[1] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council

[2] A.I.R. 1963 S.C. 1295.

[3] A.I.R. 2017 S.C. 4161.

[4] Science Fiction Neuromancer 1984, William Gibson

[5] http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cyberspace

[6] https://cybercrime.org.za/definition

[7]  https:// ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_

[8] Ms. Anjali Jolly, 2019, Cyber Laws in India, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 08, Issue 11 (November 2019),

[9] Section 5 of the IT Act, 2000.

[10] Section 4 of the IT Act, 2000.

[11] http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/electronic_commerce/1996Model.html

[12] Section 1(2) of the IT Act, 2000.

[13] Section 75 of the IT Act, 2000.

[14] Chapter XI of the Information Technology Act, 2000 describes offences and punishment.

[15] Section 48 of the IT Act 2000

[16] First Schedule of the IT Act, 2000

[17] Second Schedule

[18] Section 3 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872

[19] Third Schedule

[20] Fourth Schedule

[21] Section 46 IT Act. Power to adjudicate

[22] Section 66 IT Act. Hacking with computer system

[23] Section 65 IT Act. Tampering with computer source documents

[24] Section 67 IT Act.Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form

[25] The Official Gazette of India, IT Act Notification no. 220  Available at https://www.meity.gov.in/content/it-act-notification-no-220

[26] Section 62 of the IT Act, 2000 – Appeal to High Court

[27] ICERT, available at https://www.meity.gov.in/content/icert-0

[28] Section 2(ta) of the Information technology Act 2000

[29] Section 2(ha) of the Information technology Act 2000

[30] Section 2(na) of ITA 2008

[31] Shrey Singhal v. Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523

[32] http://www.pib.gov.in

[33] CC No.4680 of 2004

[34] Syed Asifuddin and ors. v.State of Andhra Pradesh and Anr.2005 CriLJ 4314

[35] (2008) 150 DLT 769

[1] https://www.quotetab.com/quotes/by-marcus-tullius-cicero

[2] Dr Bhagyashree A Deshpande, Law & Social Transformation in India (1st edn, Central Law Publication 2018).

[3] According to this theory – the historical school of law, the law is the result of past forces and past influencers. Moreover, the law is built and grown on the general consciousness of people. The consciousness, however, starts from the very beginning of society. In addition, some factors that affect this long historical development are as follows: Society and social customs—many religious and conventional principles. Also, the economic needs of society play a crucial role. Last but not least, the needs, and desires of the citizens.

[4] The sociological school of jurisprudence illuminates the relationship between law and society. Because the researchers of this school place focus on the law-society interrelationship, it can be assumed that the fundamental goal of the sociological school's inception is to study about the relationship between law and society.

[5] https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Sociology/notes/social-change.html

[6] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985)

[7] Frederick C Beiser, The German Historicist Tradition (Oxford University Press 2011) accessed 7 August 2023.

[8] Eugene Ehrlich and Klaus A Ziegert, Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (Routledge 2017).

[9] Liz Sonneborn, The End of Apartheid in South Africa (Infobase Publishing 2010).

[10] GP Tripathi and GG Padmakar Tripathi, Law and Social Transformation (Central Law Publications 2015). ; See also: Linus J McManaman, Social Engineering: The Legal Philosophy of Roscoe Pound (Abbey Student Press 1953).

[11] Roscoe Pound, Social Control Through Law (Routledge 2017).

[12] ibid.

[13] Benjamin N Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (Cosimo, Inc 2009).

[14] AIR 1993 SC 477

[15] AIR 2000 SC 1650

[16] AIR 1985 SC 945

[17] AIR 2008 S C 239

[18] (2017) 9 SCC 1

[19] (2014) 5 SCC 438

[20]  AIR 2018 SC 4321

[21]

[22] (2019) 3 SCC 39

[1] INDIA CONST. art. 21.

[2] Bipinbhai Sheth v. State Gujarat, AIR 2015 SC 3090.

[3] Noor Aga v. State of Punjab, (2008) 16SC417.

[4] Netar Singh v. State of H.P., MANU/HP/0005/2020

[5] State v. Anil Sharma, (1997) 7 SCC 187.

[6] Jai Prakash Singh v. State of Bihar, (2012) 4 SCC 379

[7] Re Estate of Sturman, 93 N.C. App. 473

[8] Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharastra, AIR 2018 SC 1.

[9] National Crime Records Bureau, CII_2021Volume 1.pdf (ncrb.gov.in), (last visited Feb. 2, 2023)

[10] The News Minute, What the data on ‘false rape cases’ doesn’t tell us | The News Minute, (last visited Feb. 2, 2023)

[1] Advocate At Supreme Court Of Nepal, Legal Practitioner At Mission Legal Service Pvt.Ltd, 5 Years LL.B From Kathmandu School Of Law, Purbanchal University, LL.M From Tribhuvan University, Specialized In Criminal Law And Commercial Law. Email: Rijalsunu@Gmail.Com

[2] Adam Hayes, “Contempt Of Court: Definition, 3 Essential Elements, And Example “ , Investopedia, Https://Www.Investopedia.Com/Terms/C/Contempt-Court.Asp ( Accessed 15th September 2023)

[3] Article 128 (4) Of Constitution Of Nepal 2072

[4]  Professor Dr.Surya Dhugel, “Contempt Of Court In Nepal”, Spotlight Nepal,  Https://Www.Spotlightnepal.Com/2018/02/18/Contempt-Court-Nepal/ ( Accessed 15th September 2023)

[5] Dhugel, Supra Note 4

[6] “Basic Principles On The Independence Of The Judiciary”, Https://Www.Ohchr.Org/En/Instruments-Mechanisms/Instruments/Basic-Principles-Independence-Judiciary , ( Accessed: Sept 20 2023)

[7] Dibya Das Tharu, “Judicial Independence: Myth Or Reality In Nepal?”, Ratopati, Https://English.Ratopati.Com/Story/30709/Myth-Or-Reality-  ( Accessed: Sept 21 2023)

[8] Dr.Newal Chaudhary,” The Art Of Cyber Law &  Cyber Crime”, (Publisher: Mission Legal Service Pvt.Ltd. 2023)

[9] Dr.Bipin Adhikari, “Independence Of Judiciary Under The Draft Constitution”, 22 Nepal Law Review 286 (2010).

[10] Munendra Prasad Awasthi, “The Basic Principle Of Independent Judiciary: Limitations And Challenges For Nepal”, 22 Nepal Law Review 249 (2020).

[1]Advocate at the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Chandigarh. LL.M; LL.B. from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; M.A. (English), B.A.(Hons.) English from University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

[2] Phillipe Sands (2003) Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Edition. p. xxi Available at [1] Accessed 19 February 2020

[3]Aldred's Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b; (1610) 77 ER 816

[4] R v Stephens (1866) LR 1 QB 702

[5] Rylands v Fletcher [1868] UKHL 1

[6] For example, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified eleven "Emerging Principles and Concepts" in international environmental law, derived from the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the 1992 Rio Declaration, and more recent developments. UNEP, Training Manual on International Environmental Law (Chapter 3).

[7] UNEP Manual, 12-19.

[8] UNEP Manual, ¶¶ 20-23.

[9] UNEP Manual, ¶¶ 24-28.

[10] UNEP Manual, ¶¶ 58.

[11] Rio Declaration Principle 16; UNEP Manual ¶ 63.

[12] Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019). Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS. Hart Publishing. Part IV (Ch. 16-18)

[13] Hardman Reis, T., Compensation for Environmental Damages Under International Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2011, ISBN 978-90-411-3437-0.

[14] "ECtHR case-law factsheet on environment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2012-11-08.

[15] See, e.g., DDT.

[16] The Christian Science Monitor (22 June 2010). "Merchants of Doubt". The Christian Science Monitor.

[17] In the United States, estimates of environmental regulation total costs reach 2% of GDP. See Pizer & Kopp, Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation, 1 (2003 Resources for the Future) Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine.

[18] Nelson, Gaylord (November 2002). Beyond Earth Day: Fulfilling the Promise. Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-18040-9. Retrieved 2016-03-14.

[19] "Can the World Really Set Aside Half of the Planet for Wildlife?". Smithsonian.

[20] "Climate Coalition Vows 'Peaceful, Escalated' Actions Until 'We Break Free from Fossil Fuels'". Common Dreams.

[21] "A Guide to Environmental Non-Profits". Mother Jones.

[22] Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016). "Constraining or Enabling Green Capability Development? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organisational Responses to Flexible Environmental Regulations" (PDF). British Journal of Management. 28 (4): 649–665. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12188. S2CID 157986703.

[23] https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf

[24] https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement last visited on 12 may 2022

[25] https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=273374&p=1824812

[26]https://www.ukela.org/UKELA/Networks/Students/Careers-in-environmental-Law/UKELA/Networks/Students/Careers-in-environmental-law.aspx?hkey=478f2911-e639-4a2d-a8fc-32a303f8eff4