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[1] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[2] United Nations, “India and the United Nations,” available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/india (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[3] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, 999 UNTS 171.[4] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, 993 UNTS.[5] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979, 1249 UNTS 13.[6] Basu, D.D., Commentary on the Constitution of India, 9th ed., LexisNexis (2016), pp. 113–117.[7] Indian Const. arts. 14, 19, 21, 39, and 51(c).[8] Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, 1577 UNTS 3, ratified by India on Dec. 11, 1992.[9] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006, 2515 UNTS 3, ratified by India on Oct. 1, 2007; Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (Act No. 49 of 2016).[10] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965, 660 UNTS 195, ratified by India on Dec. 3, 1968.[11] United Nations, “India’s Reservations/Declarations on International Human Rights Treaties,” available at: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[12] Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (Act No. 10 of 1994).[13] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (Act No. 2 of 2016).[14] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (Act No. 43 of 2005).[15] Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1997 SC 3011.[16] People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, AIR 2001 SC 2105.[17] MC Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1086.[18] National Human Rights Commission of India, available at: https://nhrc.nic.in/ (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[19] UNICEF, “Child Rights and Protection in India,” available at: https://www.unicef.org/india (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[20] United Nations Human Rights Council, “India and the Universal Periodic Review,” available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[21] Nirbhaya case (Mukesh v. State of NCT of Delhi), AIR 2017 SC 2161.[22] Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (Act No. 10 of 1994).[23] Amnesty International, available at: https://www.amnesty.org (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[24] Human Rights Watch, available at: https://www.hrw.org (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[25] CRY (Child Rights and You), available at: https://www.cry.org (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[26] Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (Act No. 28 of 1958).[27] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (Act No. 40 of 2019).[28] Refugee Convention, July 28, 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 150.[29] Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, (2000) 10 SCC 664.[30] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.[31] Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016 (Act No. 18 of 2016).[32] Pegasus spyware case, IT Standing Committee Report, available at https://prsindia.org (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[33] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000).[34] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (Act No. 14 of 2013).[35] National Human Rights Commission, "Annual Report," available at https://nhrc.nic.in (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).[36] National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438.[37] The Universal Periodic Review, United Nations Human Rights Council, available at https://www.ohchr.org (last visited Dec. 18, 2024).

[1] "Mental health bill decriminalising suicide passed by Parliament". The Indian Express. 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.[2] "The Mental Health Care Act, 2017" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017.[3] National Minimum Guidelines for Setting Up and Running Crèches under Maternity Benefit Act 2017, Ministry of Women and Child Development Government of India 2018.

[1] Head of Department and Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: banshidsingh@gmail.com[2] Ph.D. Research Scholar, Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: rajendrakumarsocial@gmail.com[3] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 1.[4] Naved, Hisham. "Artificial Intelligence and Alternate Dispute Resolution in India." International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis, vol. 2, no. 7, May 2024, 5-16. p. 10.[5] Abbott, Ryan, and Brinson S. Elliott. "Putting the Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution: How AI Rules Will Become ADR Rules." Amicus Curiae, vol. 4, no. 3, Spring 2023, 685–706. p. 686.[6] Alvarez & Marsal. “AI in Dispute Resolution – Can AI Replace Human Judges, Lawyers and Experts?” 16 May 2024, www.alvarezandmarsal.com/insights/ai-dispute-resolution-can-ai-replace-human-judges-lawyers-and-experts. (last visited 13 November 2024).[7] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 11.[8] Junaid, Md. “The Development and Progression of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in India.” International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), vol. 5, no. 5, Sept.–Oct. 2023, 1–11. p. 1.[9] Gronic, Irina A. “Transformatsiia Tsifrovykh Sposobov Razresheniia Sporov v Indii [Transformation of Digital Dispute Resolution Methods in India].” Vestnik RUDN. Seriia: Iuridicheskie Nauki, vol. 27, no. 4, 2023, pp. 1113–24. p. 1115.[10] Cihanová, Jana. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution.” Acta Facultatis Iuridicae Universitatis Comenianae, vol. 42, no. 2, 2023, 109–20. p. 109.[11] Naved, Hisham. "Artificial Intelligence and Alternate Dispute Resolution in India." International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis, vol. 2, no. 7, May 2024, 5-16. p. 5.[12] Sadaphal, Yogiraj. "AI in ADR: An Analysis." Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, vol. 5, no. 3, 2023, 1-6. p. 1.[13] Jaswal, Vibhuti, and Shiekhar Panwar. “Legal Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Online Dispute Resolution.” Shimla Law Review, vol. 5, 2022, 289–99. p. 292.[14] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 11.[15]Shukla, Vinayak, and Pragati Shreya. “Artificial Intelligence’s Impact on India’s Conflict Settlement Process.” International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2024, a743–a748. p. a746.[16] Cihanová, Jana. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution.” Acta Facultatis Iuridicae Universitatis Comenianae, vol. 42, no. 2, 2023, 109–20. p. 112.[17] Alvarez & Marsal. “AI in Dispute Resolution – Can AI Replace Human Judges, Lawyers and Experts?” 16 May 2024, www.alvarezandmarsal.com/insights/ai-dispute-resolution-can-ai-replace-human-judges-lawyers-and-experts. (last visited 13 November 2024).[18] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 11.[19]  Ibid.[20] Jaswal, Vibhuti, and Shiekhar Panwar. “Legal Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Online Dispute Resolution.” Shimla Law Review, vol. 5, 2022, 289–99. p. 294.[21] Cihanová, Jana. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution.” Acta Facultatis Iuridicae Universitatis Comenianae, vol. 42, no. 2, 2023, 109–20. p. 111.[22] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 12.[23] S, Shraddha. "Role of Information Technology and the Future of AI in Alternative Dispute Resolution." Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, vol. 4, no. 5, 2023, 1-7. p. 1.[24] Garg, Mansi Jain. "AI and Mediation: A Threat or Helpful Tool for Mediators - An Indian Perspective." Jus Corpus Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, 2023, 175-88. p. 179.[25] Ibid.[26] Barnett, Jeremy, and Philip Treleaven. “Algorithmic Dispute Resolution—The Automation of Professional Dispute Resolution Using AI and Blockchain Technologies.” The Computer Journal, vol. 61, no. 3, 2018, 399–408. pp. 404-405.[27] Naved, Hisham. "Artificial Intelligence and Alternate Dispute Resolution in India." International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis, vol. 2, no. 7, May 2024, 5-16. p. 13.[28] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). p. 27.[29] Jaswal, Vibhuti, and Shiekhar Panwar. “Legal Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Online Dispute Resolution.” Shimla Law Review, vol. 5, 2022, 289–99. p. 297.[30] Vij, Abhilasha. “Arbitrator-Robot: Is A(I)DR the Future?” 2020. Social Science Research Network (SSRN), p. 26.[31] Abbott, Ryan, and Brinson S. Elliott. "Putting the Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution: How AI Rules Will Become ADR Rules." Amicus Curiae, vol. 4, no. 3, Spring 2023, 685–706. p. 692.[32] Weisheit, Sonja, and Christoph Salger. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Mediation – ChatGPT as Mediator 4.0.” Mediate.com, 21 June 2023, mediate.com/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-mediation-chatgpt-as-mediator-4-0/. (last visited 13 November 2024).[33] Jaswal, Vibhuti, and Shiekhar Panwar. “Legal Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Online Dispute Resolution.” Shimla Law Review, vol. 5, 2022, 289–99. p. 297.[34] Alvarez & Marsal. “AI in Dispute Resolution – Can AI Replace Human Judges, Lawyers and Experts?” 16 May 2024, www.alvarezandmarsal.com/insights/ai-dispute-resolution-can-ai-replace-human-judges-lawyers-and-experts. (last visited 13 November 2024).[35] Yelliboina, Nagasreelekha. “Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution.” The LawWay with Lawyers Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 18 Feb. 2024, www.thelawwaywithlawyers.com/artificial-intelligence-in-alternative-dispute-resolution. (last visited 13 November 2024).[36] Gaur, Rahul Kumar. "Tech-Driven Justice: Unraveling the Dynamics of Online Dispute Resolution." Live Law, 9 June 2024, www.livelaw.in/lawschool/articles/future-of-justice-technology-alternative-dispute-resolution-260027. (last visited 13 November 2024).[37] Sadaphal, Yogiraj. "AI in ADR: An Analysis." Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, vol. 5, no. 3, 2023, 1-6. p. 5.[38] Abbott, Ryan, and Brinson S. Elliott. "Putting the Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution: How AI Rules Will Become ADR Rules." Amicus Curiae, vol. 4, no. 3, Spring 2023, 685–706. p. 694.[39] Jaswal, Vibhuti, and Shiekhar Panwar. “Legal Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Online Dispute Resolution.” Shimla Law Review, vol. 5, 2022, 289–99. p. 299.[40] Cihanová, Jana. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution.” Acta Facultatis Iuridicae Universitatis Comenianae, vol. 42, no. 2, 2023, 109–20. p. 116.

[1] Initiatives to boost domestic and foreign investments (no date) Press Information Bureau. Available at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782353 (Accessed: 15 December 2024).[2] The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023.[3] The Competition Act, 2002, § 26(2).[4] Mr Umar Javed v Google LLC and Another (2022) 39 (CCI).[5] Shri Shamsher Kataria v Honda Siel Cars India Ltd & Ors (2014) 3 (CCI).[6] Re Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) BQ Prime (CCI 2017).[7] Nissan Motor India Private Limited and Ors v Competition Commission of India and Ors (2017) 1 (CCI).[8] Brussels, “Antitrust: Commission Imposes Binding Obligations on Gazprom to Enable Free Flow of Gas at Competitive Prices in Central and Eastern European Gas Markets” [2018] European Commission- Press Release.[9] Clement J, “Topic: Google, Amazon, Meta, Apple, and Microsoft (GAMAM)” (Statista, August 31, 2023) https://www.statista.com/topics/4213/google-apple-facebook-amazon-and-microsoft-gafam/. [10] Paris OP, “Start-Ups, Killer Acquisitions and Merger Control” (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) 2020) accessed December 15, 2024.  [11] Isaac M, “FTC Clears Facebook’s WhatsApp Acquisition in the U.S.” Vox (April 10, 2014) accessed December 15, 2024.[12] EU Merger Regulations, 2004, Reg. 39.[13] Barik S, “Competition (Amendment) Bill Passed in Lok Sabha: How It Affects Big Tech” The Indian Express (March 31, 2023) accessed December 15, 2024.[14] Competition corporate-body. C-G for, “Competition Policy for the Digital Era” (Publications Office of the EU, May 20, 2019) accessed December 15, 2024.  [15] Competition Commission of India, 42 CCI Fairplay 8-10 (2019).[16] Draft Combination Regulations (CCI), 2023, Reg. 1.[17] TIMESOFINDIA.COM, “Ease of Doing Business Will Ultimately Lead to Ease of Living: PM Modi” Times Of India (November 19, 2018) accessed December 15, 2024.

[1]Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 is No. 19, act of parliament, 1976(India)[2] The Minimum Wages act of 1948, No. 11, act of parliament, 1948(India)[3] The Mines act of 1952, No. 35, act of parliament, 1952(India)[4] Inter-state migrant workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) act of 1979, No. 30, act of parliament, 1979(India)[5] The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) act, 1970, No. 37, act of parliament, 1970(India)[6] S.P. Gupta vs President of India And Ors, On 30th December, 1981[7] INDIAN CONST. art.32[8] Frances Carolie Mullin vs W.C. Khambra & Ors, 1980 AIR 849, 1980 SCR (2)1095 1980 SCC (2) 275[9] The Mines Act of 1952, Sec 2(j) No.35, act of parliament, 1952(India)[10] The Mines Act of 1952, Sec.3(1)(b), No. 35, act of parliament, 1952(India)[11] Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act of 1979,Sec.2(1)(b),No.30, Act of parliament, 1979 (India)[12] Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act of 1979,Sec.2(1)(e),No.30, Act of parliament, 1979 (India)[13] The Maternity Benefit Act of 1961, No. 53, Act of parliament,1961(India)[14] Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act of 1952, No.19, Act of parliament, 1952(India)[15] The Employees' State Insurance Act of 1948, No. 34, Act of parliament,1948(India)[16] The Workmen's Compensation Act of 1923, No. 8, Act of parliament,1923(India)[17] Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India & Ors, (1984) 3 SCC 161[18] INDIA CONST. art.21

[1] Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.[2] What does transgender mean?, APA, https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender, last visited on 08/12/2024[3] Understanding the Transgender Community, HRC foundation, https://www.hrc.org/resources/understanding-the-transgender-community, last visited on 08/12/2024[4] The Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019[5] What are the Rights of Transgender in India, Ipleaders, https://blog-ipleaders-in.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/blog.ipleaders.in/legal-rights-of-transgender-india, last visited on 08/12/2024[6] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill of 2016[7] Sec 2(k) of the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019[8] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016, PRS Legislative Research, https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill-2016, last visited on 09/12/2024[9] National Legal Services Authority Vs. Union of India, Writ Petition (civil) No. 604 of 2013, 5 SCC 438[10] Article 14 of Equality before the law under the Indian Constitution 1950[11] Transsexual Women and Feminist Thought: Toward New Understanding and New Politics, Chicago Journals, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/664478?mobileUi=0, last visited on 11/12/2024[12] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 – for the all-human beings to be equal which includes transgenders. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1979, https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/advancing-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-equality-through-cedaw/, last visited on 11/12/2024[13] https://yogyakartaprinciples.org/principle-1/, last visited on 11/12/2024[14] https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-and-Transgender-Persons.pdf, last visited on 11/12/2024[15] Section 16 of the Act. https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/221294.pdf, last visited on 11/12/2024[16] https://www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php, last visited on 11/12/2024[17] Neeraj Chauhan, About 92% of Transgenders are deprived of their rights, refused Jobs; Just 2% Stay With Parents, https://www-indiatimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.indiatimes.com, last visited on 12/12/2024[18] https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/list-of-transgenders-firsts-who-made-it-big-in-their-fields-1276415-2018-07-03, last visited on 11/12/2024[19] Occupational identity Engaging socio-cultural perspectives, Research Gate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233099013_Occupational_identity_Engaging_socio-cultural_perspectives, last visited on 12/12/2024[20] Ashokan Subbiah, Velusamy M, Social & Legal issues, and its development Scenario of Transgender people in the modern society with special reference to Tamil Nadu, https://www.jswep.in/uploads/3/1/7/2/31729069/0 20205.pdf, last visited on 14/12/2024