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[1] SUBHASHEE MUKHERJEE FORMER ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF JRSET COLLEGE OF law

[2] HINDU LAW ;R,K AGARWAL; CENTRAL LAW AGENCY;P-40,41,42

[3] Modern Hindu Law; Dr. PARAS Diwan, Allahabad Law agency; edition -2023p-93

[4] Cr./MA/8240/2015;p-44

[5] BARE ACT; HINDU LAWS; Universal Lexis Nexis;p-25

[6] BARE ACT; HINDU LAWS; Universal Lexis Nexis;p-19

[7] MODERN HINDU LAW; DR. PARAS DIWAN; ALLAHABAD LAW AGENCY;P-557

[8] Hindu Law; R.k. Agarwal; Central LAW Agency;p-46

[9] CR/MA/8290/2015

[10] https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/735-ilvarasan-v-superintendent-of-police-28-aug-2023-491516.pdf  ((Retrieved on 12.02.2024 at  7.50 p.m.)

[11] Hindu Law; R.k. Agarwal; Central LAW Agency;p-50

[12] Hindu Law; R.k. Agarwal; Central LAW Agency;p-66

[13] https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/735-ilvarasan-v-superintendent-of-police-28-aug-2023-491516.pd (retrieved on16. 02. 2024 at 8.00 p.m.) 

[1]Themistoklis K. Giannakopoulos, Safeguarding Companies’ Rights in Competition and Antidumping/Anti-subsidies Proceedings  (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2004).

[2] Nikos Passas, ‘Anomie and corporate deviance’ (1990) Contemporary Crises, 14(2), 157–178.

[3] Marshall, Robert C., and Leslie M. Marx ‘The Economics of Collusion: Cartels and Bidding Rings’ (2012) The MIT Press,pp. 29–54. JSTOR

[4]Richard N. Clarke, ‘Collusion and the incentives for information sharing’ The Bell Journal of Economics,Vol. 14, No. 2 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 383-394 

[5]Ernest, Gellhorn, William E, Kovacic, ‘Antitrust Law and Economics in a nutshell’ (1994) West Publishing Co., St. Paul.

[6]World Bank, OECD, ‘A Framework for the Design and Implementation of Competition Law and Policy’ (November 1998) accessed 20 January 2024

[7]OECD, ‘Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law’ (OECD, Paris, 1993) accessed 20 January 2024

[8]Clark, J. M, ‘What Is Competition?’ (1925) The University Journal of Business, vol. 3, no. 3, 1925, pp. 217–40. JSTOR, accessed 3 March 2024

[9] The Constitution of India, art. 38(1).

[10] The Constitution of India, art. 39(b).

[11] The Constitution of India, art. 39(c)

[12]‘Raghavan Committee Report’ (2000)

[13]Harinder Pal Singh, ‘An Analytical Study of Competition Laws in Europe and India’ (2011) (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Panjab University) accessed 3 February 2024

[14] Competition Act 2002, Preamble.

[15] Competition Act, 2002, s. 3(1).

[16] Competition Act, 2002, s. 3(2).

[17] Etsuko Kameoka, Competition Law and Policy in Japan and the EU 53 (Edward Elgar, Glos, 2014).

[18]Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, ‘Definition of Cartel’ accessed  5 February 2024

[20]Margaret C. Levenstein and Valerie Y. Suslow, ‘International Cartels’, ISSUES IN COMPETITION LAW AND POLICY 1107 accessed 10 February 2024

[21]A. Paul Victor, 'Export Cartels: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed' (1991) 60 Antitrust LJ 571

[22]FICCI–Multiplex Association of India v. United Producers/ Distributors Forum & Ors. [2011] Comp LR 79 (CCI).

[23]M/s. Shivam Enterprises v. Kiratpur Sahib Truck Operators, Co-operative Transport Society Limited and Anr. [2015] Comp LR 232 (CCI).

[24]Ghanshyam Dass Vij and Bajaj Corp. Ltd., [2015] CCI 155

[25]Neelambera Sandeepan and Amruta Pradhan, ‘India: Bid-Rigging In Public Procurement: An Indian Perspective’ (Mondaq, 26 August 2022) accessed 10 February 2024

[26]P. Ramanatha Aiyer , Advanced Law Lexicon (Vol 1) 525 (Wadhwa and Company, Nagpur, 2007). 

[27]Suo Moto Case No. 02 of 2014

[28]Neelambera Sandeepan and Amruta Pradhan, ‘India: Bid-Rigging In Public Procurement: An Indian Perspective’ (Mondaq, 26 August 2022) accessed 10 February 2024

[29]National Insurance Company Ltd. & Ors. v. CCI [2016] MANU/TA/0060/2016

[30]Competition Commission of India, ‘Provisions relating to Bid Rigging’ (2020) accessed 15 February 2024 

[31]Competition Commission of India, ‘Provisions relating to Public Procurement’ 9 (CCI, New Delhi). accessed 15 February 2024

[32]John M. Connor, ‘Lysine: A Case Study in International Price-Fixing’ (1998)  Vol. 13, No. 3, Choices  accessed 12 February 2024

[33]Nilanjan Banik, ‘Post-COVID, There's a Danger of Cartels Forming in Many Sectors’ (The Wire, 23 June 2023) accessed 15 February 2024

[34]Shaurya Aron and Shweta Maruka, ‘Role of Economic Analysis in Cartel Detection’ accessed 17 February 2024

[35]Harsh Vardhan Dhanik and Arup Sinh, ‘Cartels in Indian Market: Measures and Standard for its Enforcement by CCI and its effect on Economy and Consumers’ IJLSS   accessed 17 February 2024

[36]OECD, ‘Detecting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement’ accessed 20 February 2024    

[1]Tripti Tandon, Deputy Director, Lawyers Collective,

 Drug policy in India ,Internataional Drug policy Consurtium, February 2015

[2] Charles, M., Bewley-Taylor, D. & Neidpath, A. (October 2005), Drug policy in India: Compounding harm?, The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, Briefing Paper Ten.

[3] Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

[4] ,KRISHNAPRASAD,HC stays case against drug addict, allows him to undergo de-addiction programme, , accessed July 30, 2022 05:29

[5] Rhea Chakraborty v. The Union of India and Ors. [Criminal Bail Application (Stamp) No. 2386 of 2020]

[1] Semester II, LLM (Corporate and Commercial Law), CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India.

[2] Professor, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India.

[3] Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) is a payment app that lets you make simple, easy and quick transactions using Unified Payments Interface (UPI). You can make direct bank payments to anyone on UPI using their UPI ID or scanning their QR with the BHIM app. You can also request money through the app from a UPI ID. Available https://www.bhimupi.org.in/about-bhim (last accessed on February 24, 2024).

[4] Shri Inder Pal Singh Seth, Digital payments driving the growth of digital economy, Emblem,https://www.nic.in/blogs/digital-payments-driving-the-growth-of-digital-economy/, (Last Accessed on March 10, 2024).

[5]Rahul Chari, The evolution of digital payments and its impact on consumer spending (2023) Times of India Blog, Febraury 2023, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/the-evolution-of-digital- payments-and-its-impact-on-consumer-spending/,( Last Accessed on March 10, 2024 )

[6]  Patel. R, Security Concerns & Solutions in Digital Payment Landscape, Security concerns & solutions in digital payment landscape, April 2023, https://www.digipay.guru/blog/security-concerns-and-solutions- in-digital-payment/

[7] PayPal registers with FIU of India under anti-money laundering law. (2024, February 20). www.business-standard.com. https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/paypal-registers-with-fiu-of-india-under-anti-money-laundering-law-124022000538_1.html

[8] Payment Aggregators and Gateways - India’s Regulatory Framework - azb. (2022, April 29). Azb. https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/payment-aggregators-and-gateways-indias-regulatory-framework/ Last Accessed 10 March, 2024.

[9] Discussion Paper on Guidelines for Payment Gateways and Payment Aggregators; Reserve Bank of India Department of Payment and Settlement Systems [available on https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/DPSSDISCUSSIONPAPEREFCF5B7E17F9431185BD4FD57E540F47.PDF] last accessed on March 10, 2024

[10] FM Contributors, The Evolution of Digital Payments and E-Commerce, April 2023,https://www.financemagnates.com/fintech/payments/the-evolution-of-digital-payments-and-e-commerce/, Last Accessed March 9, 2024

[11] Tech, B. (2023, December 26). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)-101 - Backspace Tech - Medium. Medium. https://backspace-tech.medium.com/online-dispute-resolution-odr-101-e92d0fa02dab. Last Accessed on March 10, 2024.

[12] A Perspective on the Current Regulations on Payment Aggregators. (n.d.). Singhania & Partners. https://singhania.in/blog/a-perspective-on-the-current-regulations-on-payment-aggregators?utm_source=mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_term=Technology&utm_content=articleoriginal&utm_campaign=article, Last Accessed on March 10,2024.

[1]Gmail: dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

B.COM.LL.B(HONS.), School of Excellence in Law- The TamilNadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Chennai – 600113.

[1] Oxford Dictionary and Cambridge Dictionary

[2] https://primelegal.in/2022/06/03/split-verdict-on-the-challenge-to-marital-rape-supreme-court-to-settle-the- issue-delhi-high-court/

[3] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/thoughts-on-marital-rape/marital-rape-a-heinous-crime- 56562/

[4] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-9414-marital-rape-a-harsh-reality-behind-closed-doors.html

[1] Suchi Rai, Traditional Knowledge and Scope of Patent Protection, Mondaq, 30th January 2018 accessed 13th December 2023, available at: Traditional Knowledge And Scope For Patent Protection - Patent - India (mondaq.com)

[2] Traditional Knowledge, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), available at: Traditional Knowledge (wipo.int)

[3] The Patents Act, No 39 of 1970

[4] The Patents Act, Sec 2(1)(j), No 39 of 1970

[5] The Patents Act, Sec 3(p), No 39 of 1970

[6] Dr. VK Gupta, Protecting India’s Traditional Knowledge, WIPO Magazine, 1st June 2011, accessed 16th December, 2023 available at: Protecting India’s Traditional Knowledge (wipo.int)

[7] Convention on Biological Diversity, Sec 8(j), 2002

[8] Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Sec 2(g), No 18 of 2003

[9] Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Sec 6(2), No 18 of 2003

[10] India Const, Art 29

[11] India Const, Art 48A

[12] India Const, Art 51(A)(g)

[13] Re Kerala Education Bill (1959) 1 SCR 995

[14] India Const, Art 21

[15] Rv Anuradha, Sharing With The Kanis A Case Study From Kerala, India, Convention On Biological Diversity, accessed 15th December, 2023 Available At: https://www.cbd.int/financial/bensharing/india-kanis.pdf

[16] Ibid

[17] Regulation 17, Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources and Associated Knowledge and Benefit Sharing Regulations – 2014, available at: https://kbb.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/notification%20Eng/ABS-Regulations-2014-Notification(1).pdf

[18] Nagoya Protocol On Access To Genetic Resources And The Fair And Equitable Sharing Of Benefits Arising From Their Utilization To The Convention On Biological Diversity, available at: https://www.cbd.int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf

[19] Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources and Associated Knowledge and Benefit Sharing Regulations – 2014, available at: https://kbb.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/notification%20Eng/ABS-Regulations-2014-Notification(1).pdf

[20] Hariharan, Basmati, Turmeric and Neem- Patenting and Related issues- Case Studies, 2 Law Rev. Gov't L.C. 185 (2002-2003)

[21] Patent No JP5448511B2, Turmeric dye composition and preparation method thereof

[22] Patent No PH2202005018, Curry leaves powder

[23] Novartis AG v. Union of India (2013) 13 SCR 148 (India)

[24] Henry R West, Brian Duignan, Utilitarianism, Britannica.com accessed 19.12.2023, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/utilitarianism-philosophy

[1] Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman, The End of History for Corporate Law, 89 GEO. L.J. 439, 439 (2001), https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/4602/89GeoLJ439.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.

[2] B. Roxana-Ioana and S. Petru, Integrated Reporting for a Good Corporate Governance, 1 Ovidius Univ. Ann. Econ. Sci. Ser. 424, 424 (2017), https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/ENG/2017/Section-V/6.pdf.  

[3] What is CSR?, UNIDO, (Mar. 22, 2024, 10.30PM), https://www.unido.org/our-focus/advancing-economic-competitiveness/competitive-trade-capacities-and-corporate-responsibility/corporate-social-responsibility-market-integration/what-csr. 

[4] Tim Stobierski, What is Corporate Social Responsibility? 4 types, HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL ONLINE (April 8, 2021) https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/types-of-corporate-social-responsibility.  

[5] Denise Badden, A reconstruction of Carroll’s pyramid of corporate social responsibility for the 21st century, Int J Corporate Soc Responsibility 1, 8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-016-0008-2. 

[6] National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, p. 16, https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/NationalGuildeline_15032019.pdf.

[7] National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, p. 13, https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/NationalGuildeline_15032019.pdf.

[8] Bhopal Disaster, BRITANNICA (Mar. 23, 2024, 9.30PM), https://www.britannica.com/event/Bhopal-disaster.

[9] Vellore Citizen Forum case v Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715.

[10] Pinchas Shir, “Good people do not need laws...” Plato, PSHIR.COM (Mar. 23, 2024, 11.30PM)  https://www.pshir.com/good-people-do-not-need-laws/.