] W.P.13642 of 2019

[15]Newshook- Web Journal of Disabled persons

[16] Live Law.in

[17] W.P.(MD)No.20895 of 2015

[18] CRL.A(MD).No. 17 of 2016

[19] Crl.A.No.321 of 2019

[1] Enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India,1950. which states, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law."

[2] Bhargava, Gopal. Child Labour. Kalpaz Publications, 2003.

[3] ILO Convention No. (No. 182) Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999.

[4] https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html: According to UNODC’s 2022 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons which is compiled using official figures from over 141 countries, female victims continue to be the primary targets. The Report shows that in 2020 42 percent of detected victims were women and 18 percent girls.

[6]Article 39(e) of the Indian constitution 1950, states that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

[7] Article 39 (f) of the Indian constitution 1950, states that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

[8] Amendment to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2016, s. 3.

[9] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, s. 3.

[10]AIR (1996) 2 SCC 616.

[11]AIR (1997) 1 SCC 388.

[12] AIR (2011) 6 SCC 158.

[13] AIR (2013) 15 SCC 754.

[14] AIR (2016) 7 SCC 419.

[15] AIR (2018) 10 SCC 657.

[16] National Child Labour Project (NCLP), launched on October 1, 1988, under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.

[17] Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) launched on April 1, 2009 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.

[18] Government of India. "National Policy for Children, 2013." Ministry of Women and Child Development, August 26, 2013.

[19] (PDUSJK): was launched on October 16, 2014.

[20]Government of India. Ministry of Women and Child Development. Ujjawala Scheme. 1 Apr. 2016.

[21] The National Plan of Action for Children, 2016 was launched on May 11, 2016 by the Minister for Women and Child Development, Government of India.

[22] National Human Rights Commission. "NHRC is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993," Indian Government.

[23] National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, "NCPCR is a statutory body established under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005," Indian Government.

[24] Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Adopted 25 May 2000 by resolution A/RES/54/263 at the fifty-fourth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

[25] Council of Europe. "Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings." The Convention has been in force since 1 February 2008 and serves as an international treaty that offers a comprehensive framework for combating human trafficking, grounded in human rights principles and a victim-centred approach.

[26] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. "An Introduction to Human Trafficking - Background Paper." https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/

[27] https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/child-labour-exploitation.

[28] International Labour Organization. Rehabilitation of the Victims of Child Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2006.

[29] Legal Services Authorities Act. "Victims can access legal aid by contacting the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) or state legal services authorities. They can also reach out to NGOs or helplines dedicated to trafficking victims." 1987.

[30] Reichel, Philip L. "Cross-National Collabouration to Combat Human Trafficking: Learning From The Experience Of Others." July 2008.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology

[2] https://www.excelsior.edu/article/career-spotlight-criminologist/

[3] https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-criminology-definition-history-theories.html

[4] https://uollb.com/blog/law/historical-development-of-criminology

[5] https://www.britannica.com/science/criminology

[6] https://lawstudys.com/introduction-of-criminology-definition-importance/

[7] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-987-importance-of-criminology.html#:~:text=Criminology%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,economics%2C%20sociology%2C%20and%20statistics.

[8] https://blog.ipleaders.in/relationship-criminology-criminal-law/

[1] https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ijlmhs12&div=252&id=&p age=

[2] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Senthil-Kumaran-

7/publication/346714993_Surrogacy_in_India_Ethical_and_Legal_Aspect/links/5fcf3bcb92 851c00f85bb4b9/Surrogacy-in-India-Ethical-and-Legal-Aspect.pdf

[3] https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nalsul6&div=10&id=&pag e=

[4] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international- law/article/abs/justice-ks-puttaswamy-retd-and-anr-v-union-of-india-and- ors/ED631B8F922039BEC5400086C8E34338

[5] https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55457301/Surrogacy_law_in_Thailand.pdf?151520 2874=&response-content-

disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSURROGACY_LAW_IN_THAILAND.pdf&Expires=17087 12435&Signature=bZ7Gbotr29doH1kUlMZgfS-HmGjBYrAdxE1CIckiRdZ-

bHDHQmxccksOJ6XZndl6Vq-zJ~JKksett-NbkpjxBQ03fnO00sGcoqu3Ws-hvPTkUfMZX~Eprz- 8~bfIoIjK~FtyTJO-gaK0CVwh4VQmKFzsOtkXhmd3eh2vzHxDUnwcecp-

z3L1mWZRfBfvcWcLEE4qGA7~xf-

f9vUObF7V2ETluFYdTgRYumivIM~d~ApzQoW5AMxY~~Jc4qUEz7Zrrg7nMGRLeeTbiYLrEa1P xnpRgP2vuYK-

zk0lyWP38V2nwOFpL7bxNS5RxgCo0yRfIJm4Lnn0xNAMb9MoqrZZkA &Key-Pair- Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

[1] Advocate Practicing in Madras High Court. Has completed her Masters in Constitutional and Human rights in School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University.

[2] Cited from European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief, Para 16.

[3] Article on Religious Freedom. Available at https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official- statement/religious-freedom

[4] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief,

[5] Inputs from https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/religious-freedom?lang=eng&old=true

[6] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 18; European Convention on Human Rights, Article 9.

[7] Ibid

[8] Inputs from http://www.scientologyreligion.org/religious-freedom/what-is-freedom-of-religion/page2.html

[9] United Nations Human Rights Committee General Comment 22.

[10] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief.

[11] Inputs from https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official-statement/religious-freedom.

[12] “What in the World is Religious Freedom.” Available at https://www.religiousfreedominstitute.org/blog/what- in-the-world-is-religious-freedom.

[13] “Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion,” September 2012, Pew Research Centre.

[14] AIR 1973 SC 1461

[15] Article 20 of UDHR.

[16] Article 4(2) of ICCPR

[17] Para 3 of UN Human Rights Committee General Comment 22.

[18] Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.

[19] The Oslo Declaration on Freedom of Religion or Belief. Available at https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/programmes/oslocoalition/docs/oc-declaration.pdf

[20] Inputs from; The Human Right of Religious Freedom in International Law.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233454941_The_Human_Right_of_Religious_Freedom_in_Internatio nal_Law

[21] US Constitution; 1st Amendment has guaranteed the ‘Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press, Rights of Assembly and petition’. Further the amendment forbids the Congress from making any law with respect to establishment of religion.

Canadian Constitution 1982; Under Article 2, it provides that ;Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:

Freedom of conscience and religion;

Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;

Freedom of peaceful assembly; and

Freedom of association.

Constitution of Germany; Under Article 4 provides,

Freedom of faith and of conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable.

The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed.

Australian Constitution; Under Section 116 provides, “The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth”.