[1] Assistant Professor (SG), The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University, No.5, M.G.R.Salai, Perungudi,    

   Chennai – 600113. Mob. No.8838038775, Email id., smanjulaprof@gmail.com

[2] According to Art.53(1): “the executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised                                                  by him directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.

[3] The electoral college shall consist of –

The elected members of both Houses of Parliament;

The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and

The elected members of the legislative assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry (Art 54).

[4] Rashtrapati Bhawan is an attraction to many visitors every year. Rashtrapati Bhavan has 340 rooms. The    Rashtrapati Bhavan has a floor area of 2,00,000 square feet.

[5] The President of India is entitled to a Black Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard which is custom-built. President also has a heavily armoured stretch limousine for official visits. The motorcade will also include the former presidential car, a black Mercedes-Benz W140, and an armoured limousine.

[6] Some of the post retirement benefits are,

• The President of India will get Rs. 1.5 lakh/month as a pension (at current rates).
• The spouses of Presidents will get secretarial assistance of Rs. 30,000 per month.
• One furnished rent-free bungalow (Type VIII).
• Two free landlines and a mobile phone.
• Five personal staff including a private secretary.
• Staff expenses of Rs.60,000 a year.
• Free Travel with a companion by train or air.

[7] Under the Indian Constitution, the President shall have the power to appoint-  The Prime Minister of India, other Ministers of the Union, the Attorney-General for India, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Judges of the High Courts of the States, the Governor of a State, a Commission to investigate interference with water-supplies, the Finance Commission, the Union Public Service Commission and Joint Commissions for a Group of States, the Chief Election Commissioner and other members of the Election   Commission, a Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes,  a Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled Areas, a Commission to investigate into the condition of backward classes, a Commission on Official Language, special Officer for linguistic minorities.

[8] 1994 AIR 1918, 1994 SCC (3)1

[9] Writ Petition No.257 OF 2005.

[10] 1960 AIR 493, 1960 SCR (2) 569.

[11] 1989 AIR 653, 1988 SCR Supl.(3) 1102

[12] 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 of the Indian Constitution has made it obligatory for the President to act only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

[1] Author is a Research Scholar at Maharishi Law School,

[2] Author is Dean at Maharishi Law School, Maharishi University of Information Technology.

[3] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[4] NCBR- National Crime Record Bureau

[5]  http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/prison

[6]  Datir, R.N.; “Prison as a Social System”;

[7] https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2021/Tables-2021.htm

[8] https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/re-inhuman-conditions-in-1382-prisons-development-in-indian-prisoners-rights/

[9] https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2021/TABLE%2011.4%20-%202021.pdf

[10] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maha-among-six-states-where-women-in-jails-exceed-capacity/articleshow/90767523.cms#:~:text=States%20with%20the%20worst%20occupancy%20for%20female%20prisoners,have%20one%20or%20none%20at%20all%20%28see%20table%29.

[11] Bedi, Kiran; “Its Always Possible”; Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd.; p.88

[12] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health#:~:text=The%20WHO%20Constitution%20%281946%29%20envisages%20%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6the%20highest%20attainable,access%20to%20timely%2C%20acceptable%2C%20and%20affordable%20health%20care

[13] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[14] Howe, Adrian (2001); “Punish And Critique- Towards a Feminist Analysis of Penalty”;Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; New York; p.123

[15] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[1] https://www.zindagiwow.com/2019/06/10/oscar-wilde-quotes-in-hindi/

[2] ibid

[3]Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (An Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (Anmol Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017) Anmole Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017)  

[4] Kumar, Naresh, Constitutional Rights of Prisoners: A Study of Judicial Trends, 100(LexisNexis, publication Gurgaon 5th edn 2017)

[5] Lakkaraju, Women Prisoners in Custody65(Mc graw Hill publication Noida 2nd 2001)

[6] Malik, Law and Social Transformation100 (JBA Publishers, Karol Bagh 2nd edn 2006)

3 Ibid

[8] Mambeim, Herman, Comparative Criminology, 88(Routledge Publication, London 2nd edn 1995)

[9]Ibid  

[10] Memon, Ganestic C, Genesis and Role of NGO in Protecting Human Rights, 96 (Central Law Publication,  Uttar Pradesh 4th edn 2012)

[11] Ibid

[12]Nath, Birenda, Judicial Administration in Ancient India, 52 (Authors Press, Delhi, 1st edn 2002)

[13] AIR 1579, 1980 SCR (2) 557

[14] Nirmal, C.J Human Rights in India, Historical, Social and Political Perspective, 89(Oxford University Press, London,2nd edn.,2007)

[15]Padia, Chandrakala,, Women in Dharmasastras: A Phenomenological and Critical Analysis, 89 (A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 2nd edn 2003)

[16]  Ibid

[17] Dastidar, R.G, Crime and Women96((Butterworth, New Delhi 4th edn 2000)

[18] Rai, Udai, Fundamental Rights and Their Enforcement98(Author's Press, Delhi  edn 2002)

[19] Rajawat, Mamta, Burning Issues of Human Rights89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[20]Sastry, T.S.N., India and Human Rights: 86(Book well Pub. Delhi  edn 2004)  

[21] ibid

[22] Sabhahit, G.N., Sentencing by Courts in India, (Dixit Publications, Bangalore, Ist, ed., 1975.)

[23] Sexena, Rekha, , Women and Crime in India: A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics, 56(Author's Press, Delhi 1st edn 2002)

[24] Sharma, P.D.. Criminal Justice Administration, 89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[25] ibid

[26] ibid

[27] 1988 SCR Supl. (1) 1

[28] 1980 SCR (3) 855

[1] Law Commission of India, 78th Report on Congestion of Under-Trial Prisoners In Jails

[2] International Centre for prison studies, Highest to lowest - pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners

[3] Justice Under Trial - A Study of Pre-Trial Detention in India - Amnesty International (2017)

[4] The Constitution of India, 1950

[5] Process is the punishment in our criminal justice system: CJI - AMIT ANAND CHOUDHARY / TNN / Jul 17, 2022

[6] Joginder Kumar vs State of UP 1994 AIR 1349

[7] The Human Right Of Under Trail Prisoners - Khan Akib, https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4537-the-human-right-of-under-trail-prisoners.html

[8] P.N. Bhagwati - Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System

[9] The Human Right Of Under Trail Prisoners - Khan Akib, https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4537-the-human-right-of-under-trail-prisoners.html

[10] The Rights of Undertrial: A Critical Study - Viyomesh Budholia, http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_867.pdf

[11] P.N. Bhagwati - Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System

[12] Model Prison Manual (2003)

[13] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[14] Khatri & Ors. V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981 SC 928

[15] National Human Rights Commission ANNUAL REPORT 2003-2004

[16] Dr. T. Giri and T.S.R. Praneetha - Problems of Undertrials in India

[17] Charles Sobraj through Marie Andre’s v. The Superintendent, Tihar Jail AIR 1983 SC 1092

[18] DBM Patnaik v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1974 AIR 2092

[19] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration 1978 AIR 1675

[20] The Constitution of India, 1950

[21] The Constitution of India, 1950

[22] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[23] Sharifbai v. Abdul Razak AIR 1961 BOM 42

[24] The Constitution of India, 1950

[25] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[26] State of Rajasthan V. Balchand alias Baliay 1977 AIR 2477

[27] The Constitution of India, 1950

[28] M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra 1978 AIR 1548

[29] Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar AIR 1979 SC 1360

[30] The Constitution of India, 1950

[31] Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration 1980 AIR 1548

[32] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[33] Prison Statistics India 2018 - National Crime Records Bureau

[34] Sheela Barse V. State of Maharashtra JT 1988 (3) 15

[35] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration 1978 AIR 1675

[36] The Constitution of India, 1950

[37] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[38] Bhim Singh v. Union of India AIR 1986 SC 494

[39] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[40] The Constitution of India, 1950

[41] The Constitution of India, 1950

[42] A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras 1950 AIR 27

[43] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[44] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[45] Ram Singh vs Delhi  1996 AIR 196

[46] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[47] R.C. Cooper vs Union of India 1970 AIR 564

[48] The Constitution of India, 1950

[49] Shambhu Sarkar vs State of West Bengal  2001 (2) BLJR 943

[50] Bennett Coleman vs Union of India 1973 AIR 106

[51] West Bengal vs Ashok Dey 1972 AIR 1660

[1] Nabam Rebia And Bamang Felix v Deputy Speaker [2017] 13 SCC 332

[2] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X 

[3] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[4] INDIA CONST. art. 179(c)

[5] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[6] INDIA CONST. art. 179(c)

[7] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[8] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X

[9] Keisham Meghachandra Singh v. the Hon’ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly [2020] 2 S.C.R. 132

[10] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X

[1] https://www.zindagiwow.com/2019/06/10/oscar-wilde-quotes-in-hindi/

[2] ibid

[3]Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (An Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (Anmol Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017) Anmole Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017)  

[4] Kumar, Naresh, Constitutional Rights of Prisoners: A Study of Judicial Trends, 100(LexisNexis, publication Gurgaon 5th edn 2017)

[5] Lakkaraju, Women Prisoners in Custody65(Mc graw Hill publication Noida 2nd 2001)

[6] Malik, Law and Social Transformation100 (JBA Publishers, Karol Bagh 2nd edn 2006)

3 Ibid

[8] Mambeim, Herman, Comparative Criminology, 88(Routledge Publication, London 2nd edn 1995)

[9]Ibid  

[10] Memon, Ganestic C, Genesis and Role of NGO in Protecting Human Rights, 96 (Central Law Publication,  Uttar Pradesh 4th edn 2012)

[11] Ibid

[12]Nath, Birenda, Judicial Administration in Ancient India, 52 (Authors Press, Delhi, 1st edn 2002)

[13] AIR 1579, 1980 SCR (2) 557

[14] Nirmal, C.J Human Rights in India, Historical, Social and Political Perspective, 89(Oxford University Press, London,2nd edn.,2007)

[15]Padia, Chandrakala,, Women in Dharmasastras: A Phenomenological and Critical Analysis, 89 (A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 2nd edn 2003)

[16]  Ibid

[17] Dastidar, R.G, Crime and Women96((Butterworth, New Delhi 4th edn 2000)

[18] Rai, Udai, Fundamental Rights and Their Enforcement98(Author's Press, Delhi  edn 2002)

[19] Rajawat, Mamta, Burning Issues of Human Rights89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[20]Sastry, T.S.N., India and Human Rights: 86(Book well Pub. Delhi  edn 2004)  

[21] ibid

[22] Sabhahit, G.N., Sentencing by Courts in India, (Dixit Publications, Bangalore, Ist, ed., 1975.)

[23] Sexena, Rekha, , Women and Crime in India: A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics, 56(Author's Press, Delhi 1st edn 2002)

[24] Sharma, P.D.. Criminal Justice Administration, 89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[25] ibid

[26] ibid

[27] 1988 SCR Supl. (1) 1

[28] 1980 SCR (3) 855

[1] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[2] Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969.

[3] The Competition Act 2002.

[4] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[5]Competition Commission of India, Notifications regarding (a) coming into force of sections of the Competition Act, 2002 pertaining to combinations; (b) increase in value of assets and turnover; (c) exemption regarding “group”; (d) Target exemption, S.O. 479(E), 480(E), 481(E), 482(E) https://cci.gov.in/combination/legal-framwork/notifications/details/2/0 .

[6] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[7] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[8] Nadeem Inamdar, ‘Pune builder fails to give flat; consumer forum orders Rs 4.75 lakh compensation to homebuyer’ (Hindustan Times, 15 January 2020) https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-builder-fails-to-give-flat-consumer-forum-orders-rs-4-75-lakh-compensation-to-homebuyer/story-4OFsGEmpaZI9bFEqzMSHaJ.html accessed 1 July 2023.

[9] Anwesha Madhukalya, ‘Jaiprakash Associates slapped with Rs 13.82 crore fine by CCI for violating norms’ (Business Today, 13 August 2019) https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/jaiprakash-associates-slapped-rs-1382-crore-fine-cci-violating-norms-222685-2019-08-13 accessed 2 July 2023.

[10] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[11] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[12] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[13] Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act 1963.

[14] ‘Competition law’ (Wikipedia, 3 July 2023) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law accessed 6 July 2023.

[1] Paul R. Rice, Electronic Evidence: Law and Practice, (2005), ABA Publishing, Washington DC.

[2] Preston Gralla, How the Internet Works, (4th ed. 1998), QUE Publishing, Indiana.

[3] Bainbridge, Introduction to Computer Law (4th edn. 2000), Longman Pearson Education, London.

[4] Dr. P Sree Sudha, A comparative study of the law relating to e-contracts and e-signatures.

[5] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[6] Section 5 of the IT Act,2000

[7] AIR 1996 SC 543

[8] Uncitral.un.org. 2022. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2018 | United Nations Commission On International Trade Law. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 May 2022].

[9] Howard, Bagshaw, et al., Phipson on Evidence, (15th Edn. (2000), Sweet and Maxwell, London.

[10] DIRECTIVE 2006/123/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market.

[11]“Nandan Kamath, Law Relating to Computers, Internet and Ecommerce, (4th ed. 2009), Universal law Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.”

[12] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[13] “Reddy k. Jayachandra, Alternate Dispute Resolution, in Alternate Dispute Resolution: What It Is, And It Works (P.C. Rao and William Sheffield eds., 1997), Universal Law Publishing House, New Delhi.”

[14]“Rahul Matthan, The law relating to computers and the internet (Edn. 2000), Butterworths, India.”

[1] Iberdrola, https://www.iberdrola.com/social-commitment/gender-stereotypes-women

[2] Plan International Canada, https://stories.plancanada.ca/why-gender-inequality-starts-at-home/

[3] Section 377 in The Indian Penal Code 377. Unnatural offences.—Whoever voluntarily has carnal inter­course against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with impris­onment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

[4] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

[5] https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994

[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011/full

[7] Aayesha Mushtaq, Is fashion a good career? the surprising truth

[8] The New York Times, Amanda Taub, 13 Aug 2020 ; Why Are Women-Led Nations Doing Better With Covid-19?

[9] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/gender-bias-inclusion-advertising-india

[10] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/13816/file/Full%20Report%20-%20Gender%20Bias%20&%20Inclusion%20in%20Advertising%20in%20India%20-%20April%202021.pdf

[11] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ads-further-gender-stereotypes-shows-study/article34379148.ece