[1] Assistant Professor (SG), The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University, No.5, M.G.R.Salai, Perungudi,    

   Chennai – 600113. Mob. No.8838038775, Email id., smanjulaprof@gmail.com

[2] According to Art.53(1): “the executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised                                                  by him directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.

[3] The electoral college shall consist of –

The elected members of both Houses of Parliament;

The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and

The elected members of the legislative assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry (Art 54).

[4] Rashtrapati Bhawan is an attraction to many visitors every year. Rashtrapati Bhavan has 340 rooms. The    Rashtrapati Bhavan has a floor area of 2,00,000 square feet.

[5] The President of India is entitled to a Black Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard which is custom-built. President also has a heavily armoured stretch limousine for official visits. The motorcade will also include the former presidential car, a black Mercedes-Benz W140, and an armoured limousine.

[6] Some of the post retirement benefits are,

• The President of India will get Rs. 1.5 lakh/month as a pension (at current rates).
• The spouses of Presidents will get secretarial assistance of Rs. 30,000 per month.
• One furnished rent-free bungalow (Type VIII).
• Two free landlines and a mobile phone.
• Five personal staff including a private secretary.
• Staff expenses of Rs.60,000 a year.
• Free Travel with a companion by train or air.

[7] Under the Indian Constitution, the President shall have the power to appoint-  The Prime Minister of India, other Ministers of the Union, the Attorney-General for India, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Judges of the High Courts of the States, the Governor of a State, a Commission to investigate interference with water-supplies, the Finance Commission, the Union Public Service Commission and Joint Commissions for a Group of States, the Chief Election Commissioner and other members of the Election   Commission, a Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes,  a Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled Areas, a Commission to investigate into the condition of backward classes, a Commission on Official Language, special Officer for linguistic minorities.

[8] 1994 AIR 1918, 1994 SCC (3)1

[9] Writ Petition No.257 OF 2005.

[10] 1960 AIR 493, 1960 SCR (2) 569.

[11] 1989 AIR 653, 1988 SCR Supl.(3) 1102

[12] 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 of the Indian Constitution has made it obligatory for the President to act only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

[1] Author is a Research Scholar at Maharishi Law School,

[2] Author is Dean at Maharishi Law School, Maharishi University of Information Technology.

[3] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[4] NCBR- National Crime Record Bureau

[5]  http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/prison

[6]  Datir, R.N.; “Prison as a Social System”;

[7] https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2021/Tables-2021.htm

[8] https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/re-inhuman-conditions-in-1382-prisons-development-in-indian-prisoners-rights/

[9] https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2021/TABLE%2011.4%20-%202021.pdf

[10] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maha-among-six-states-where-women-in-jails-exceed-capacity/articleshow/90767523.cms#:~:text=States%20with%20the%20worst%20occupancy%20for%20female%20prisoners,have%20one%20or%20none%20at%20all%20%28see%20table%29.

[11] Bedi, Kiran; “Its Always Possible”; Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd.; p.88

[12] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health#:~:text=The%20WHO%20Constitution%20%281946%29%20envisages%20%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6the%20highest%20attainable,access%20to%20timely%2C%20acceptable%2C%20and%20affordable%20health%20care

[13] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[14] Howe, Adrian (2001); “Punish And Critique- Towards a Feminist Analysis of Penalty”;Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; New York; p.123

[15] https://www.legalbites.in/topics/articles/problems-faced-by-female-accused-in-prisons-895398

[1] https://www.zindagiwow.com/2019/06/10/oscar-wilde-quotes-in-hindi/

[2] ibid

[3]Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (An Kumar, Manoj, Human Rights: Some Concerns in India, 99 (Anmol Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017) Anmole Publication, New Delhi 3rd edn 2017)  

[4] Kumar, Naresh, Constitutional Rights of Prisoners: A Study of Judicial Trends, 100(LexisNexis, publication Gurgaon 5th edn 2017)

[5] Lakkaraju, Women Prisoners in Custody65(Mc graw Hill publication Noida 2nd 2001)

[6] Malik, Law and Social Transformation100 (JBA Publishers, Karol Bagh 2nd edn 2006)

3 Ibid

[8] Mambeim, Herman, Comparative Criminology, 88(Routledge Publication, London 2nd edn 1995)

[9]Ibid  

[10] Memon, Ganestic C, Genesis and Role of NGO in Protecting Human Rights, 96 (Central Law Publication,  Uttar Pradesh 4th edn 2012)

[11] Ibid

[12]Nath, Birenda, Judicial Administration in Ancient India, 52 (Authors Press, Delhi, 1st edn 2002)

[13] AIR 1579, 1980 SCR (2) 557

[14] Nirmal, C.J Human Rights in India, Historical, Social and Political Perspective, 89(Oxford University Press, London,2nd edn.,2007)

[15]Padia, Chandrakala,, Women in Dharmasastras: A Phenomenological and Critical Analysis, 89 (A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 2nd edn 2003)

[16]  Ibid

[17] Dastidar, R.G, Crime and Women96((Butterworth, New Delhi 4th edn 2000)

[18] Rai, Udai, Fundamental Rights and Their Enforcement98(Author's Press, Delhi  edn 2002)

[19] Rajawat, Mamta, Burning Issues of Human Rights89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[20]Sastry, T.S.N., India and Human Rights: 86(Book well Pub. Delhi  edn 2004)  

[21] ibid

[22] Sabhahit, G.N., Sentencing by Courts in India, (Dixit Publications, Bangalore, Ist, ed., 1975.)

[23] Sexena, Rekha, , Women and Crime in India: A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics, 56(Author's Press, Delhi 1st edn 2002)

[24] Sharma, P.D.. Criminal Justice Administration, 89(Deep & Deep Publications  New Delhi, 2011)

[25] ibid

[26] ibid

[27] 1988 SCR Supl. (1) 1

[28] 1980 SCR (3) 855

[1] Law Commission of India, 78th Report on Congestion of Under-Trial Prisoners In Jails

[2] International Centre for prison studies, Highest to lowest - pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners

[3] Justice Under Trial - A Study of Pre-Trial Detention in India - Amnesty International (2017)

[4] The Constitution of India, 1950

[5] Process is the punishment in our criminal justice system: CJI - AMIT ANAND CHOUDHARY / TNN / Jul 17, 2022

[6] Joginder Kumar vs State of UP 1994 AIR 1349

[7] The Human Right Of Under Trail Prisoners - Khan Akib, https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4537-the-human-right-of-under-trail-prisoners.html

[8] P.N. Bhagwati - Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System

[9] The Human Right Of Under Trail Prisoners - Khan Akib, https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4537-the-human-right-of-under-trail-prisoners.html

[10] The Rights of Undertrial: A Critical Study - Viyomesh Budholia, http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_867.pdf

[11] P.N. Bhagwati - Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System

[12] Model Prison Manual (2003)

[13] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[14] Khatri & Ors. V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981 SC 928

[15] National Human Rights Commission ANNUAL REPORT 2003-2004

[16] Dr. T. Giri and T.S.R. Praneetha - Problems of Undertrials in India

[17] Charles Sobraj through Marie Andre’s v. The Superintendent, Tihar Jail AIR 1983 SC 1092

[18] DBM Patnaik v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1974 AIR 2092

[19] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration 1978 AIR 1675

[20] The Constitution of India, 1950

[21] The Constitution of India, 1950

[22] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[23] Sharifbai v. Abdul Razak AIR 1961 BOM 42

[24] The Constitution of India, 1950

[25] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[26] State of Rajasthan V. Balchand alias Baliay 1977 AIR 2477

[27] The Constitution of India, 1950

[28] M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra 1978 AIR 1548

[29] Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar AIR 1979 SC 1360

[30] The Constitution of India, 1950

[31] Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration 1980 AIR 1548

[32] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[33] Prison Statistics India 2018 - National Crime Records Bureau

[34] Sheela Barse V. State of Maharashtra JT 1988 (3) 15

[35] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration 1978 AIR 1675

[36] The Constitution of India, 1950

[37] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[38] Bhim Singh v. Union of India AIR 1986 SC 494

[39] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[40] The Constitution of India, 1950

[41] The Constitution of India, 1950

[42] A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras 1950 AIR 27

[43] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[44] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[45] Ram Singh vs Delhi  1996 AIR 196

[46] Preventive Detention Act, 1950

[47] R.C. Cooper vs Union of India 1970 AIR 564

[48] The Constitution of India, 1950

[49] Shambhu Sarkar vs State of West Bengal  2001 (2) BLJR 943

[50] Bennett Coleman vs Union of India 1973 AIR 106

[51] West Bengal vs Ashok Dey 1972 AIR 1660

[1] Nabam Rebia And Bamang Felix v Deputy Speaker [2017] 13 SCC 332

[2] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X 

[3] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[4] INDIA CONST. art. 179(c)

[5] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[6] INDIA CONST. art. 179(c)

[7] Rohan Srivastava, ‘Guest Post: Disqualifications and the Role of the Speaker in the Maharashtra Political Crisis’ (Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 20 February 2023) https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/02/20/guest-post-disqualifications-and-the-role-of-the-speaker-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis/ accessed 24 June 2023

[8] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X

[9] Keisham Meghachandra Singh v. the Hon’ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly [2020] 2 S.C.R. 132

[10] INDIA CONST. SCHEDULE X

[1] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[2] Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969.

[3] The Competition Act 2002.

[4] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[5]Competition Commission of India, Notifications regarding (a) coming into force of sections of the Competition Act, 2002 pertaining to combinations; (b) increase in value of assets and turnover; (c) exemption regarding “group”; (d) Target exemption, S.O. 479(E), 480(E), 481(E), 482(E) https://cci.gov.in/combination/legal-framwork/notifications/details/2/0 .

[6] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[7] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[8] Nadeem Inamdar, ‘Pune builder fails to give flat; consumer forum orders Rs 4.75 lakh compensation to homebuyer’ (Hindustan Times, 15 January 2020) https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-builder-fails-to-give-flat-consumer-forum-orders-rs-4-75-lakh-compensation-to-homebuyer/story-4OFsGEmpaZI9bFEqzMSHaJ.html accessed 1 July 2023.

[9] Anwesha Madhukalya, ‘Jaiprakash Associates slapped with Rs 13.82 crore fine by CCI for violating norms’ (Business Today, 13 August 2019) https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/jaiprakash-associates-slapped-rs-1382-crore-fine-cci-violating-norms-222685-2019-08-13 accessed 2 July 2023.

[10] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[11] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[12] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[13] Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act 1963.

[14] ‘Competition law’ (Wikipedia, 3 July 2023) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law accessed 6 July 2023.

[1] Paul R. Rice, Electronic Evidence: Law and Practice, (2005), ABA Publishing, Washington DC.

[2] Preston Gralla, How the Internet Works, (4th ed. 1998), QUE Publishing, Indiana.

[3] Bainbridge, Introduction to Computer Law (4th edn. 2000), Longman Pearson Education, London.

[4] Dr. P Sree Sudha, A comparative study of the law relating to e-contracts and e-signatures.

[5] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[6] Section 5 of the IT Act,2000

[7] AIR 1996 SC 543

[8] Uncitral.un.org. 2022. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2018 | United Nations Commission On International Trade Law. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 May 2022].

[9] Howard, Bagshaw, et al., Phipson on Evidence, (15th Edn. (2000), Sweet and Maxwell, London.

[10] DIRECTIVE 2006/123/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market.

[11]“Nandan Kamath, Law Relating to Computers, Internet and Ecommerce, (4th ed. 2009), Universal law Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.”

[12] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[13] “Reddy k. Jayachandra, Alternate Dispute Resolution, in Alternate Dispute Resolution: What It Is, And It Works (P.C. Rao and William Sheffield eds., 1997), Universal Law Publishing House, New Delhi.”

[14]“Rahul Matthan, The law relating to computers and the internet (Edn. 2000), Butterworths, India.”

[1] Iberdrola, https://www.iberdrola.com/social-commitment/gender-stereotypes-women

[2] Plan International Canada, https://stories.plancanada.ca/why-gender-inequality-starts-at-home/

[3] Section 377 in The Indian Penal Code 377. Unnatural offences.—Whoever voluntarily has carnal inter­course against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with impris­onment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

[4] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

[5] https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994

[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011/full

[7] Aayesha Mushtaq, Is fashion a good career? the surprising truth

[8] The New York Times, Amanda Taub, 13 Aug 2020 ; Why Are Women-Led Nations Doing Better With Covid-19?

[9] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/gender-bias-inclusion-advertising-india

[10] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/13816/file/Full%20Report%20-%20Gender%20Bias%20&%20Inclusion%20in%20Advertising%20in%20India%20-%20April%202021.pdf

[11] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ads-further-gender-stereotypes-shows-study/article34379148.ece

[1] Fauna, Know India, https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/fauna.php (last visited Feb. 26, 2023).

[2] Flora, Know India, https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/flora.php (last visited Feb. 26, 2023).

[3] Anusha Krishnan, [Explainer] Why is India a major hub for wildlife trafficking?, Mongabay (Jun. 8, 2022), https://india.mongabay.com/2022/06/explainer-why-is-india-a-major-hub-for-wildlife-trafficking/.

[4] Avantika Bhuyan, Wildlife cyber sleuths to the rescue, Livemint (Sept. 21, 2019), https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/wildlife-cyber-sleuths-to-the-rescue-111641457605923.html.

[5] Wildlife Trade in Cyberspace, WTI, https://www.wti.org.in/news/wildlife-trade-in-cyberspace/ (last visited Feb 26, 2023).

[6] Id.

[7] Sumit Kumar Singh, Wildlife crime goes digital, WCCB increases vigilance, The Indian Express (Sept. 4, 2022), https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2022/sep/04/wildlife-crime-goes-digital-wccb-increases-vigilance-2494617.html.

[8] Simran Sirrur, Whale ‘waste’, dried seahorses, ivory: Intelligence agency DRI flags rise in illegal wildlife trade, The Print (Dec. 6, 2022), https://theprint.in/environment/whale-waste-dried-seahorses-ivory-intelligence-agency-dri-flags-rise-in-illegal-wildlife-trade/1250545/.

[9] Wildlife trafficking has goes online during pandemic: Report, CNBC TV18 (Jun 26, 2021), https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/wildlife-trafficking-has-goes-online-during-pandemic-report-9789011.htm.

[10] Imelda Abano & Leilani Chavez, Wildlife trafficking, like everything else, has gone online during COVID-19, Earth Journalism Network (Jun. 1, 2021), https://earthjournalism.net/stories/wildlife-trafficking-like-everything-else-has-gone-online-during-covid-19.

[11] M. Velmurugan, Historical Development of wildlife protection in India, 2 IJCRME 2455 (2017)

[12] Id.

[13] Dr Saket Badola & Astha Gautam, High flying: insight into wildlife trafficking through India’s airports, Rep. of TRAFFIC India, (March 2022).

[14] India’s wildlife trade goes underground, thrives online, Mongabay (last visited on Feb. 22, 2022) https://india.mongabay.com/2020/11/indias-wildlife-trade-goes-underground-thrives-online/

[15] Id.

[16] K. C. Deepika, Despite pandemic and lockdowns, illegal hunting and trade in wildlife continued across India, (Feb. 26, 2022), https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/despite-pandemic-and-lockdowns-illegal-hunting-and-trade-in-wildlife-continued-across-india-shows-report/article65068674.ece

[17] World Wildlife Crime Report 2020: Trafficking in Protected Species, Rep. of United Nations Office on Drugs Crime, (2020).

[18] What is CITES?, CITES, (2018), https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php.  

[19] The rise of environmental crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, Rep. of United Nation Environment Programme & INTERPOL (2016)

[20] Sravani Nalluri, et al., A Survey of Identification of Illegal Wildlife Trade, Springer Nature (2021).

[21] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, India Code (1993).

[22] India Const. art. 252.

[23] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 9, 39 & 40, India Code (1993).

[24] State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Baig, AIR 1989 SC 1 (India).

[25] Wild Life v. Ashok Kumar & Ors. CC No.301845/16 (India).

[26] Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1979Cr. L. J. 1404 (India).

[27] Naveen Raheja v. Union of India, 2001 9 SCC 762 (India).

[28] Rajendra Kumar v. UOI, AIR 1998 Raj. 165 (India).

[29] Ivory Traders and Manufacturers Association v. Union of India, Civil writ petition Nos. AIR 1997 DEL 267 (India).

[30] J. Kurland et al., Wildlife crime: a conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique, 6 Crime Sci, 4 (2017).

[31] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2020, 889 (2020).

[32] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2021, 889 (2021).

[33] Supra note 20.

[34] PTI, Poachers go high tech, The Times of India (Jun. 16, 2009), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/poachers-go-high-tech/articleshow/4663167.cms.

[35] Kiran Reddy Althuru, Visakhapatnam: Illegal Wildlife trade rampant on internet, Deccan Chronicle (Aug 12, 2019), https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120819/visakhapatnam-illegal-wildlife-trade-rampant-on-internet.html.

[36] Supra note 20.

[37] Namita Singh, Uncovering the web of illegal wildlife traders operating on social media, Independent (Jul. 11, 2021), https://www.independent.co.uk/stop-the-illegal-wildlife-trade/illegal-wildlife-trade-internet-facebook-b1879656.html.

[38] Wildlife Conservation Society, India, Media-Reported Wildlife Poaching and Illegal Trade in India: 2020, 1-83 (2020).

[39] Anita Lavorgna, Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age, 3 Lavorgna Crime Science, 5 (2014).

[40] Supra note 7.

[41] Supra note 37.

[42] Supra note 20.

[43] Supra note 7.

[44] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 40(2), India Code (1993).

[45] In re: Smuggling and illegal trading of endangered species of birds, WPA/10138/2020 (India).

[46] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 44(1) & 49B(1), India Code (1993).

[47] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 48A, India Code (1993).

[48] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, G.S.R. 139(E), pt. II sec. 3(i), r. 3(1)(b) (Feb. 25, 2021).

[49] Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, G.S.R. 462(E), r. 5(1) (Jul. 23, 2020)

[50] The Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (1993).

[51] Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, Operation Wildnet-IV Report (2021).

[52] PRI/Awareness Programmes, WCCB Newsl. (Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, New Delhi) Sept, 2022, at 14.

[53] Maneesha Mishra & Arpita Mitra, Technology and Wildlife Crime: An Appraisal in India, 8(12) IJITEE, 122, 124 (2019).

[54] Anjali Raja K, Can AI help India fight against wildlife trafficking and animal poaching?, India AI, https://indiaai.gov.in/article/can-ai-help-india-fight-against-wildlife-trafficking-and-animal-poaching, (last visited Feb. 16, 2023).

[55] Supra note 53.

[56] Wildlife crime linked to the Internet, CITES, https://cites.org/eng/prog/imp/wildlife_crime_linked_to_the_internet (Last visited on Feb. 25, 2023).

[57] Wildlife crime, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Wildlife-crime (last visited on Feb. 20, 2022).

[58] Supra note 13.

[59] Supra note 18.

[60] Supra note 18.

[61] Sara Alfino & David L. Roberts, Code word usage in the online ivory trade across four European Union member states, 54 ORYX, 494–498 (2020).

[62] ICCWC Indicator Framework for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime, Rep. of International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (2016). 

[63] Assessing United for Wildlife’s Impact, UFW (2022) https://unitedforwildlife.org/case-studies/assessing-united-for-wildlifes-impact/. On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking

[64] On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking, IFAW (2020), https://www.ifaw.org/international/campaigns/disrupt-wildlife-cybercrime.

[65] Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online, WWF, https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/coalition-to-end-wildlife-trafficking-online (last visited on Feb. 19, 2023)

[66] Disrupt: Wildlife Cybercrime, Rep. of International Fund for Animal Welfare (2018).

[67] Project Web: An Investigation into the ivory trade over the internet within the European Union, Rep. of INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (2013).

[68] Tania McCrea-Steele, Global Wildlife Cybercrime Action Plan brings together critical actors in the fight against online wildlife trafficking, IFAW (Oct. 12, 2018) https://www.ifaw.org/international/news/global-wildlife-cybercrime-action .

[69] Supra note 13.

[70] Research identifies illegal wildlife trade on the Darknet, Rep. of INTERPOL (2017).

[71] Id.

[72] Supra note 57.

[73]Stepping up the global fight against wildlife crime through a united response, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2022/Stepping-up-the-global-fight-against-wildlife-crime-through-a-united-response, (Oct. 4 2022).

[74] Stephen Guertin, Wildlife Trafficking and the Growing Online Marketplace, US Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/testimony/wildlife-trafficking-and-growing-online-marketplace (Apr. 2021).

[75] Stopping The Illegal Trafficking Of Australian Wildlife, Department of agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government (2020)

[76] Pirotta Vanessa, et al., Detecting illegal wildlife trafficking via real time tomography 3D X-ray imaging and automated algorithms, 3 Frontiers in Conservation Science (2022).

[77] Ilaria Di Silvestre, The Digital Services Act and the Challenging Fight against Wildlife Cybercrime, IFAW (Jul. 14, 2022), https://www.ifaw.org/international/people/opinions/digital-services-act-and-the-challenging-fight-against-wildlife-cybercrime.

[78] Maria Pascual & Jim Wingard, Assessing Online Wildlife Marketing a Tool for Monitoring Illegality, Rep.  of Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2021).

[79] Alexander Nicolas, New Facebook alert informs users about wildlife trafficking, WWF (Dec. 21, 2020) https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/new-facebook-alert-informs-users-about-wildlife-trafficking

[80] Mike Carson, How eBay Blocked 257,000 Listings that Violated Prohibited Wildlife Policies in 2020, WWF (Jun. 1, 2021), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/how-ebay-blocked-257-000-listings-that-violated-prohibited-wildlife-policies-in-2020.

[81] Andy Coghlan, Ebay moves to ban sales of ivory. 200 New Scientist 10 (2008).

[82] Karthik Jayachandran and Winnie Lam, Google Employees Search for Prohibited Wildlife Products Online While Remote, WWF (Jul. 14, 2020), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/google-employees-search-for-prohibited-wildlife-products-online-while-remote.

[83] Supra note 39.

[84]Esteve Corbera, Smart, Commodified and Encoded: Blockchain Technology for Environmental Sustainability and Nature Conservation, Conservation & Society (2022), https://www.conservationandsociety.org.in/article.asp.

[85] Assessing the commitment of countries to STOP illegal wildlife trade, WWF, https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/illegal_trade/wildlife_trade_campaign/scorecard/ (last visited on Feb 21, 2023).

[86] Supra note 78.

[87] Supra note 73.

[88] Supra note 39.

[89] Supra note 13.