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[1] Enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India,1950. which states, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law."

[2] Bhargava, Gopal. Child Labour. Kalpaz Publications, 2003.

[3] ILO Convention No. (No. 182) Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999.

[4] https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html: According to UNODC’s 2022 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons which is compiled using official figures from over 141 countries, female victims continue to be the primary targets. The Report shows that in 2020 42 percent of detected victims were women and 18 percent girls.

[6]Article 39(e) of the Indian constitution 1950, states that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

[7] Article 39 (f) of the Indian constitution 1950, states that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

[8] Amendment to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2016, s. 3.

[9] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, s. 3.

[10]AIR (1996) 2 SCC 616.

[11]AIR (1997) 1 SCC 388.

[12] AIR (2011) 6 SCC 158.

[13] AIR (2013) 15 SCC 754.

[14] AIR (2016) 7 SCC 419.

[15] AIR (2018) 10 SCC 657.

[16] National Child Labour Project (NCLP), launched on October 1, 1988, under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.

[17] Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) launched on April 1, 2009 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.

[18] Government of India. "National Policy for Children, 2013." Ministry of Women and Child Development, August 26, 2013.

[19] (PDUSJK): was launched on October 16, 2014.

[20]Government of India. Ministry of Women and Child Development. Ujjawala Scheme. 1 Apr. 2016.

[21] The National Plan of Action for Children, 2016 was launched on May 11, 2016 by the Minister for Women and Child Development, Government of India.

[22] National Human Rights Commission. "NHRC is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993," Indian Government.

[23] National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, "NCPCR is a statutory body established under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005," Indian Government.

[24] Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Adopted 25 May 2000 by resolution A/RES/54/263 at the fifty-fourth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

[25] Council of Europe. "Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings." The Convention has been in force since 1 February 2008 and serves as an international treaty that offers a comprehensive framework for combating human trafficking, grounded in human rights principles and a victim-centred approach.

[26] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. "An Introduction to Human Trafficking - Background Paper." https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/

[27] https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/child-labour-exploitation.

[28] International Labour Organization. Rehabilitation of the Victims of Child Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2006.

[29] Legal Services Authorities Act. "Victims can access legal aid by contacting the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) or state legal services authorities. They can also reach out to NGOs or helplines dedicated to trafficking victims." 1987.

[30] Reichel, Philip L. "Cross-National Collabouration to Combat Human Trafficking: Learning From The Experience Of Others." July 2008.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology

[2] https://www.excelsior.edu/article/career-spotlight-criminologist/

[3] https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-criminology-definition-history-theories.html

[4] https://uollb.com/blog/law/historical-development-of-criminology

[5] https://www.britannica.com/science/criminology

[6] https://lawstudys.com/introduction-of-criminology-definition-importance/

[7] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-987-importance-of-criminology.html#:~:text=Criminology%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,economics%2C%20sociology%2C%20and%20statistics.

[8] https://blog.ipleaders.in/relationship-criminology-criminal-law/

[1] https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ijlmhs12&div=252&id=&p age=

[2] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Senthil-Kumaran-

7/publication/346714993_Surrogacy_in_India_Ethical_and_Legal_Aspect/links/5fcf3bcb92 851c00f85bb4b9/Surrogacy-in-India-Ethical-and-Legal-Aspect.pdf

[3] https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nalsul6&div=10&id=&pag e=

[4] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international- law/article/abs/justice-ks-puttaswamy-retd-and-anr-v-union-of-india-and- ors/ED631B8F922039BEC5400086C8E34338

[5] https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55457301/Surrogacy_law_in_Thailand.pdf?151520 2874=&response-content-

disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSURROGACY_LAW_IN_THAILAND.pdf&Expires=17087 12435&Signature=bZ7Gbotr29doH1kUlMZgfS-HmGjBYrAdxE1CIckiRdZ-

bHDHQmxccksOJ6XZndl6Vq-zJ~JKksett-NbkpjxBQ03fnO00sGcoqu3Ws-hvPTkUfMZX~Eprz- 8~bfIoIjK~FtyTJO-gaK0CVwh4VQmKFzsOtkXhmd3eh2vzHxDUnwcecp-

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f9vUObF7V2ETluFYdTgRYumivIM~d~ApzQoW5AMxY~~Jc4qUEz7Zrrg7nMGRLeeTbiYLrEa1P xnpRgP2vuYK-

zk0lyWP38V2nwOFpL7bxNS5RxgCo0yRfIJm4Lnn0xNAMb9MoqrZZkA &Key-Pair- Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

[1] Advocate Practicing in Madras High Court. Has completed her Masters in Constitutional and Human rights in School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University.

[2] Cited from European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief, Para 16.

[3] Article on Religious Freedom. Available at https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official- statement/religious-freedom

[4] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief,

[5] Inputs from https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/religious-freedom?lang=eng&old=true

[6] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 18; European Convention on Human Rights, Article 9.

[7] Ibid

[8] Inputs from http://www.scientologyreligion.org/religious-freedom/what-is-freedom-of-religion/page2.html

[9] United Nations Human Rights Committee General Comment 22.

[10] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief.

[11] Inputs from https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official-statement/religious-freedom.

[12] “What in the World is Religious Freedom.” Available at https://www.religiousfreedominstitute.org/blog/what- in-the-world-is-religious-freedom.

[13] “Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion,” September 2012, Pew Research Centre.

[14] AIR 1973 SC 1461

[15] Article 20 of UDHR.

[16] Article 4(2) of ICCPR

[17] Para 3 of UN Human Rights Committee General Comment 22.

[18] Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.

[19] The Oslo Declaration on Freedom of Religion or Belief. Available at https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/programmes/oslocoalition/docs/oc-declaration.pdf

[20] Inputs from; The Human Right of Religious Freedom in International Law.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233454941_The_Human_Right_of_Religious_Freedom_in_Internatio nal_Law

[21] US Constitution; 1st Amendment has guaranteed the ‘Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press, Rights of Assembly and petition’. Further the amendment forbids the Congress from making any law with respect to establishment of religion.

Canadian Constitution 1982; Under Article 2, it provides that ;Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:

Freedom of conscience and religion;

Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;

Freedom of peaceful assembly; and

Freedom of association.

Constitution of Germany; Under Article 4 provides,

Freedom of faith and of conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable.

The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed.

Australian Constitution; Under Section 116 provides, “The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth”.

[1] Bibek Debroy , Aditya Sinha, Opinion: Why India Needs A Uniform Civil Code, NDTV (June 29, 2023), https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/why-india-needs-a-uniform-civil-code-4161333 (last visited Sept. 19, 2023).

[2] Rohini Dahiya, Gender Justice in India: Outlook on Uniform Civil Code, SPRF (May 7, 2021), https://sprf.in/gender-justice-in-india-outlook-on-uniform-civil-code/ (last visited Sept. 20, 2023).

[3] Kumar Singh, Ambedkar and Uniform Code. Why Ambedkar supported Uniform Civil Code, The Hindu Business Line (Apr. 14, 2021), https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-ambedkar-supported-uniform-civil-code/article34320070.ece (last visited Sept. 20, 2023).

[4] legal Service India, Lawyers in India, Advocates,Law Firms,Attorney directory,Lawyer,vaki https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6521-article-13-of-indian-constitution-easy-explanation (last visited Sept 22,2023)

[5] Mamta Dinesh Vakil vs Bansi S.Wadhwa, MANU/MH/1869/2012

[6] Shalaka Patel, After Triple Talaq, a Look At the Other Discriminatory Personal Laws That Need to Go, The Wire (Aug. 28, 2017), https://thewire.in/gender/personal-law-reform-gender , ( last visited Sep 22,2023)

[7] Narasu Appa Mali, 1951 SCC OnLine Bom 7288, 7289

[8] Nishitha Jain, Gender Inequality in Hindu and Muslim Personal Laws in India, 1 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 1-10 (2018).

[9] Saumya Uma, What A Gender-Just Uniform Civil Code Could Look Like, The Wire (July 2, 2023), https://thewire.in/law/what-a-gender-just-uniform-civil-code-could-look-like,( last visited Sep 23,2023

[10] Sarla Mugdal vs Union Of India ( AIR 1995 SS 1531)

[11] Pooja Rajawat & Jayam Jha, Will a uniform civil code help address the problem of gender inequality in India?, The New Indian Express (Apr. 18, 2023), https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/apr/18/will-a-uniform-civil-code-help-address-the-problem-of-gender-inequality-in-india-2567124.html (  last visited Sept 23 ,2023)

[12] Pooja Rajawat & Jayam Jha, Will a uniform civil code help address the problem of gender inequality in India?, The New Indian Express (Apr. 18, 2023), https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/apr/18/will-a-uniform-civil-code-help-address-the-problem-of-gender-inequality-in-india-2567124.html   (last visited Sept 23 ,2023)

[13] Aftab Alam, Uniform Civil Code should not be pushed through in haste; first make all personal laws gender-just Read more at: https://www.southasiamonitor.org/spotlight/uniform-civil-code-should-not-be-pushed-through-haste-first-make-all-personal-laws-gender, South Asia Monitor (July 15, 2023), https://www.southasiamonitor.org/spotlight/uniform-civil-code-should-not-be-pushed-through-haste-first-make-all-personal-laws-gender (last visited Sept 23 ,2023)

[14] Tanja Herklotz, Dead Letters? The Uniform Civil Code Through the Eyes of the Indian Women's Movement and the Indian Supreme Court, 46 Generiert durch Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 148-174 (2016).

[1] Lawrence D (2016) The Journalist and the Troll: This Man Spent Two Years Trying to Destroy Me Online. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-benjamin-wey/. Accessed 03 Nov 2016

[2] Communications decency act article 230

[3] The Good Samaritan Law allows a person, without expectation of payment or reward and without any duty of care or special relationship, voluntarily come forward to administer immediate assistance or emergency care to a person injured in an accident, or crash, or emergency medical condition.

[4] "Trump's Executive Order: What to Know About Section 230". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved September 4, 2020.

[5] European Parliament Backs Investigation to Split Google Search from Its Other

Businesses http://techcrunch.com/2014/11/27/google-unbundle-eu/ Date of European Parliament Backs Investigation to Split Google Search from Its Other Businesses http://techcrunch.com/2014/11/27/google- unbundle-eu/ Date of Access:22.12.2014

[6] Zittrain, Jonathan, Don’t Force Google to Forget (May 14, 2014)

[1] Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code (32nd enlarged edn, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur 2012) 1794.

[2] Just as in cases of pre-viable abortions being non-criminal and WD during the same stage being an offence.

[3] Assuming that their foetuses were non viable at the time of the concerned homicide.

[4] Refer to ch 6. ‘Confinement of Pregnant Women  for  Protection  of Unborn’ for details.

[5] Nova D Janssen, ‘Foetal Rights and the Prosecution  of  Women  for using Drugs during Pregnancy’ (2002) 48 Drake Law Review 741.

[6] Refer to ch 6 for suggestions for improvement in MTPA, 1971.

[7] Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) (1998) AC 245, 254. Here, the accused had stabbed a PW in the abdomen, causing her to go into premature labour. She gave birth to a live child who survived for 121 days. In this particular case, the foetus did achieve live birth and thus the rights attached to all human beings crystallised at that point. The logic of Attorney General makes live birth mandatory if any criminal liability for harm or homicide to the foetus has to be fixed.

[9] Because advancement in medical technology made it possible to save a foetus of 24 weeks gestation in case of pre-mature birth.

[10] The offence of child destruction is not abortion, legal or illegal (which is referred to as unlawful procurement of miscarriage in section 58 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861).

[11] Child Destruction is also not murder, manslaughter  or  infanticide either.

[1] Nabam Rebia and Ors. Vs. Deputy Speaker and Ors. (2017) 13 SCC 332

[2] Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zachillhu and Ors. (AIR 1993 SC 412)

[3] Constitution of India- Schedule Tenth

[4] Mayavati vs. Markandeya Chand and Ors. (AIR 1998 SC 3340)

[5] Maharashtra Legislature Members Act, 1956

[6] Article 212(1) of the Constitution

[7] Election Symbol Order, 1968

[8] S.R.Bommai and Ors. Vs. Union of India and Ors. (AIR 1994 SC 1918)

[9] Constitution of India-Article 174

[10] D. Sanjeevayya Vs. Election Tribunal, Andhra Pardesh and Ors. (AIR 1967 SC 1211)

[11] Sabarimala case vs. Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors.(SC 1558/2019)

[12] Article 164(1B) of the Constitution.

[13] the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985

[1] Parag Narkhede & B.Lathi, Food Security in India: Concept, Realities & innovations, GLOBAL JOURNAL OF

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE. 4. 73-81 (2010),

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228096218_Food_Security_in_India_Concept_Realities_innovations

[2] Om Ranjan (2021), Food Security Policy in India: Challenges and Performance, RESEARCH GATE, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349767066_Food_Security_Policy_in_India_Challenges_and_Perfor mance/citation/download

[3] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WHO’s first ever global estimates of foodborne diseases find children under 5 account for almost one third of deaths. (Dec. 3, 2015). https://www.who.int/news/item/03-12-2015-who-s- first-ever-global-estimates-of-foodborne-diseases-find-children-under-5-account-for-almost-one-third-of-deaths

[4] Charu Kohli and Suneela Garg, Food Safety in India: An unfinished agenda, 1 MAMC JOUR. OF MEDICAL SCIENCE, 139 (2015)

[5] Centre for PIL v. Union of India, 2013 SCC 16 279

[6] Nestle India Ltd. v. FSSAI, 2015 SCC Online BOM 8526