[1] World Health Organization

[2] UNFPA, implementation of the International and regional Human Rights framework for the elimination of Female Genital Mutilation

[3] Harinder Baweja, India’s Dark Secret, Hindustan Times

[4] R. Ghadially, ‘All for ‘Izzat’: The Practice of Female Circumcision among Bohra Muslims’

[5] WHO, Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)

[6] Article 3, UDHR

[7] Article 5, UDHR

[8] ‘Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights’, Centre for Reproductive Rights (New York, 2006)

[9] Study by Amnesty International

[10] Hanny Lightfoot Klein on FGM

[11] Harinder Baweja, India’s Dark Secret, Hindustan Times

[12] Yasmin Bootwala, “A Review of Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community: Part 3—the Historical, Anthropological and Religious Underpinnings of FGC in the Dawoodi Bohras

[13] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. v. Union Of India And Ors., (2017) 10 SCC 1

[14] Waris (2005)

[15] Rasheeda Bhagat, ‘Ban this barbarous practice!’, Hindu Business Line

[16] SOAT 1999

[17] Kenya Demographic and Health Survey

[18] Population Media Centre, 2009

[19] Save Somalia Women and Children

[20] World Bank & UNFPA, 2004

[21] Afrol News, 2006

[22] Shreyashi Ghosh, “Beyond spaces: debunking public/private divide in understanding violence against women in India” 1 Indian Journal of Gender Studies

[23] Sunita Tiwari vs Union of India

[24] HT Correspondent, ‘Female Genital Mutilation violates fundamental rights, says Supreme Court

[25] Simantini Dey, ‘Women from the Bohra Community Are Fighting Against Female Genital Mutilation to Win Back Their Freedom

[1] Ibid

[2] Elements of Medical Jurisprudence by Theodric Romeyn Beck, William Dunlop

[3] Pratap Misra and ors v. State of Orissa AIR 1977 SC 1307

[4] Sunderlal v. The State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1954 SC 28

[5] Evidentiary value of medical evidence in Indian Jurisprudence- Devranjan Singh Shekhawat

[6] Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[7] Godabarish Mishra v. Kuntala Mishra and ors- Criminal Appeal No. 343 of 1991

[8] S.D. Soni v. State of Gujarat 1991 AIR 917

[9] Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code of 1860.

[10] Section 173 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code

[11] Role of Police and Judiciary in the Prevention and Control of Rape by Javaid Talib and Dinesh Sharma

[12] Ram Kala v. Emperor- AIR 1946 All 191

[13] Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

[14] Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

[15] State v. Sanjeev Kumar @ Kala- FIR No. 20/2010

[16]  Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[17] Subhan v. State (NCT of Delhi)- NCT of 133 (2006) DLT 562

[18] Re: Pappathi Ammal v. Unknown- AIR 1959 Mad 239

[1] https://www.news18.com/explainers/necrophilia-sex-dead-bodies-karnataka-hc-cctv-m

ortuary-section-377-7999639.html

[2] https://www.ijlsi.com/

[3] Aggrawal A, “A New Classification of Necrophilia” (2009) 16 Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 316

http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/sundry/news_and_notes/316_A%20new%20classification%20of%20necrophilia.pdf

[4] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334114117 Necrophilia An Understanding

[5] https://www.ijlsi.com/wp-content/uploads/Necrophilia-Legal-Perspective.pdf

[6] https://www.thehindu.com/books/herodotuss-histories-is-probably-the-first-text-to-refer-to-indians-by-that-name-as-indon/article23529015.ece

[7] https://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/17/2/153.full.pdf Sexual Attraction to Corpses: A Psychiatric Review of Necrophilia

[8] https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/sex-rituals-of-aghori-sadhus

[9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/sociocultural-factor

[10] https://ijop.net/index.php/mlu/article/download/734/688/1339 Necrophilia: A Study Of the Psychoanalysis in the Characteristics of the Offenders.

[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/necrophia

[12] https://www.kaanoon.com/indian-law/ipc-297/

[13] https://blog.ipleaders.in/section-377-ipc/

[14] https://www.deccanherald.com/state/amend-laws-to-punish-cases-of-necrophilia

[15] https://medium.com/the-collector/nithari-case-a-series-of-rapes-murders-necrophilia-and-cannibalism-6d6e002367cb 

[16] https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/moninder-singh-pandher

[17] “2009 SCC OnLine All 1117 : (2009) 84 AIC (Sum 2) 2 : (2009) 67 ACC 195”

[18] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/498126/

[1] Anusha Agarwal,” Only 36 Countries Have Not Criminalized Marital Rape, India is one of them, The LEAFLET, November 2,2022

[2] Parvati Benu, “Marital Rape: Most married women are sexually abused by their husbands”, The Hindu Business Line, May 16, 2022

[3] The Indian Penal Code,1860 (Act 45 of 1860) s.375

[4] Kersti Yllo, Gabrielle M. Torres, “Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage, and Social Change in a Global Context” 345 (Oxford University Press, United States of America, 2016)

[5] Supra note 4, s.498A

[6] Jus. J.S Verma, “Report of the Committee on Amendment to Criminal Law” (January 2013)

[7] Rajya Sabha Debates on 29th April ,2015 available at: https://mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2015- pdfs/rs-290415/656.pdf

[8] Sir Matthew Hale, Historia plectrum coronae The History of the Pleas of the Crown 67 (Original Manuscripts, London 1800)

[9] Jill Elaine Hasday, “Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape” 88 California Law Review 1373(2000)

[10] Monica Steiner, “Marital Rape Laws”, Criminal Defense Lawyer, 25 Sep 2022, available at

: https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/marital-rape-laws.html

[11] Ibid.

[12] Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid.

[15] P.S Goopikrishnan Unnithan, “Kerela High Court: Marital Rape Sufficient Ground for Divorce”, India Today,21 August 2021

[16] Hrishikesh Shahoo v. State of Karnataka & Ors. SLP(Crl)4063/2022

[17] Ibid.

[18] RIT Foundation v. Union of India 2022 SCC Online Del 1404

[19] Ibid

[20] Ibid

[1] Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886).

[2] Smith, Adam (1723-1790), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1994).

[3] Titan International/ Titan Europe Ltd., Combination Registration No. C-2013/02/109

[4] United States v Smithfield Foods and Premium Standard Farms 1:10-CV- 00120 (DDC Jan 21, 2010)

[5] Vodafone/ Idea Cellular, Combination Registration No. C-2020/08/762

[6] Northern Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 356 U.S. 1 (1958)

[7] Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co. Ltd v. Registrar of Restrictive Trade Agreement, (1977) 47 Comp Cas 520 SC.

[8] United States v. Topco, 405 U.S. 596 (1972)

[9] Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. 451 (1992)

[10] Sherman antitrust Act, (1890), sec.1:Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.

[1] Krug EG et al., eds. World report on violence and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002

[2] Maheshbhai Bharathi Desai vs State of Gujarat R/CR.MA/26957/2017 

[3] Supra note 1

[4] R. Thornhill & C. T. Palmer, A Natural History of Rape-Biological Bases or Sexual Coercion (1 Ed., 2000); R.

Thornhill & N. Thornhill, The Evolution of Psychological Pain, In Sociology and Social Science (R. Bell N. Bell Eds., 1989).

[5] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860)

[6] Section 375 IPC, Exception 2 – Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape

[7] Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018

[8] Whoever has sexual intercourse with his own wife, who is living separately, whether under a decree of separation or otherwise, without her consent, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation — In this section, “sexual intercourse” shall mean any of the acts mentioned in clauses (a)

to (d) of section 375.

[9] 42nd Law Commission of India Report

[10] Dr Kapoor S. K., International Law and Human Rights, Central Law Agency (17th edition), 2009.

[11] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: section 2(1) (d) Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993

[12] Article 14 Constitution of India

[13] State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, AIR (1952) SC 75

[14] Independent Thought v. Union of India, WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 382 OF 2013

[15] Joseph shine v. Union of India, writ (criminal) Petition no. 194 of 2017

[16] AIR 1991 SC 207

[17] 1999 (2) ALT Cri 77, II (1999) DMC 174

[18] (1886) ILR 8 All 622

[19] R/CR.MA/26957/2017

[1] The Code of Criminal Procedure ‘1973, Section 154

[2] “C0NSTITUTI0N OF INDIA”,1950, “ARTICLE I4”

[3] “C0NSTITUTION OF INDIA”,1950, “ARTICLE I9”

[4] “C0NSTITUTION OF INDIA”,1950, “ARTICLE 2I”

[5] 1 SCC 595

[6] SEVI AND ANOTHER; KOODAKKAL KARIAN AND OTHERS VERSUS STATE OF TAMIL NADU AND ANOTHER - LNIND 1981 SC 128 (1981) SCC (Cri) 679(1981) Supp SCC 431981 CrLJ 736AIR 1981 SC 1230[1981] 1 MLJ (Crl) 613[1981] MLJ 613[1982] 1 MLJ 7LNIND 1981 SC 1283

[7] “Lalita Kumari v Govt of UP”, (2014) 2 SCC 1

[8] ABHINANDAN JHA & OTHERS VERSUS DINESH MISHRA WITH CONNECTED APPEAL - LNIND 1967 SC 144 (1968) CrLJ 971968 CriLJ 97AIR 1968 SC 117[1967] 3 SCR 668LNIND 1967 SC 144

[9] H N RISHBUD AND INDER SINGH VERSUS THE STATE OF DELHI - LNIND 1954 SC 177 (1955) 1 SCR 1150(1955) S.C.J. 2831955 Cr LJ 5261955 CriLJ 526AIR 1955 SC 196AIR 1955 SC 198[1955] 1 MLJ 173LNIND 1954 SC 177

[10] SEVI AND ANOTHER; KOODAKKAL KARIAN AND OTHERS VERSUS STATE OF TAMIL NADU AND ANOTHER - LNIND 1981 SC 128 (1981) SCC (Cri) 679(1981) Supp SCC 431981 CrLJ 736AIR 1981 SC 1230[1981] 1 MLJ (Crl) 613[1981] MLJ 613[1982] 1 MLJ 7LNIND 1981 SC 1283

[11] “Lalita Kumari v Govt of UP”, (2014) 2 SCC 1

[12] “Lalita Kumari v Govt of UP”(2014) 2 SCC 1

[13] Motiram and others Versus State of Madhya Pradesh - LNIND 1978 SC 206 (1978) 4 SCC 471978 Cr LJ 17031978 SCC (Cri) 485AIR 1978 SC 1594[1979] 1 MLJ (Crl) 280[1979] 1 SCR 335LNIND 1978 SC 206

[1] Sharma, S., Mehra, D., Brusselaers, N., & Mehra, S. (2020). Menstrual hygiene preparedness among schools in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of system-and policy-level actions. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 647.

[2] Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors. vs. The State of Kerala and Ors. (2019) 11 SCC 1

[3] Bihar Vikas Mission, Human Resource Manual.

[4] Ahead of its time! This Kerala school granted menstrual leave to students way back in 1991 (The Economic Times)

[5] From Period Leaves to Child Care Leaves, All About BYJU’S Updated Leave Policy.

[6] Introducing period leaves for women (zomato.com).

[7] Mahila Shiksha Sangh: a campaign towards empowering women

[8] Shailendra Mani Tripathi v. Union of India, WP (C) No. 172 of 2023, order dated 24-2-2023 (SC).

[9] SEBI/HO/CFD/CMD-2/P/CIR/2021/562, dated 10-5-2021.

[10] Labour Standards Act.

[11] The Employment Code Act, No.3 of 2019.

[12] Painful periods? Spain just passed Europe’s first paid ‘menstrual leave’ law.

[13] Act of Gender Equality in Employment.

[14] Labour Standards Law [Law No. 49 of 7 April 1947

[15] Act Concerning Manpower [Indonesian Labour Law] No. 39, 2003.