[1] M N Mansi Kaveramma, B.B.A LL.B(Hons), CMR School of Legal Studies, Bengaluru

[2] Deception, Merriam Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deception

[3] Martina Varcinova, “Historical Techniques of Lie Detection”, Eur J Psychol. 2015 Aug; 11(3): 522–534., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873061/

[4] Narco-analysis, International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Encyclopedia.com. 30 Jul. 2024 https://www.encyclopedia.com

[5] Joe Schwarcsz PhD, “What is the Truth Serum?”, https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/drugs-history-you-asked/what-truth-serum

[6] “Narco Analysis Test in Criminal Investigation System”, SIFS India (Published on 9th November 2020)

[7] Supra 5

[8] Armaan Gvalani, “Are Truth Serums Real?”, https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/are-truth-serums-real.html , published on 16th March 2022

[9] Pentathol, RxList, https://www.rxlist.com/pentothal-drug.htm

[10] Supra 7

[11] Nathan J.Gordan,William L.Fleisher, “Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques (4th Edition),Academic press,2019, Chapter 24,Pages 311-325

[12] Neta Dan, “The Entire Polygraph Testing Procedure (4 Phases) Explained”, Axeligence

[13] Blake McConnell and Timothy J. Weber, Ed.D, “The Concealed Information Test

An Alternative to the Traditional Polygraph”, https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/the-concealed-information-test-an-alternative-to-the-traditional-polygraph#:~:text=The%20traditional%20polygraph%20Comparison%20Question%20Test%20%28CQT%29%20detects,detect%20a%20person%E2%80%99s%20guilty%20knowledge%20of%20a%20crime.

[14] Synnott, J., Dietzel, D. and Ioannou, M. (2015) ‘A review of the polygraph: history, methodology and current status’, Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), pp. 59–83. doi: 10.1080/23744006.2015.1060080.

[15] Christian L. Hart Ph.D. , “Do Lie Detector Tests Really Work?”, Psychology Today

[16] Vidhya Shree Theresa, “All you must know about brain mapping in India” (Published on 10th July 2022)

[17] Epilepsy Foundation, “What are the risks of brain mapping?”

[18] Herman Katz, “How can electrical accidents lead to brain injuries?”

[19] Government of UK, “Policy Paper on Mandatory Polygraph tests Factsheet” (updated 3rd January 2024)

[20] Christina Majaski, “Are Lie Detector Tests Admissible in the Court?” (Last updated on 14th December 2023)

[21] Frye v. United States, 315 F.2d 491

[22]United States v. Scheffer 836 F.Supp.1164 (E.D.Pa.1993)

[23] Neta Dan, “Polygraphs’ admissibility in Philippines courts- A complete guide”

[24] J Fukomoto, “Psychophysiological Deception in Japan- The Past and the Present”,(1982), Polygraph Journal, Volume 11,Issue 3

[25] Charles R. Honts,Steven Turber, “A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test” (first published on 18th December 2020), wiley Online Library

[26] Neta Dan, “Are Polygraphs Admissible in Australian Courts?”, Axeligence

[27] R v. Beland, [1987]2 S.C.R. 398

[28] Article 20(3), Constitution of India

[29] Nandini Satpathy v. Dani(P.L) and Another, 1978 AIR 1025

[30] Article 21, Constitution of India

[31] Section 53(1), Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[32] Section 161(2),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[33] Section 313(3),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[34] Section 315(1)(b),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[35] Section 3, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[36] Section 45, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[37] Section 24-27, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[38]Section 24(8), Indian Evidence Act,1872

[39] Sonakshi Verma, “The Concept of Narcoanalysis in view of Constitutional Rights and Human Law”

[40] Mohammad Ajmal Kasab alias Abu Mujahid v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2012 Supreme Court 3565

[41] India Today, “Confessions of a terrorist”, Published by AtMigration (Published on 7th may 2010)

[42] Surendra Koli v. State of UP AIR Supreme Court 970

[43] Press Trust of India, “Nithari case- narco test of the accused”(Published on January 7th 2007), Hindustan Times

[44] Dr.(Smt.)Nupur Talwar v. State of UP and Anr  Criminal Appeal number 293 of 2014

[45] Pragya Jain,Taniya Roy, “Critical Analysis of Arushi Talwar Murder Case”, ILSJCCL, ISSN-2581-8465

[46] India Today, “Malegaon Blast Probe:Dayanand undergoes narco test”(Updated on 21st November 2008)

[47]Supra 36

[48] “Aftab’s brain mapping to be done if narco ,polygraph tests are inconclusive”, Onmanorama(Published on 30Th November 2022)

[49] K.M Seema Azad v. State of UP, Criminal Appeal No.1055 of 2011

[50] Poulami Ghosh, “Aftab Poonawal confesses killing Shraddha in polygrapgh test; multiple relations; Report”, Hindusthan Times

[51] Ramchandra Reddy v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appeal Nos. 269 of 2016 & 255 of 2023

[52] State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu, AIR 1961 SUPREME COURT 1808

[53] Dinesh Dalmia v. State, 2006 CRI. L. J. 2401

[54] Shailendra Sharma v. State, WP (Crl.) 532 OF 2008

[55] Rojo George v. DSP, 2006(2)KLT197

[56] Selvi v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SUPREME COURT 1974

[57] “Guidelines on Administration of Lie Detector Test”, National Human Rights Commission, https://nhrc.nic.in/press-release/guidelines-administration-lie-detector-test

[i]  Stephen R. Gliessman, “Transforming Food and Agriculture Systems with Agroecology,” Agriculture and Human Values 37 (May 2020): 547–548

[ii] Basil Benson ‘Possibilities for international co-operation in agroecological investigation’ (1930) International Review of Agriculture, International Institute of Agriculture.

[iii] Shailesh Kumar Yadav, “Agroecology towards economic sustainability”

[iv] ibid

[v] Eric Holt-Giménez and Miguel A. Altieri, “Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution,” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37, no. 1 (2013): 90–102.

[vi] Food and Agricultural Organization ‘The 10 Elements of Agroecology: Guiding the Transition to Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems’ (2018)

[vii]GIS Applications in Agriculture, IntechOpen.

[viii]   GIS For Agriculture: Solutions, Applications, Benefits, EOS Data Analytics.

[ix]   Climate-Smart Agriculture, World Bank Group.

[x]  Benefits and Evolution of Precision Agriculture, USDA ARS.

[xi]  GIS Applications in Agriculture, IntechOpen.

[xii]  Using Drones in Agriculture and Natural Resources, NIFA.

[xiii]  How mobile apps are helping agriculture in achieving sustainability                  (https://sourcetrace.com/blog/mobile-apps-for-agriculture/.)

[xiv]Impact of Technology on Agriculture, National Geographic Society. (https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/impact-technology-agriculture/.)

[xv] Precision Agriculture and Food Security (https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1183899.)

[xvi] Remote Sensing for Future Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, MDPI, 2022.

[xvii]Ag-tech, agroecology, and the politics of alternative - Springer.              (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-023-10454-2)

[xviii] What is agroecology, and how can it provide solutions to crises (https://www.iatp.org/agroecology-takes-center-stage-global-agenda-transforming-agriculture-and-food-systems.)

[xix] What is agroecology, and how can it provide solutions to crises (https://www.iatp.org/agroecology-takes-center-stage-global-agenda-transforming-agriculture-and-food-systems.)

[xx] Grand challenges in agroecology and land use systems, ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273515925_Grand_Challenges_in_Agroecology_and_Land_Use_Systems/fulltext/55d5bff608aed6a199a1152c/Grand-Challenges-in-Agroecology-and-Land-Use-Systems.pdf)

[xxi]Grand challenges in agroecology and land use system (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00001/full)

[xxii]Agriculture and Digital Technology –INRAE (https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03604970/file/white-paper-agriculture-digital-technology-2022_INRIA_HD.pdf)

[xxiii] ibi

[1] Section 377, of Indian Penal Code.

[2] Naz Foundation vs. Government of NCT Delhi, 2009.

[3] Constitution of India, 1950.

[4] 160 Delhi Law Times 277. (India)

[5] NALSA vs. Union of India AIR 2014 SC 1863. (India)

[6] Civil Appeal 10972 of 2013. (India)

[7] Supra note 5.

[8] Justice (Retd.) K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India, AIR 2017 SC 4161.

[9] Constitution of India 1950.

[10] Supra note 6.

[11] Article 21 of Constitution, 1950.

[12] Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India, AIR 2018 SC 4321.

[13] Indian Penal Code, 1856.

[14] Abhijit Iyer Mitra Case, W.P.(C) 6371/2020 & CM APPL. 42707/2021

[15] Ojha P, “Same-Sex Marriage Is Not a Fundamental Right: Delhi HC” (LAW TIMES JOURNAL, February 25, 2021)

[16] The Tribune India, “Same-Sex Marriages Not Recognised by Our Laws, Society and Our Values: Centre to Delhi HC” The Tribune India (September 14, 2020).

[17]  Safin Jahan v. Ashokan, AIR 2018 SC 1136.

[18] Article 21 of The Constitution of India, 1950.

[19] Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2006) 5 SCC 47.

[20] Family research council, ten arguments against same sex marriage, https://www.frc.org/issuebrief/ten-arguments-from-social-science-against-same-sex-marriage

[21] VidhanMaheshwari, “Same Sex Marriage: Is It The Time For Legal Recognition,” available at http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/semar.html

[22] Same sex marriage around the world, https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/ (June 28, 2024).

[1] https://njdg.ecourts.gov.in/njdgnew/index.php