ISSN 2581-8503 Double-Blind Peer Review Open Access Monthly Journal Publication Cycle September 2026
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Open Access

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT AND EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY BY - MS. JAYA PRIYA S

Authors: MS. JAYA PRIYA S
Registration ID: 102613 | Published Paper ID: 2613
Year :April - 2024 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 16
Approved ISSN : 2581-8503 | Country : Delhi, India

[1] Nele D’ Haese et al., A Multidimensional Indication set to assess the benefits of  WEEE Material recycling, J Clear Product., 305-316, (2014) [2] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986201 [3] CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, India) Guidelines, 2008 [4] Adediran Y.A. and Abdulkarim A. (2012) “Challenges of Electronic Waste Management in Nigeria” International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, July 2012, PP.640-648 [5] Deepak Pant, E-waste projection using life-span and population statistics, 18 Int'l J. Life Cycle Assessment 1465 (2013). [6] Annual Report ,2018 , NITI AAYOG [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986201 [8] Oladele Osibanjo, Evaluation of Pb and Cu Contents of Selected Component Parts of Waste Personal Computers, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management (Oct. 2015). [9] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/the-growing-environmental-risks-of-e-waste/ [10] https://eprewastecpcb.in/#/ [11] Sustainable Development Goals- https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals [12] Ambika Bhatia, A Study on Awareness of Consumers towards E-Waste Management in the City of Jaipur (2019).
Open Access

THE EVOLVING LIABILITY CONUNDRUM AROUND DARK PATTERNS BY - TVISHA ZATAKIA

Authors: TVISHA ZATAKIA
Registration ID: 102612 | Published Paper ID: 2612
Year :April - 2024 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 16
Approved ISSN : 2581-8503 | Country : Delhi, India

[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Dark Commercial Patterns: OECD Digital Economy Papers, 336 OECD iLibrary 55 (Oct. 26, 2022), https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/44f5e846-en.pdf?expires=1707135816&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C09AFF503D737DA4AFF8EF1F428CCA0. [2] Arunesh Mathur et al., Dark Patterns at Scale: Findings from a Crawl of 11K Shopping Websites, 3 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 81 (2019). [3] Linda Di Geronimo et al., UI Dark Patterns and Where to Find Them: A Study on Mobile Applications and User Perception, 473 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 5 (2020). [4] Johanna Gunawan et al., A Comparative Study of Dark Patterns Across Mobile and Web Modalities, 5 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 377, 377:13 (2021). [5] Steve Dale, Heuristics and Biases: The Science of Decision-Making, 32 Bus. Info. Rev. 93, 93 (2015). [6] Alison Hung, Keeping Consumers in the Dark, 121 Colum. L. Rev. 2483, 2483 (2021). [7] Agnieszka Kitowska, The Hows and Whys of Dark Patterns: Categorizations and Privacy, in Human Factors in Privacy Research 173, 174 (Nina Gerber et al. eds., 2023). [8] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023, Gazette of India, pt. lll sec. 4 (Nov. 30, 2023) § 2 (e). [9] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1. [10] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1. [11] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1. [12] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 2. [13] District of Columbia v. Grubhub, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/district-of-columbia-v-grubhub. [14] Id. [15] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3. [16] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3. [17] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3. [18] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 5. [19] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 6. [20] Deliberation of the Restricted Committee Concerning Google LLC and Google Ireland Limited, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/deliberation-of-the-restricted-committee-concerning-google-llc-and-google-ireland-limited. [21] The Data Protection Act, No. 78-17, 1978 (France). [22] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 7. [23] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 9. [24] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28). [25] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 10. [26] Ari E. Waldman, Cognitive Biases, Dark Patterns, and the ‘Privacy Paradox,’ 31 Current Opinion in Psychol. 105, 107-108 (2020). [27] Id. at 107. [28] Id. at 107. [29] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6. [30] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6. [31] Ari, supra note 25, at 107. [32] Ari, supra note 25, at 109. [33] LendingClub Agrees to Pay $18 Million to Settle FTC Charges, Federal Trade Commission (Jul. 14, 2021) https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/07/lendingclub-agrees-pay-18-million-settle-ftc-charges#:~:text=Online%20lender%20LendingClub%20Corporation%20agreed%20to%20pay%20%2418,and%20about%20whether%20their%20loan%20applications%20were%20approved. [34] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503, 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999). [35] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (a), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999). [36] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (b) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999). [37] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5, 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58. [38] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5 (a) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58. [39] Karmanya Singh Sareen & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors., (2019) 17 SCC 689. [40] WhatsApp v Right to Privacy: Supreme Court Directs WhatsApp to Publicize its May 2021 Undertaking; to Hear Petition in April 2023, SCC Online Blog (Feb. 3, 2024), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/02/03/directed-whatsapp-to-widely-publicise-stand-that-its-users-in-india-do-not-have-to-accept-its-2021-privacy-policy-in-order-to-use-mobile-application/. [41] General Data Protection Regulation, 2016, 216/679, European Parliament, 2016 (European Union). [42] Digital Services Act, 2022, 2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [43] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [44] Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, 2019, 2019/2161, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union). [45] Dan Cooper et al., EU Stance on Dark Patterns, Insider Privacy, https://www.insideprivacy.com/eu-data-protection/the-eu-stance-on-dark-patterns/. [46]  Mark R. Leiser & Cristiana Santos, Dark Patterns, Enforcement, and the emerging Digital Design Acquis -- Manipulation beneath the Interface, SSRN eLibrary (2023) https:/Mark, %20Cristiana%20-%20Dark%20Patterns%20Article%20Outline.pdf. [47] European Commission, Digital Services Act Package (Digital Strategy) https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package. [48] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 25 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [49] Mark, supra note 49, at 20. [50] Mark, supra note 49, at 20. [51] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 2,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [52] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 45 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [53] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 67 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [54] Mark, supra note 49, at 21. [55] Mark, supra note 49, at 21. [56] Mark, supra note 49, at 21. [57] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [58] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 3 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [59] Mark, supra note 49, at 23. [60] DETOUR Act, 2019, 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union). [61] DETOUR Act, 2019, § 3(a)(1) 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union). [62] California Privacy Rights Act, 2020. [63] Colorado Privacy Act, 2021, 2021/190, General Assembly, 2021 (State of Colorado). [64] Mark, supra note 49, at 23 [65] Mark, supra note 49, at 23 [66] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [67] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [68] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, § 37,2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union). [69] Mark, supra note 49, at 25. [70] Mark, supra note 49, at 25. [71] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28). [72] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (e). [73] India Corporate Law, https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2023/12/dark-pattern-guidelines-illuminating-or-illusory/ (last visited on Jan 28, 2024). [74] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 3. [75] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1. [76] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (28). [77] Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (2000) § 66. [78] Ombudsman Scheme for Non - Banking Financial Companies 2018. [79] Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006.
Open Access

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLE 23 AND ARTICLE 24) BY - INSHA AFREEN

Authors: INSHA AFREEN
Registration ID: 102607 | Published Paper ID: 2607
Year :April - 2024 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 16
Approved ISSN : 2581-8503 | Country : Delhi, India

[1] The Constitution of India, art 23 [2] The Constitution of India,  art 24 [3] Mahendra Pal Singh, VN Shukla's, Constitution of India 252(Eastern Book Company, Lucknow , 12th edn, 2012) [4] Ibid. [5]  R.S. Khullakpa vs. R.K. Tangkhul, AIR 1961 Mani 1 [6] Id at 253. [7] Kadar v. Muthukoya Thangal, AIR 1962 Ker 168 [8] Gujarat state v. Hon’ble high court case, AIR 1998 7 SCC 392 [9] Bandhua Mukti murcha VS Union of India,(1984) 3 SCC 161 [10] The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860) ss. 370, 370A [11] The Constitution of India,  art 24 [12] M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, 1987 SCR (1) 819