White Black Legal – International Law Journal

*Author – Satendra Rajput (NanaG.), Ph.D. Research Scholar, Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla.

[1] Lynn Hunt, The Invention of Pornography, 1500–1800 Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, Book review.

[2] Ibid.

[3] India Today, Survey shows majority of teens are not guilty of watching porn online, over 50 per cent watched it accidentally, Available at https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/survey-shows-majority-of-teens-are-not-guilty-of-watching-porn-online-over-50-per-cent-watched-it-accidentally-2322214-2023-01-16

[4] Ibid.

[5] Kingston, D. A., & Malamuth, N. M. (2011). Problems with aggregate data and the importance of individual differences in the study of pornography and sexual aggression: Comment on Diamond, Jozifkova, and Weiss (2010). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1045– 1048. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9743-3.

[6] Kutchinsky, B. (1991). Pornography and rape: Theory and practice? Evidence from crime data in four countries where pornography is easily available. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 14, 47– 64. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(91)90024-H.

[7] Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 614–625. doi:10.1007/s10508- 007-9212-1.

[8] J. Manning, Who said pornography was accepted in the workplace? An investigation into the use of pornography, NHS fertility clinics London (2010).

[9] P. Paul, Pornified: How pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. New York,  Time Books (2005).

[10] K. Wylie, K., & A.A. Pacey, Using erotica in government-funded health service clinics, 8 Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1261–1265 (2011).

[11] Eleanor Heartney, Pornography, 50(4) Art Journal, 16 -19, (1991).

[12] Ibid.

[13] Saurabh Kirpal (Edited), Sex and the Supreme Court How the Law is Upholding the Dignity of the Indian Citizen, (Hachette India, 2020).

[14] United States Sentencing Commission, The History of the Child Pornography Guidelines (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017).

[15] Ibid.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Peter Lehman, Pornography Film and Culture, 32-40 (Rutgers University Press, 2006).

[18] S. 292, Indian Penal Code 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860) India. (Section 292 – Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.).

[19] Id. at S. 293. (Section 293 – Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person).

[20] K.A. Pandey, 5 Penal Code, 644 (4th Ed., Easter Book Company, 2022).

[21] Supra Note 18 at S. 463 (Section 463 – Forgery).

[22] Id., at S. 435 (Section 435 – Punishment for forgery)

[23] Id., at S. 471 (Section 471 – Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record).

[24] State of Punjab v. Major Singh, 1967 AIR 63.

[25] Supra Note 18 at S. 509 (Section 509 - Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman) .

[26] Id., at S. 499 (Section 499 – Defamation).

[27] Id., at S. 500 (Section 500 – Punishment for defamation).

[28] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000) Parliament (India).

[29] Id., at S. 66E (Section 66E – Punishment for violation of privacy).

[30] K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and Ors, AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 1841.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Supra Note 28 at S. 67 (Section 67 – Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form).

[33] Id., at S. 67A (Section 67A – Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form).

[34] Id., at S. 67B (Section 67B – Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form).

[35] Id., at S. 79 (Section 79 – Exemption from liability of intermediary in certain cases).

[36] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011 (G.S.R. 314(E)).

[37] Protection of Children from of Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (Act No. 32 of 2012) Parliament (India).

[38] Women's Indecent Representation (Prohibition) Act, 1986 (Act No. 60 of 1986) Parliament (India).

[39] P. Ishwarya, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 (HARPERCOLLINS 360, 2022).

[40] Ibid.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Ministry of Electronics & IT, Restriction of Pornographic Websites, Available at  https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1881412.

[44] Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Available at https://www.meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/RNUS_CyberLaw_15411.pdf.

[45] Supra Note 34.

[46] Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, 1965 AIR 881.

[47] Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal, AIR 2014 SC 1495.

[48] Kamlesh Vaswani v. Union of India & Ors., Supreme Court on 26 February, 2016.

[49] Mehmood H. Qadri Et. Al., Psychosocial and Substance Abuse Effects of Pornography Addiction: A Narrative Review. 15(1) Cureus 12 (2023).

[50] Ibid.

[51] Art. 21, Constitution of India (Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty)

[52] Id., at Art. 19, (Article 19 – Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.).

[53] Id., at Art. 39(e), (Article 39(e) – that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength)

[54] Id., at Art. 39(f), (Article 39(f) – that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment)

[55] Supra Note 48.

[56] Id., at Art. 15(3), (Article 15(3) – Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children).

[57] Supra Note 47.

[1] Machhi Singh And Others vs State Of Punjab, (1983) AIR 957.

[2] Andrew Ashworth, Sentencing And Criminal Justice 75 (4th ed. 2005); Raymond Paternoster, How Much Do We Really Know About Criminal Deterrence, 100 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 765, 766 (2010).

[3] Law Commission of India, 35th Report, 1967, Ministry of Law, Government of India, at para 297.

[4] Law Commission of India, 262nd Report, 2015, Ministry of Law, Government of India, Chapter VII, at para 7.2.4.

[5] https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/history-of-the-death-penalty/early-history-of-the-death-penalty.

[6] Chaitanya Shah, Capital Punishment In Indian Legal History, VOLUME 6 ISSUE 4 111, 113-116, (July 2020).

[7] Lillie, William. (1948). An Introduction to Ethics. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.

[8] Clear, Todd R., & Cole, George F. (2000). American Corrections. Belmont: West Wadsworth.

[9] Mackenzie, J. S. (1929). A Manual of Ethics. London: University Tutorial Press Ltd.

[10] Miethe, Terance D., & Lu, Hong. (2005). Punishment a Comparative Historical Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[11] Bachan Singh vs State Of Punjab, AIR (1980) SC 898.

[12] Jagmohan Singh v State of UP 1973 SCR (2) 541.

[13] Rajendra Prasad v State of UP 1979 AIR 916.

[14] Santa Singh v State of Punjab 1976 4 SCC 190.

[15] Amrit Singh v State of Punjab, (2007) 1 SCC (Cri) 41.

[16] Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod v State of Gujarat, (1980) 3 SCC 5.

[17] Surendra Pal Shivbalak v State of Gujarat, (2000) 4 SCC 168.

[18] Swamy Shraddananda vs the State of Karnataka, (2008) 13 SCC 767.

[19] Sangeet vs the State of Haryana, (2013) 1 ACR 545.

[20] Sahib Hussain @ Sahib Jan vs State of Rajasthan, 2013 V AD 138(SC).

[21] Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, 1978 AIR 597.

[1] Matthew Ball, ‘Framework for the Metaverse’ (Matthew Ball, June 29, 2021) .<https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer> accessed 25 November 2021.

[2] Dave Evans, ‘The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Everything’ (Cisco, April 2011) https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/what-is-blockchain

[3] Gerry Christensen, ‘Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)’ (TechTarget, February 2019) https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things-AIoT

[4] Maggie Tillman, ‘Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh: How the ‘Just walk out’ tech works’, POCKET LINT (March 2021) < https://www.pocket-lint.com/gadgets/news/amazon/139650-what-is-amazon-go-where-is-it-and-how-does-it-work>.

[5] Swarnendu Das, The Rise of Metaverse: Challenges for the Indian Laws, METACEPT (February 14, 2022)https://metacept.com/the-rise-of-metaverse-challenges-for-the-indian-laws/#_ednref4.

[6] Launching Infosys Metaverse Foundry, INFOSYS (February 24, 2022)https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/launching-metaverse-foundry.html.

[7] Akhil George, How Indian cos, big & small, are building tech for the metaverse, TIMES OF INDIA (Mar 2, 2022, 12:38 IST) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/how-indian-cos-big-small-are-building-tech-for-the-metaverse/articleshow/89940303.cms.

[8] What is metaverse in blockchain? , COINTELEGRAPH https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-australian-open-swings-into-the-metaverse-on-decentraland.

[9] Anu Tiwari & Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Into the Metaverse: Legal and regulatory considerations in India, CYRIL AMARCHAND BLOGS (March 22, 2022) https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2022/03/fig-papers-no-11-series-1-into-the-metaverse-legal-and-regulatory-considerations-in-india/ .

[10]  The Metaverse: The evolution of a universal digital platform, NORTAN ROSE FULLBRIGHT (July 2021)https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-us/knowledge/publications/5cd471a1/the-metaverse-the-evolution-of-a-universal-digital-platform#section3.

[11] Meta, CBSE expand partnership to enable over 10 million students to embrace immersive tech, THE ECONOMICS TIMES (Dec 15, 2021,)https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/meta-cbse-expand-partnership-to-enable-over-10-million-students-to-embrace-immersive-tech/articleshow/88295116.cms?from=mdr.

[12] What are smart contracts on blockchain?, IBM https://www.ibm.com/topics/smart-contracts.

[13] Kate Ashford, What Is Cryptocurrency? FORBES (Jun 6, 2022)https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/what-is-cryptocurrency/.

[14] CARLA MOZÉE, A plot of virtual land that went for $4.3 million in The Sandbox is the most expensive metaverse property sale ever, THE BUSINESS INSIDER(NOV 30, 2021) https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/a-plot-of-virtual-land-that-went-for-4-3-million-in-the-sandbox-is-the-most-expensive-metaverse-property-sale-ever/articleshow/88015620.cms.

[15]  Harsh Agrawal & Rashi Jain, Expounding the Contours of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality, RMLNLU BLOG https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2022/05/20/metaverse/ .

[16] Siddharth Chaturvedi, Why India should start framing a law for the Metaverse, THE LEAFLET(FEB. 10, 2022) https://theleaflet.in/why-india-should-start-framing-a-law-for-the-metaverse/ .

[17] Harsh Agrawal & Rashi Jain, Expounding the Contours of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality, RMLNLU BLOG https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2022/05/24/metaverse-2/ .

[18] Mohit Kapoor, The Metaverse: Legal conundrums, BAR & BENCH(30 Mar, 2022) https://www.barandbench.com/view-point/the-metaverse-legal-conundrums .

[19] Rahul Hingmire ,The metaverse and legal frameworks around it, FORBES (Jul 26, 2022) https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/legalese/the-metaverse-and-legal-frameworks-around-it/ .

[1] Ali, Sharafat. "Social, Economic and Political Justice to the Employees: Constitutional Perspectives." Eduzone: International Peer Reviewed/Refereed Multidisciplinary Journal 7, no. 2 (2018): 11-15.

[2] HR Search & Rescue. “Why Equal Pay Matters In The Workplace - HR Search & Rescue.” HR Search & Rescue, April 5, 2021. https://hrsearchandrescue.com/why-equal-pay-matters-in-the-workplace/.

[3] Randhir Singh v Union of India, AIR 879 (1982).

[4] Mittal, J.K. “CASUAL LABOUR AND ‘EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK.’” Journal of the Indian Law Institute 28, no. 2 (1986): 260–67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43951011.

[5] Bakshi, Parvinrai Mulwantrai, and Subhash C. Kashyap. The constitution of India. Universal Law Publishing, 1982.

[6] Swara, Dipshi. “Equal Pay for Equal Work in India and the Globalising World - iPleaders.” iPleaders, October 19, 2021. https://blog.ipleaders.in/equal-pay-for-equal-work-in-india-and-the-globalising-world/.

[7] Bafna, Ruchitha. “Is Equal Pay For Equal Work A Fundamental Right In India.” lawyersclubindia, February 1, 2022. https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/Articles/is-equal-pay-for-equal-work-a-fundamental-right-in-india-14622.asp.

[8] TEKLE, Tzehainesh. Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100). 2018.

[9] Act, Equal Remuneration. "Ministry of Labour." Government of India (1976).

[10] Kishori Mohanlal Bakshi v. Union of India, AIR 1139 (1962).

[11] Mackinnon Mackenzie and Co. Ltd. v. Audrey D’Costa and Others, 2 SCC 469 (1987).

[12] Randhir Singh v Union of India, AIR 879 (1982).

[13] Samanta, Subhajit. "Equal Pay for Equal Work: A Constitutional Goal to Be Accomplished." Jus Corpus LJ 2 (2021): 88.

[14] Dhirendra Chamoli v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1 SCC 637 (1986).

[15] Rathore, Shubham. “Equal Pay for Equal Work- A Paradigm Shift.” International Journal of Legal Science and Innovation, June 27, 2019. https://www.ijlsi.com/equal-pay-for-equal-work-a-paradigm-shift/.

[16] State of Madhya Pradesh v. Pramod Bhartiya, AIR 286 (1993).

[17] Shweta. “Equal Pay For Equal Work Not A Fundamental Right, But A Constitutional Goal: SC - Others.” lawyersclubindia, January 31, 2022. https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/news/equal-pay-for-equal-work-not-a-fundamental-right-but-a-constitutional-goal-sc-19849.asp.

[1] The Rise and Consequences of Cyberbullying, Available at: https://www.verywellhealth.com/cyberbullying-effects-and-what-to-do-5220584 (last visited on Sept.13,2022)

[2] What is cyberbullying, Available at: https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it (last visited on Sept.13,2022)

[3] Cyberbullying facts and statistics, available at: https://www.comparitech.com/internet-providers/cyberbullying-statistics/#:~:text=A%202018%20Pew%20Research%20study%20found%20that%20a,identified%20politics%20as%20the%20reason%20behind%20the%20incident. (Last updated on Sept.13,2022)

[4] Vincente Llorent, Rosario Ruiz & Izabela Zych, “Bullying and cyberbullying in Minorities: Are they more vulnerable than the majority group?”, Front Psycol (2016)

[5] Sulli Deals, Bulli Bai and the young and educated hatemongers, Editorial, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sulli-deals-bulli-bai-and-the-young-and-educated-hatemongers/article38305009.ece (last updated on Jan. 22,2022)

[6] G. Brewer & J. Kerslake “Cyberbullying, Self-esteem, empathy and loneliness”, Computers in Human Behaviour, Vol.48, 255-260 (2015)

[7] Sixty Cyberbullying statistics, available at: https://comparecamp.com/cyberbullying-statistics/ (last visited on Sept.14, 2022)

[8] No one talks about the bullying content creators face, available at: https://timdenning.com/no-one-talks-about-the-shocking-bullying-content-creators-face/ (last visited on Sept. 14, 2022)

[9] Comedian Agrima Joshua gets rape threats for joke on Chhatrapati Shivaji, NCW seeks action, available at: https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jul/12/comedian-agrima-joshua-gets-rape-threats-for-joke-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-ncw-seeks-action--2168719.html (last updated on Sept.8, 2020)

[10] Mumbai journalist gets rape threats and over 20,000 abusive tweets, registers FIR, available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-journalist-rape-threats-abusive-tweets-registers-fir-7749958/ , (last updated on Jan. 31,2022)

[11] Female journalists abused online with threats of killing and rape, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/aug/28/online-abuse-of-female-journalists-is-also-a-threat-to-press-freedom, (last visited Sept.15, 2022)

[12] Return of ‘Momo suicide challenge’ sparks fear in the minds of parents, available at: https://www.foxnews.com/tech/momo-suicide-challenge-sparks-fear-among-parents (last visited Sept.15, 2022)

[13] Tamil Nadu Blue whale victim told his friends he’d survive, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tamil-nadu-blue-whale-victim-told-friends-hed-survive/articleshow/60318002.cms (last visited on Sept.15, 2022)

[14] Cyber Bullying: A new challenge with online classes, available at: https://www.socialmediamatters.in/cyber-bullying-a-new-challenge-with-online-classes, last visited on Sept. 14,2022

[15] Jiameng Li, Yedong Wu & Theresa Hesketh (2022), Internet use and Cyberbullying: Impacts on psychosocial and psychosomatic wellbeing among Chinese Adolescents, Computers in Human Behaviour, Vol.138

[16] What are the effects of cyberbullying, available at: https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/cyberbullying-effects, last visited on Sept. 13,2022

[17] Cyberbullying’s impact on online reputation, available at: https://www.erase.com/cyberbullyings-impact-on-online-reputation/ (last visited on Sept.14,2022)

[18] The digital footprint can be a source for cyber-attack or cyber bullying, available at: https://www.aliter.com/en/news/the-digital-footprint-can-be-a-source-for-cyber-attack-or-cyber-bullying (last visited on Sept. 14,2022)

[19] Sherry Gordon, 6 ways bullying impacts the family, available at: https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-bullying-impacts-the-family-460805 (last updated on Nov.15, 2020)

[20] Nansel Wang, T. R., & Iannotti, R. J. (2011) Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association with Depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(4), 415–417 (2011)

[21] What are the effects of cyberbullying, available at: https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/cyberbullying-effects

[22]Media Fact Sheet, Cyberbullying Pulse Survey, available at https://www.mcafee.com/content/dam/consumer/en-in/docs/fact-sheets/fs-cyberbullying-in-plain-sight-2022-india.pdf?id=privacy&culture=nl-nl (last visited on Sept. 13, 2022)

[23] ibid

[24] Research shows rise in cyberbullying during COVID 19 Pandemic, available at: https://www.verywellfamily.com/cyberbullying-increasing-during-global-pandemic-4845901 (last updated on Aug.1,2020)

[25] Emily. S. Rueb, “A teenager kills himself after being outed as bisexual” The New York Times, Sept.30, 2019

[26] Cyberbullying on the rise in US, available at https://www.foxnews.com/health/cyberbullying-all-american-little-girl-suicide (last visited on Sept. 15, 2022)

[27] Mother of three believed to have committed suicide after alleged cyberbullying, available at: https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/national/mother-of-three-believed-to-have-committed-suicide-after-alleged-cyber-bullying/ar-AA10oxpB (last visited on Sept.15, 2022)

[28] HT correspondent, “24-year-old commits suicide after being bullied for dressing up as a woman”, Hindustan Times, Oct. 19, 2018

[29] Shibani Barik v. State of Odisha, 2020, BLAPL NO. 915/2020

[30] Online sexual harassment : Kerala HC ruling a good start but govt. needs to hold intermediaries accountable, available at: https://www.firstpost.com/india/online-sexual-harassment-kerala-hc-ruling-a-good-start-but-govt-needs-to-hold-internet-intermediaries-accountable-4774621.html (last visited Sept. 15, 2022)

[31] Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment

[32] Stalking

[33] Punishment for defamation

[34] Word, gesture or act insulting the modesty of a woman

[35] Shakhambari, Raj Joshua Samuel& Anantha Babu. S., Smart Cyberbullying detection with Machine Learning, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (2022)

[1] "The Pure Theory of Law." November 18, 2002. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/.

[2] "The Pure Theory of Law." November 18, 2002. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/.

[3] Goel, Avantika. "Discuss Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law. What Are the Mains Points of Criticism of This Theory ?" December 17, 2016. http://www.infipark.com/articles/discuss-kelsens-pure-theory-of-law-what-are-the-mains-points-of-criticism-of-this-theory/.

[4] Okhira, Scott Ayo. "A CRITIQUE OF HANS KELSEN'S PURE THEORY OF LAW." https://www.academia.edu/31008713/A_CRITIQUE_OF_HANS_KELSENS_PURE_THEORY_OF_LAW.

[5] Goel, Avantika. "Discuss Kelson’s Pure Theory of Law. What Are the Mains Points of Criticism of This Theory ?" December 17, 2016. http://www.infipark.com/articles/discuss-kelsons-pure-theory-of-law-what-are-the-mains-points-of-criticism-of-this-theory/.

[1] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University Press, 2.

[2] ibid, 6.

[3] ibid, 210.

[4] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[5] ibid, 29.

[6] ibid, 29.

[7] ibid, 9.

[8] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[9] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[10] ibid, 27.

[11] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[12] ibid, 20.

[13] ibid.

[14]Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[15] Ratna Kapur, “New Cosmologies: Mapping the Postcolonial Feminist Legal Project,” in Erotic justice: Law and the New Politicsof Postcolonialism (2005)

[16] Ratna Kapur, “New Cosmologies: Mapping the Postcolonial Feminist Legal Project,” in Erotic justice: Law    and the New Politicsof Postcolonialism (2005),21.

[17] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University, 78.

[18] ibid.

[19] ibid.

[20] Sumita Mukherjee, ‘Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks’ (2018), Oxford University.

[21] ibid, 80.

[22] ibid, 191.

[23] ibid, 198.

[24] ibid, 245.

[25] Ibid, 247.

[26] ibid, 251.

[1]  http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/laid.htm

[2]  http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/laid.htm

[3]https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=16&ved=2ahUKEwi2dXdsJnlAhUKRo8KHTQeBBUQFjAPegQICBAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10603 %2F34296%2F11%2F11_chapter%2520iv.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3m6VCeDtP7w7rRPE_rxFuz

[4] AIR 1978 SC 597

[5] AIR 1979 SC 1369.

[6] AIR 1986 SC 991

[7] AIR 1981 SC 928

[8]  AIR 1978 1548

[9]  AIR 1979 SCR (1) 192

[10]  2012 9 SCC 1, Supreme Court

[11]AIR 1982 SC 149

[12] AIR 1984 SC 802

[13] AIR 1987 SC 294