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[1] Ritter, K., (2022). History of the Death Penalty. Independently Published.

[2] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 21.

[3] Amnesty International Global Report on Death Sentences and Executions 2015. Index: ACT 50/3487/2016

[4] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s.121.

[5] Ibid. s.302

[6] Ibid. s. 364A.

[7] Parvathy, S., (2009). Application of the Doctrine of Rarest of Rare Cases: A Critical Appraisal of the Approach of the Supreme Court of India. SSRN Electronic Journal [online]. [Viewed 7 June 2023]. Available from: doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1647802

[8] Ibid.

[9] Jagmohan Singh vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, A.I.R. 1973 S.C.947.

[10] Rajendra Prasad v. State of Punjab, A.I.R. 1979, S.C.p-916.

[11] Bacchan Singh v. State of Punjab,  1980, 2 .SCC 684

[12] Macchi Singh v. State of Punjab, A.I.R. 1983, S.C. 957

[13] Deena vs. Union of India,(1983)4 SSC 645.

[14]  Triveniben vs. State of Gujarat, A.I.R. 1989, S.C.142.

[15] Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab, 1983 SCR (2) 690.

[16] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 303.

[17] Pratik J., CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS: PRATEEK JAIN - ILSJCCL [online], (no date). ILSJCCL. [Viewed 7 June 2023]. Available from: https://journal.indianlegalsolution.com/2020/04/15/capital-punishment-in-india-a-critical-analysis-prateek-jain/

[18] Manoj Pratap Singh v State of Rajasthan,2022 SCC OnLine SC 768.

[19] Santosh Kumar Bariyar vs. State of Maharashtra, (2009) 6 SCC 498

[20] Shankar v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1994) 4 S.C.C. 478

[21] Kehar Singh v. Union of India, (1989) 1 S.C.C. 204.

[22] Prajeet Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, 2008

[23] Aksshay Sharma, Alternatives to capital punishment, iPleaders (2020), https://blog.ipleaders.in/alternatives-capital-punishment/ (last visited Jun 5, 2023).

[24] Alternatives to the death penalty Information Pack, Penal Reform International (2015) https://www.penalreform.org/resource/alternatives-death-penalty-information-pack/. (last visited Jun 5, 2023).

[1] Legal Aid, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l206-Legal-Aid.html

[2] Speaking through the Legal Aid Committee formed in 1971 by the State of Gujarat on Legal Aid with its Chairman, Mr. P.N. Bhagwati along with its members, Mr. J.M. Thakore, A.G., Mr. VV Mehta, Deputy Speaker, Gujarat Vidhan Sabha, Mr. Madhavsinh F. Solanki, M.L.A, Mr. Girishbhai C. Patel, Principal, New Lal College, Ahemdabad. His Lord ship answered to the question of inequality in the administration of justice between the rich and the poor.

[3] Article 39A of the Indian Constitution

[4] Justice J.N.Bhatt:Right to Legal Aid- A basic Human Right. Naya Deep Vol VII Issue 4 on page 50 October 2006.

[5] Article 7 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[6] Article 8 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[7] Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1953

[8] Preamble, Constitution of India

[9] Article 14 of The Constitution of India

[10] Article 21 of The Constitution of India

[11] Suk Das & Anr vs Union Territory Of Arunachal, 1986 AIR 991, 1986 SCR (1) 590

[12] Manubhai Pragaji Vashi vs State Of Maharashtra And Ors. on 19 August, 1988, AIR 1989 Bom 296, (1989) 91 BOMLR 13, 1989 MhLJ 344

[13] Article 22(1) of The Constitution of India

[14] Hansraj And Ors. vs State on 15 May, 1956, AIR 1956 All 641, 1956 CriLJ 1267

[15] Article 39 A of The Constitution of India

[16] Section 303 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[17] Section 304 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[18] Section 12 of the Legal Services Authority act

[19]  Unlocking Justice In The Lockdown, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/unlocking-justice-in-the-lockdown/article31456524.ece

[20] New Class Of Poor, available at: https://theprint.in/india/new-class-of-poor-emerging-after-job-losses-in-lockdown-95-8-bpl-slum-families-hit-study/433785/

[21]  Ministry of Law and Justice available at: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe64.pdf

[22] About Us, available at: https://nalsa.gov.in/about-us/mission

[23] Legal Aid in India Amid the COVID-19 Lockdown, 

available at: https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/05/agrawal-mishra-india-legalaid/

[24] Legal Issues Arising During Pandemic, available at: https://nalsa.gov.in/notifications/35

[25] 11,077 undertrials freed to decongest jails following COVID-19: NALSA, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11077-undertrials-freed-to-decongest-jails-following-covid-19-nalsa/article31350752.ece

[26] NCW Records Sharp Spike In Domestic Violence Amid Lockdown, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncw-records-sharp-spike-in-domestic-violence-amid-lockdown/article31835105.ece

[27] One Stop Centre Scheme, available at: https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/OSC_G.pdf

[28] Department of Justice-Year End Review 2020, available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1684945

[29] The Judiciary in Lockdown available at: https://www.theleaflet.in/the-judiciary-in-lockdown/

[30] CHRI Legal Aid Report Hope Behind Bars Volume 1

[31] TataTrust Overall Report January 26,2020

[1] Assistant Professor, Department of Law Himachal Pradesh University, Regional Centre Dharamshala,  email: drdivyaguptahprc21@gmail.com

[2] Debiprasad Pal, State Sovereignty at the Cross Roads,ed.1962,pp-57-59.

[3] V.G., Mankar, Essentials of Government, Ed. 1970, p-29

[4] Article 294(b)

[5] Law Commission of India (First Report), p. 32 as quoted by Bhat, Ishwara op. cit, p. 39.

[6] AIR 1962 SC 933.

[7] AIR 1965 SC 1039.

[8] AIR 1979 J&K 6.

[9] AIR 1983 SC 1086.

[10] AIR 1986 SC 494.

[11] AIR 1994 SC 2663.

[12] A.I.R. 1990 S.C. 513

[13] A.I.R. 1993 Sc 1960

[14] A.I.R. 1999 SC 2979

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[2]. Geographical Indication Act, 1999, No. 48, Acts of Parliament, 1999 (India).

[3]. Sutanuka Ghosal, Darjeeling green, white teas get GI backing, THE ECONOMIC TIMES (Nov. 18, 2019, 11:01 AM), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/darjeeling-green-white-teas-get-gibacking/articleshow/72103877.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

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[8]. Asit Ranjan Mishra, After West Bengal, Odisha gets GI tag for its version of Rasagola, MINT (Jul. 29, 2019, 03:45 PM), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/after-west-bengal-odisha-gets-gi-tag-for-its-version-of-rasgulla-1564394962835.html.

[9]. Ram Sharma, Geographical Indication in context of the Rasgulla Controversy, MONDAQ (Jan. 30, 2020), https://www.mondaq.com/india/trademark/879718/geographical-indication-in-context-of-the-rasgulla controversy.

[10]. WION Web Team, Nobin Chandra Das: The man who made the rasgulla, WION, (Nov. 14, 2017, 06:32 PM), https://www.wionews.com/india-news/nobin-chandra-das-the-man-who-made-the-rasgulla-24225.

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[12]. Ram Sharma, supra note 9.

[13]. Scotch Whisky Association v. Pravara Sahakar Karkhana Ltd., 1991 SCC OnLine Bom 271: AIR 1992 Bom 294.

[14]. Tea Board v. ITC Limited C.S. No. 250 of 2010.

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[1] Lawyer, BCom, LL.B (Hons), LL.M

[2] S M A W Chishti, Secularism in India: An Overview, The Indian Journal of Political Science, April-June, 2004, Vol. 65, No. 2 (April-June, 2004), pp. 183-198, Indian Political Science Association, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855808

[3] Padmanabh Samarendra, Census in Colonial India and the Birth of Caste, Economic and Political Weekly, AUGUST 13-19, 2011, Vol. 46, No. 33 (AUGUST 13-19, 2011), pp. 51-58, Economic and Political Weekly, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017849

[4] Article 15, The Constitution of India

[5] Article 30, The Constitution of India - Right of minorities to establish and administer Educational Institutions

[6] Manoj Kumar Sinha, Minority Rights: A Case Study of India, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2005, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 355-374, Brill, http://www.jstor.com/stable/24675308

[7] Sambuddha Ghatak and E Ike Udogu, Human Rights Issues of Minorities in Contemporary India: A Concise Analysis, Journal of Third World Studies, SPRING, 2012, Vol. 29, No. 1, Global Change, Shifting Dynamics and the Third World (SPRING, 2012), pp. 203-230, University Press of Florida, https://www.jstor.org/stable/45194859

[8] Dinesh Higde, Religious Minorities and Backward Class Constituency in Karnataka: An Interface, The Indian Journal of Political Science, OCT. - DEC., 2010, Vol. 71, No. 4 (OCT. - DEC., 2010), pp. 1201-1211, Indian Political Science Association, https://www.jstor.org/stable/42748947

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[1] K.Sarunisha ,Student,BA.,LLB(Hons),Saveetha School of Law,Saveetha University,Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS),Chennai 77,MailID:nishasaru213@gmail.com.Contact:6374000817

[1] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 156, India.

[2] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 155(2), India.

[3] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 157, India.

[4] Rahul Rai, 'Role of police and its power to investigate' (legalserviceindia.com) (accessed 15 May 2022), available at https://mail.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-5464-role-of-police-and-its-power-to-investigate.html.

[5] Sawai Ram vs State Of Rajasthan, 1997 (1) WLN 33

[6] Lalita Kumari v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors., Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 68 OF 2008

[7] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 154, India.

[8] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 155(1), India.

[9] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 155(2), India.

[10] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 155(3), India.

[11] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 160(1), India.

[12] Shailja Singh, 'Procedure of Investigation under CrPC' (ipleaders.in, 17 April 2020) (accessed 14 May 2022), available at https://blog.ipleaders.in/procedure-of-investigation-under-crpc/#Power_of_Police_to_Investigate.

[13] Prakash Singh & Ors vs Union of India and Ors., (Writ Petition (Civil)  310 of 1996)

[14] Government of India, Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Report (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003).

[15] Law Commission, Amendments to Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 – Provisions Relating to Bail, Law Com No 268, para 11.28 (2017).

[1] Ahmed A, “The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication” (Bizfluent February 11, 2019)

<https://bizfluent.com/info-8232542-effects-globalization-global-communication.html> accessed November 25, 2019.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Scheuerman W, “Globalization” (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy November 5, 2018)

<https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/> accessed November 25, 2019.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Öztürk E, “A Comprehensive Approach to the Role of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) in

Globalization” (2015) 8 Journal of International Social Research 359.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Ibid, Page 361.

[16] Ibid, Page 362.

[17] Ibid.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Ibid, Page 363.

[22] Ibid.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid, Page 364.

[27] Jong-Chen Jde, “Spotlight on Cyber V: Data Sovereignty, Cybersecurity and Challenges for Globalization”

(Georgetown Journal of International Affairs October 12, 2015)

<https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/data-sovereignty-cybersecurity- and-challenges-for-globalization> accessed November 26, 2019.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Understanding Cybercrime: Phenomena, Challenges and Legal Response (ITU 2012), page 11.

[32] Ibid, Page 12.

[33] Ibid, Page 13.

[34] Ibid, Page 17.

[35] Ibid, Page 18.

[36] Ibid, Page 19.

[37] Ibid, Page 21.

[38] Ibid, Page 22.

[39] Ibid, Page 27.

[40] “Combating Cyberattacks In The Age Of Globalization” (Hoover Institution)

<https://www.hoover.org/research/combating-cyberattacks-age-globalization> accessed November 26, 2019

[41] Ibid.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Ibid.

[44] Understanding Cybercrime: Phenomena, Challenges and Legal Response (ITU 2012), Pages 79-81.

[45] Jong-Chen Jde, “Spotlight on Cyber V: Data Sovereignty, Cybersecurity and Challenges for Globalization”

(Georgetown Journal of International Affairs October 12, 2015)

<https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/data-sovereignty-cybersecurity- and-challenges-for-globalization> accessed November 26, 2019.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Ibid.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Ibid.

[50] Ibid.

[51] Ibid.

[52] Stein Schjolberg and Solange Ghernaouti-Helie A Global Treaty on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, Second edition, 2011, Page 16.

[53] Ibid.

[54] Ibid, Page 17.

[55] Jong-Chen Jde, “Spotlight on Cyber V: Data Sovereignty, Cybersecurity and Challenges for Globalization”

(Georgetown Journal of International Affairs October 12, 2015)

<https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/data-sovereignty-cybersecurity- and-challenges-for-globalization> accessed November 26, 2019.

Authors: K. ASRA SHIFAYA
Registration ID: 101783 | Published Paper ID: 1783
Year : July -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 15
Approved ISSN : 2581-8503 | Country : Delhi, India
Page No : 19

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