[1] The key phrase in the research paper is “lost Einsteins.” It’s a reference to people who could “have had highly impactful innovations” if they had been able to pursue the opportunities they deserved, the authors write.

[2] Information available at : https://depot-de-marque.com/en/women-and-property-intellectual/

[3] Gender equality and IP, WIPO,  available at :  https://www.wipo.int/women-and-ip/en/news/2020/news_ 0001.html.

[4] Power and decision making, UN stats, available at : https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/chapter5/chapter5.html.

[5]Information available at:  https://www.copyright.gov/policy/women-in-copyright-system/Women-in-the-Copyright-System.pdf

[6] Information available at: https://www.copyright.gov/policy/women-in-copyright-system/Women-in-the-Copyright-System.pdf

[7] Ibid

[8] According to the World Economic Forum's 2022 Global Gender Gap Index, India is ranked 135th out of 146 nations. With a ranking of 146 in the "health and survival" subindex, the nation performs the poorest globally. Metrics including the literacy rate and the enrollment rates in primary, secondary, and higher education are included in the report's sub-index. India comes in at number 107 out of 146, and its ranking has slightly declined from the previous year. India came in at number 114 out of 156 in 2021.

[9] World Bank. 2022. Women, Business and the Law 2022. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO, Reports, Key Findings - Women, Business and the Law - World Bank Group.

[10] Achieving Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development, United Nations, Information available at :  https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5.

[11] Information available at : https://www.google.com/search?q=modern+female+inventors. In the fall of 1893, she applied for a patent for an invention that would help divers in many ways. This was an invention of the car heating system. The patent was registered on November 28, 1893,

[12] Ibid

[13] Information available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Maria_Donaldson_Johnson. The invention was patented in 1843 and was the first of its kind, but Nancy sold it off cheaply. Johnson's impact on society is significant. Her invention transformed the ice cream industry, making it possible to produce and sell ice cream on a large scale. The invention also created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and small business owners, making it possible for them to start their own ice cream shops and businesses.

[14] Information available at:https://timeline.com/woman-solar-power-leader-f682bb7c6feb

[15]Information available at: https://novaxnetwork.com/ann-tsukamoto-the-woman-inventor-whose-invention-saved-many/

[16] Hopper is best known for her trailblazing contributions to computer programming, software development, and the design and implementation of programming languages. A maverick and an innovator, she enjoyed long and influential careers in the U.S. Navy and the computer industry

[17] Information available at:https://www.afpm.org/newsroom/blog/women-who-made-future-possible

[18]Information available at: https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/stephanie-l-kwolek

[19] Information available at:https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/

110jahrekaffeefilter/ index.html

[20]Information available at: https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/inventions-by-women-537522.html?picid=2093792

[21] Ibid

[22] The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO; encouraging the protection of IP throughout the world) celebrates April 26 as World IP Day every year to promote knowledge about various IP related matters like trademarks, copyrights, patents, etc., along with the crucial role they play in promoting innovations. This year, the theme of this day was, “Powering change: Women in innovation and creativity” for celebrating women and their role in shaping the future of the world economy.Information available at https://www.kashish world.com/blog/how-can-intellectual-property-rights-empower-women/

[23] Ibid. Developing countries with weak IP regimes and high population exacerbate disparate living conditions for women. Moreover, they also tend to have higher levels of female unemployment, lower female education rates, and higher infant mortality rates. However, protecting IP can surely change this as the nation that protects IP Rights is also known for its terrific entrepreneurial environment for women. While developed nations usually have more grounded IP protection laws as compared to the developing nations, still they can make efforts to improve the IP protection for women.  As per the Women’s Institute for Policy Research, women have quintupled their portrayal among the patent holders since 1977. But, on the other hand, studies and reports have also suggested that women contribute only to 7.7% of primary inventors who own patents.

[24] Andaman and Nicobar provides monthly allowance of 20,000 INR per month to start-ups by women for a period of one year, similarly in Bihar start-ups owned by women get 5 percent additional grant other than the limit fixed under Start-up India initiative. These incentives significantly contribute to more women entrepreneurs to participate in business and the IP system.

[25] Information available at : https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/investinginwomenandgirls.html.

[26] Implementing support systems based with helplines to address user queries and grievances. These can be one among few practical improvements in the system which can effectively introduce and encourage more women entrepreneurs to enter the IP regime.

[27] Greg Satel, Why We Need Women To Have Larger Role In Innovation, Inc., (Nov 17, 2018), Information available at : https://www.inc.com/greg-satell/why-we-need-women-to-have-a-larger-role-in-innovation.html.

[28] Jonathan Woetzel, Anu Madgavkar, Kweilin Elingrud, Eric Labaye, Sandrine Devillard, Eric Kutcher, James Manyika, Richard Dobbs, and Makala Krishnan, How advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth, McKinsey & Company (Sept 1, 2015), Information available at : https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and- growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth#.

[29] The Cost of Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity in Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda,

UN Women, the United Nations Development Programme–United Nations Environment Programme Poverty- Environment Initiative (UNDP-UNEP PEI) Africa, and the World Bank. The collaboration was led by UN Women, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO) (2015), http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/8 47131467987832287/pdf/100234-WP-PUBLIC-Box393225B-The-Cost-of-the-Gender-Gap-in-Agricultural- Productivity-in-Malawi-Tanzania-and-Uganda.pdf.

[30] Jonathan Woetzel, Anu Madgavkar, Rajat Gupta, James Manyika, Kweilin Ellingrud, Shishir Gupta, and Mekala Krishnan, The power of parity: Advancing women’s equality in India, McKinsey & Company (Nov 1, 2015), https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens- equality-in-india.

[31] Kamil Idris, Intellectual Property: a power tool for economic growth, World Intellectual Property Organization  .

            https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/888/wipo_pub_888.pdf.