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[1] Samuel D Warren and Louis D Brandeis, ‘The Right to Privacy’ (1890) 4 Harvard Law Review 193.
[2] Alan F Westin, Privacy and Freedom (Atheneum 1967).
[3] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III), art 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171, art 17.
[4] Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (ETS No 108, opened for signature 28 January 1981, entered into force 1 October 1985).
[5] Paul M Schwartz, ‘Global Data Privacy: The EU Way’ (2019) 94 NYU Law Review 771.
[6] Paul M Schwartz and Karl-Nikolaus Peifer, ‘Transatlantic Data Privacy Law’ (2017) 106 Georgetown Law Journal 115.
[7] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.
[8] Graham Greenleaf, ‘Now 157 Countries: Twelve Data Privacy Laws in 2021/22’ (2022) 176 Privacy Laws & Business International Report 1.
[9]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors. (2017) 10 SCC 1 (Supreme Court of India).
[11] Information Technology Act 2000 (India), ss 43A, 72A; Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules 2011, SI 2011/No G.S.R. 313(E).
[12] Committee of Experts on a Data Protection Framework for India (Chair: Justice B.N. Srikrishna), A Free and Fair Digital Economy: Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, 2018).
[13] A Bhardwaj, ‘Data Protection and Privacy Laws: Comparison Between GDPR and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act’ (2025) 3(2) Indian Journal of Law 17.
[14] Latham & Watkins LLP, India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 vs. the GDPR: A Comparison (Client Alert, 2024) <https://www.lw.com/admin/upload/SiteAttachments/Indias-Digital-Personal-Data-Protection-Act-2023-vs-the-GDPR-A-Comparison.pdf> accessed 1 June 2026.
[15] Vibushan Sivapatham and Meghana Srinivasan, ‘Bridging the Gap: Assessing India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act in Light of the EU GDPR’ (2025) SN Computer Science (Springer) <https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-04269-7> accessed 1 June 2026.
[16] Abdullah Zubair Motiwala, ‘A Jurisprudential Analysis of the DPDP Rules 2025 and the Evolution of Data Privacy Laws in India’ (30 April 2025) SSRN Working Paper <https://ssrn.com/abstract=5335388> accessed 1 June 2026.
[17] European Data Protection Supervisor, Annual Report 2024 (EDPS 2025); Observer Research Foundation, ‘The Adequacy Dilemma: India’s DPDPA and the GDPR’ (18 June 2025) <https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-adequacy-dilemma-india-s-dpdpa-and-the-gdpr> accessed 1 June 2026.
[18] Indian Journal of Law and Technology, ‘Jurisdictional Challenges to Personal Data Transfers into India: Does the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Ensure an Adequate Level of Protection?’ (2024) <https://www.ijlt.in/post/jurisdictional-challenges-to-personal-data-transfers-into-india-does-the-digital-personal-data-prot> accessed 1 June 2026.
[19] A Comparative Legal Study of the GDPR and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, RJ Wave, https://www.rjwave.org/jaafr/papers/JAAFR2601594.pdf; Cross-Border Data Transfers: Reconciling Indian Law with Global Privacy Regimes, DPO India, https://www.dpo-india.com/Blogs/cross-border-data-transfers/
[20] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1
[21] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, No. 22 of 2023, Gazette of India, Aug. 11, 2023.
[22] India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) vs GDPR, Securiti, https://securiti.ai/india-digital-personal-data-protection-act-vs-gdpr/
[23] India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 vs. the GDPR: A Comparison, Latham & Watkins, https://www.lw.com/admin/upload/SiteAttachments/Indias-Digital-Personal-Data-Protection-Act-2023-vs-the-GDPR-A-Comparison.pdf
[24] Key Difference Between India’s DPDP Act and EU’s GDPR You Should Know, Complinity, https://complinity.com/blog/compliance/key-difference-between-indias-dpdp-act-and-eus-gdpr-you-should-know/
[25] India’s New Data Privacy Rules Are Here: 8 Steps for Businesses as Key Compliance Deadlines Approach, Fisher Phillips
[26] India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 vs. the GDPR: A Comparison, Latham & Watkins
[61] DPDP Act Non-Compliance Penalties: What You Must Know, VISTA InfoSec
[62] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 33; DPDP Act Non-Compliance Penalties: What You Must Know, VISTA InfoSec
[63] DPDPA’s Global Reach: Cross-Border Data, AI Impact, and International Alignment, TrustArc; DPDP Act Non-Compliance Penalties: What You Must Know, VISTA InfoSec
[75] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17
[76] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17(1)
[77] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17(2)
[78] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17(2)(a)
[79] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17(1)(c)
[80] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 17(1)(c)
[81] Constitutionality of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, Supreme Court Observer; Regulating Innovation: The IT Act 2000 and DPDP Act 2023 in the Age of AI and Data, JETIR
[82] Constitution of India art. 32; Constitutionality of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, Supreme Court Observer
[83] Constitution of India art. 14; K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1
[84] Right to Information Act, No. 22 of 2005, § 8(1)(j)
[85] Right to Information Act, 2005, § 8(1)(j) (prior to amendment)
[86] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, § 44(3)
[87] The Data Protection Act Is Critical for Privacy, but Sweeping Provisions Threaten Right to Information, Article 14
[88] Data Protection Act vs the Right to Information Act, Shankar IAS Parliament
[89] Impact of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 on Third-Party Information under the Right to Information Act, 2005, IJFMR
[90] Constitutionality of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, Supreme Court Observer
[91] India’s New Data Privacy Rules Are Here, Fisher Phillips; Are the SPDI Rules Still in Force After DPDP Act 2023, Opsio
[5] FrancesHeidensohn,WomenandCrime(2ndedn,Macmillan1996);CarolSmart,Women,CrimeandCriminology:AFeminist Critique (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1976).
[6] Nirvikar Jassal, “Does Victim Gender Matter for Justice Delivery? Police and Judicial Responses to Women’s Cases in India” (2023)117AmericanPolitical ScienceReview; NirvikarJassal,“Gender, LawEnforcement,andAccesstoJustice:Evidencefrom All-Women Police Stations in India” (2020) 114 American Political Science Review.
[12] BharatiyaNyayaSanhita, No.45of2023;BharatiyaNagarikSurakshaSanhita, No.46of2023; BharatiyaSakshya Adhiniyam, No. 47 of 2023; Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
[13] Theseven decisionslistedhereareselected fortheir relevanceto equality,dignity,stereotyping, victim protectionand autonomy in the supplied publication.
[15] NirvikarJassal, “Gender, LawEnforcement, andAccesstoJustice:Evidencefrom All-Women PoliceStationsinIndia”(2020) 114 American Political Science Review.
[16] Constitutionof India, arts14and21; JusticeJ.S.VermaCommittee,ReportoftheCommitteeonAmendmentstoCriminal Law (Government of India, 2013).
[17] NirvikarJassal, “DoesVictimGender MatterforJusticeDelivery? Policeand Judicial ResponsestoWomen’s Cases inIndia” (2023) 117 American Political Science Review.
[18] NipunSaxenav. UnionofIndia,(2018), onprotectionofsurvivorsandlimitsconcerningdisclosureofidentifyinginformation, as selected in the supplied publication.
[21] Thesuppliedpublicationidentifieslegalaid, motherhood,economicdependence, prisonconditionsandrehabilitationaslinked components of access to justice.
[22] JosephShinev.Unionof India(2018), onautonomy,equalityandrejectionof legalassumptionsthattreatwomenas subordinate within marriage.
[23] JusticeJ.S.VermaCommittee,ReportoftheCommitteeonAmendmentstoCriminalLaw(Governmentof India, 2013);the recommendations also synthesise the gaps identified in the supplied publication.
[1] Department of Economic and Policy Analysis, 'Analysis of Profits& Losses in the Equity Derivatives Segment (FY22-FY24)' (SEBI, 23 September 2024) <https://www.sebi.gov.in/reports-and-statistics/research/sep-2024/study-analysis-of-profits-and-losses-in-the-equity-derivatives-segment-fy22-fy24-_86905.html> accessed 13 October 2025.
[2] Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992) s 12A.
[3] SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003.
[4] SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003.
[5]Securities and Exchange Board of India v Kanaiyalal Baldevbhai Patel (2017) 15 SCC 1.
[6] SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003 reg 2(1)(c).
[7] SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003 reg 4(2)(a).
[8]Securities and Exchange Board of India v Rakhi Trading Private Ltd (2018) 13 SCC 753.
[9]Interim Order in respect of Jane Street Group WTM/AN/MRD/MRD-SEC-3/31516/2025-26.
[10]In the matter of NSE and Others (Co-location) WTM/KV/MRD/MRD- PoD-3/30754/2024-25.
[18] The Commodity Exchange Act 1936, 7 USC §§ 1–27f.
[19] The Securities Act, 1933, 15 USC §§ 77a–77mm.
[20] Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub L No 111-203, 124 Stat 1376 (2010) s 747; CEA (n A) 7 USC § 6c(a)(5)(C).
[21] US Securities and Exchange Commission, ’Press Release on SEC Charges New York-Based High Frequency Trading Firm with Fraudulent Trading to Manipulate Closing Prices’ (Securities and Exchange Commission, 16 October 2024) <https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014-229> accessed 3 October 2025.
[22] Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Press Release: CFTC Charges Optiver Holding BV, Two Subsidiaries, and High-Ranking Employees with Manipulation of NYMEX Crude Oil, Heating Oil, and Gasoline Futures Contracts (Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 24 July 2008) <https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/5521-08> accessed 1 October 2025.
[23]Coscia v United States No. 20-1032 (7th Cir. 2021).
[24]U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission v Nav Sarao Futures Ltd. PLC and Navinder Singh Sarao (2015) Civil Action No. 1:15-cv-03398, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
[25] Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments [2014] OJ L173/349, arts 17 and 48.; Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments [2014] OJ L173/84.
[26] European Securities and Markets Authority, ‘Algorithmic trading’ (ESMA) <https://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/markets-and-infrastructure/algorithmic-trading> accessed 7 October 2026.
[27] MT Newswires Live, ‘Market Chatter: Japan to Toughen Penalties for High-Frequency Trading Abuse’ (TigerTrade, 14 August 2025) <https://www.itiger.com/news/2559935816 > accessed 7 October 2026.
[29] SEBI Circular SEBI/HO/MIRSD/MIRSD-PoD/P/CIR/2025/0000013 of February 2025 on Safer participation of retail investors in Algorithmic trading <https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/circulars/feb-2025/safer-participation-of-retail-investors-in-algorithmic-trading_91614.html> accessed 7 October 2026.
[30]Lokesh Gupta, ‘Signal Provenance in Retail Algorithmic Trading: An Architectural Gap in SEBI’s 2026 Framework and its General Form’ (SSRN, July 2026).
[31] SEBI, ‘Safer participation of retail investors in Algorithmic trading’, Circular No SEBI/HO/MIRSD/MIRSD-PoD/P/CIR/2025/0000013 (4 February 2025), read with the September 2025 implementation extension; the framework became applicable to all stock brokers from 1 April 2026.
[32] SEBI, ‘Revision of Order-to-Trade Ratio (OTR) framework’, Circular No HO/47/11/16(2)2025-MRD-POD2/I/4113/2026 (4 February 2026).
[7]Halsbury’s Laws of England vol 1(1) (4th edn, LexisNexis 1973) para 151.
[8] L Harold Levinson, ‘The Legitimate Expectation that Public Officials Will Act Consistently’ (1998) 46 American Journal of Comparative Law (Supp) 549.
[9] Clive Lewis, Judicial Remedies in Public Law (6th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2020).
[10]Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1968] 2 Ch 149.
[11] CF Forsyth, ‘The Province of Legitimate Expectation’ (1988) Cambridge Law Journal 238.
[12]Council of Civil Service Union v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374.
[13]R v Liverpool Corporation ex p Liverpool Taxi Fleet Operators [1984] UKHL 9.
[14]Attorney-General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629.
[15]R P Singh v State of Bihar, Patna High Court, 3 November 2015.
[16]R P Singh v State of Bihar, Patna High Court, 3 November 2015.
[17]FCI v Kamaldhenu Food Industries [1993] 1 SCC 71.
[18] Melanie Roberts, ‘Public Representations and Substantive Legitimate Expectation’ (2001) The Modern Law Review 112.
[19]Union of India v Hindustan Development Corp [1994] AIR 988.
[20]Navjyoti Corp Housing Society v Union of India & Ors [1993] AIR SC 155.
[21]Scheduled Caste & Weaker Section Assn v State of Karnataka [1991] AIR 117.
[22]Punjab Communication Ltd v Union of India [1999] (49) DRJ 47.
[23]National Building Construction Corp v Raghunathan [1998] 7 SCC 66.
[24]E P Royappa v State of Tamil Nadu [1974] SCC 555.
[25]Lalram v Jaipur Development Authority [2015] SCC 12.
[8] “The Companies Act, 2013, §135(5), No.18, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India)”.
[9] “The Companies Act, 2013, §135(5), No.18, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India)”.
[10] “Injeti Srinivas, Report of the High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility 2018, 15 (August, 2019)”.
[11]“Anil Baijal, Report of the High Level Committee (to suggest measures for improved monitoring of the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility policies), 15 (September, 2015)”.
[1] Union of India v Mohan Lal Capoor (1973) 2 SCC 836, 853; Kranti Associates (P) Ltd v Masood Ahmed Khan (2010) 9 SCC 496, paras 47–51.
[2] Nyāya Sūtra 1.1.32; see also Jonardon Ganeri, ‘Ancient Indian Logic as a Theory of Case-Based Reasoning’ (2003) 31 Journal of Indian Philosophy 33, 35–39.
[3] Bimal Krishna Matilal, Jonardon Ganeri and Heeraman Tiwari (eds), The Character of Logic in India (State University of New York Press 1998) 31–59.
[4] Jonardon Ganeri, ‘Ancient Indian Logic as a Theory of Case-Based Reasoning’ (2003) 31 Journal of Indian Philosophy 33.
[5] Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti, Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: The Nyāya Dualist Tradition (State University of New York Press 1999) 115–140.
[6] Nyāya Sūtra 1.1.32; see also Stephen H Phillips, Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of ‘New Logic’ (Open Court 1997) 30–34.
[7] Bimal Krishna Matilal, Perception: An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge (Clarendon Press 1986) 214–225.
[10] See Nyāya Sūtra 1.2.4–1.2.8; Karl H Potter (ed), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, vol 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa (Motilal Banarsidass 1977) 234–252.
[11] Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v State of Maharashtra (1984) 4 SCC 116, 153–54.
[12] Union of India v Mohan Lal Capoor (1973) 2 SCC 836, 853.
[13] Kranti Associates (P) Ltd v Masood Ahmed Khan (2010) 9 SCC 496, paras 47–51; Shroff v Mistry (2011) 2 SCC 380, para 17.
[18] State of Orissa v Sudhansu Sekhar Misra AIR 1968 SC 647, 651; Union of India v Dhanwanti Devi (1996) 6 SCC 44, 50.
[19] Modern Dental College and Research Centre v State of Madhya Pradesh (2016) 7 SCC 353, paras 59–70; K S Puttaswamy v Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1, paras 310–318 (Chandrachud J).
[21] Jonardon Ganeri, ‘Ancient Indian Logic as a Theory of Case-Based Reasoning’ (2003) 31 Journal of Indian Philosophy 33; Bimal Krishna Matilal, The Character of Logic in India (State University of New York Press 1998).