[1] polity and governance, available at:https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/1662622315_Polity%20&%20Governance-II%20(2022).pdf (last visited: 1/5/2024)

[2] Ibid

[3] rule of law, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/rule-of-law (last visited: 1/5/2024)

[4] Khare, Shubham Manoj, Administrative Discretion & Limitation on Administrative Discretion By Article 14 & 16 of the Indian Constitution (September 1, 2009). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1465519 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1465519

[5] State of M.P. V. Bharat Singh

[6] M.P. Jain and (Late) S.N. Jain; Principles of Administrative Law; (1986); Ed: 4th ; Pub. Bombay N.M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd. P. 319

[7] Muskrat V. United States (1911) 219 U.S. 346, 55 L. Ed. 246, 31 S. Ct. 250

[8] ART 226 of the Indian constitution

[9] Romesh Thapper V. State of Madras A.I.R. 1950 SC 124

[10] Basappa V. Nagappa A.I.R. 1954 SC 440

[11] State of Bombay V. United Motors A.I.R. 1953 SC

[1] The Impact of AI on Illustrator Jobs: Strategies for survival. (2024, March 2). https://www.toolify.ai/ai-news/the-impact-of-ai-on-illustrator-jobs-strategies-for-survival-2531795#google_vignette

[2] The Copyright act, Section 102 (b), No 14 of 1957

[3] Lang, C. (2024, February 5). Copyright in Journalism and news reporting. Copyright Alliance. https://copyrightalliance.org/copyright-journalism-news-reporting/

[4] The Copyright act, Section 13(1)(a), No 14 of 1957

[5] The Copyright act, Section 17, No 14 of 1957

[6] Copyright Act 1957, s 17; Eastern India Motion Pictures v Indian Performing Right Society (1977) 2 Supreme Court Cases 820

[7] The Copyright act, Section 2(d)(vi), No 14 of 1957

[8] Lang. C, Supra note 2

[9] The Copyright act, Section 14, No 14 of 1957

[10] The Copyright act, Section 51, No 14 of 1957

[11] The Copyright act, Section 52(1)(a), No 14 of 1957

[12] October 2023 - Volume 51, Issue 9. (2023, September 21). Issuu. https://issuu.com/knoxvillebarassociation/docs/dicta_october_2023

[13] Super Cassettes Industries Limited v. Chintamani Rao, 2012 (49) PTC 1 (Del)

[14] Stim, R. (2023b, June 30). Fair use: What is transformative? Nolo.

 https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/fair-use-what-transformative.html

[15] Singh, R., National Law University, Delhi, Kumar, P., & National Law University, Delhi. (2021). Originality requirement in copyright law [Book-chapter]. In Y. Pai & National Law University, Delhi (Eds.), Intellectual Property. https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000020LA/P000846/M010214/ET/151375974214_Q1e-text.pdf

[16] Admin. (2023, August 10). Navigating Copyright Challenges in the Age of AI-Generated Content: An Uncharted Legal landscape. Areness - Law & Beyond. https://www.arenesslaw.com/navigating-copyright-challenges-in-the-age-of-ai-generated-content-an-uncharted-legal-landscape/

[17] Iplf. (2023, January 14). Applicability of de minimis in copyright infringement lawsuit. IPLF. https://www.ipandlegalfilings.com/de-minimis-copyright-infringement-where-to-draw-the-line/#:~:text=However%2C%20de%20minimis%20is%20sometimes,require%20judicial%20notice%20and%20scrutiny.

[18] Bell v. Wilmott Storage Services, LLC No. 19-55882 (9th 2021)

[19] The Copyright act, Section 52, No 14 of 1957

[20] Office, U. C. (n.d.). Copyright and Artificial intelligence | U.S. Copyright Office. https://www.copyright.gov/ai/

[21] U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, (2023) 37 CFR Part 202, Vol. 88, 51

[22] EU copyright - EUR-Lex. (n.d.). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/eu-copyright.html

[23] Stephen Thaler v. Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (2023, UKSC 49) https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2021-0201.html

[24] Li v Liu (2022) NSWCA 67 (82), (90)

[25] Ssimon. (2024, May 8). China: A landmark court ruling on copyright protection for AI-generated works - Global Litigation News. Global Litigation News. https://globallitigationnews.bakermckenzie.com/2024/05/08/china-a-landmark-court-ruling-on-copyright-protection-for-ai-generated-works/#:~:text=Artificial%20Intelligence-,China%3A%20A%20landmark%20court%20ruling%20on,protection%20for%20AI%2Dgenerated%20works&text=Recently%2C%20a%20groundbreaking%20court%20judgment,by%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20(AI).

[26] Admin, & Admin. (2023, October 11). The Nexus between Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Act. IIPRD |https://www.iiprd.com/exploring-the-nexus-between-artificial-intelligence-and-copyright-act-1956/

[1] Hendrickx Frank, “Protection of Workers’ Personal Data: General Principles” International Labour Organization Working Papers. [available at https://webapps.ilo.org/static/english/intserv/working-papers/wp062/index.html]

[2] The case of European Human Rights Court is a best example where the rules of data protection is conceived under the concept of right to privacy. Another example is, in South Africa the right to personal data protection is considered as derivative of Constitutional Right to privacy, similar to Indian approach.

[3] Kharak Singh V/S State of U.P (AIR 1963 SC 1295) and People’s Union of Civil Liberties V/S the Union of India (1997) 1 SCC 318), and the recent Puttaswami judgement (2016)

[4] King Stubb & Kasiva – Advocates and Attorneys, “Employee Privacy Rights in India – Understanding the Legal Framework” (May 2023). [available at https://ksandk.com/labour/protecting-employee-privacy-rights-in-india/]

[5] The Information Technology Act (2010), s. 43 (a),(b) and (i): any person who either, (a) accesses a computer, computer system or computer network, (b) downloads copies, or extracts any data, computer data base or information from such computer, computer system or computer network which includes information or data held or stored in any removable storage medium; (c) steals, conceals, destroys or alters or causes any person to steal, conceal, destroy or alter any computer source code used for a computer resource; with the intent to cause harm and without the owner’s consent (or the consent of any other person who is in charge of the computer/computer system/computer network) shall be held liable and be required under this section to pay damages of not more than Rs One Crore to the person affected.

[6] The Information Technology Act (2010), s. 43A: In the event that a body corporate negligently fails to implement and maintain reasonable security practises and procedures and causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person while handling sensitive personal data or information in a computer resource that it owns, controls, or operates, such body corporate shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation, which shall not exceed Rupees Five Crores.

[7] The Information Technology Act (2010), s. 66C: Anybody who uses another person's electronic signature, password, or any other unique identification feature dishonestly or fraudulently maybe punished with imprisonment of up to three years and a fine of up to INR 1,00,000 in addition to their punishment.

[8] The Information Technology Act (2010), s. 72A: If someone, including an intermediary, discloses information about another person without that person's consent or in violation of a legal contract while performing services under the terms of a legal contract, with the intent to cause or knowing that he is likely to cause wrongful loss or wrongful gain, they may be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to three years or with fine extending to five lakhs or both.

[9] Sensitive Personal Data or Information (SPDI) – the organisation can collect the SPDI of workers for various reasons, which includes hiring process, record retention, employee assessments or to fulfil any other legal requirements. The confidentiality of such data should be maintained throughout the processing of data and transfer of data to third parties. The Rule 5 of IT Rules states that ‘no corporate or person acting on its behalf may collect sensitive personal data or information unless the information is used for legitimate purpose to fulfil corporate activity and collected only for specific purpose and data can be collected with the written consent of the employee which is under employee surveillance.

[10] Nir Onn, “The Complete List of Data Security Standards” (February 2023). [available at https://www.reflectiz.com/blog/data-security-standards/]

[11] Gertenbach Emily, “Protecting Employee Data: 12 Best Practices for Data Security” Development and IT, Upwork (August 2023). [available at https://www.upwork.com/resources/employee-data-protection]

[1] Shashwat Bhardwaj, 3rd Year, B.A. LLB, Delhi Metropolitan Education, GGSIPU, New Delhi, E-Mail ID – shashwatbhardwaj23@gmail.com

[2] Amarchand Lalit Kumar vs Shri Ambica Mills Ltd., 1966 AIR 1036, 1963 SCR (2) 953.

[3] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (Act 26 of 1996), s.10.

[4] United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 10 June 1958), art. II

[5] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (Act 26 of 1996) s.2(1)(f)

[6] TDM Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. Vs Ue Development India Pvt. Ltd., Arbitration Application No. 2 Of 2008

[7] The Quest for making India as the Hub of International Arbitration, available at: https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/the-quest-for-making-india-as-the-hub-of-international-arbitration/