[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Dark Commercial Patterns: OECD Digital Economy Papers, 336 OECD iLibrary 55 (Oct. 26, 2022), https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/44f5e846-en.pdf?expires=1707135816&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C09AFF503D737DA4AFF8EF1F428CCA0.

[2] Arunesh Mathur et al., Dark Patterns at Scale: Findings from a Crawl of 11K Shopping Websites, 3 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 81 (2019).

[3] Linda Di Geronimo et al., UI Dark Patterns and Where to Find Them: A Study on Mobile Applications and User Perception, 473 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 5 (2020).

[4] Johanna Gunawan et al., A Comparative Study of Dark Patterns Across Mobile and Web Modalities, 5 Proc. ACM Hum. - Comput. Interact. 377, 377:13 (2021).

[5] Steve Dale, Heuristics and Biases: The Science of Decision-Making, 32 Bus. Info. Rev. 93, 93 (2015).

[6] Alison Hung, Keeping Consumers in the Dark, 121 Colum. L. Rev. 2483, 2483 (2021).

[7] Agnieszka Kitowska, The Hows and Whys of Dark Patterns: Categorizations and Privacy, in Human Factors in Privacy Research 173, 174 (Nina Gerber et al. eds., 2023).

[8] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023, Gazette of India, pt. lll sec. 4 (Nov. 30, 2023) § 2 (e).

[9] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1.

[10] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1.

[11] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 1.

[12] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 2.

[13] District of Columbia v. Grubhub, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/district-of-columbia-v-grubhub.

[14] Id.

[15] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[16] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[17] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 3.

[18] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 5.

[19] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 6.

[20] Deliberation of the Restricted Committee Concerning Google LLC and Google Ireland Limited, Deceptive Patterns, https://www.deceptive.design/cases/deliberation-of-the-restricted-committee-concerning-google-llc-and-google-ireland-limited.

[21] The Data Protection Act, No. 78-17, 1978 (France).

[22] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 7.

[23] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 9.

[24] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28).

[25] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1 § 10.

[26] Ari E. Waldman, Cognitive Biases, Dark Patterns, and the ‘Privacy Paradox,’ 31 Current Opinion in Psychol. 105, 107-108 (2020).

[27] Id. at 107.

[28] Id. at 107.

[29] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6.

[30] The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), § 6.

[31] Ari, supra note 25, at 107.

[32] Ari, supra note 25, at 109.

[33] LendingClub Agrees to Pay $18 Million to Settle FTC Charges, Federal Trade Commission (Jul. 14, 2021) https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/07/lendingclub-agrees-pay-18-million-settle-ftc-charges#:~:text=Online%20lender%20LendingClub%20Corporation%20agreed%20to%20pay%20%2418,and%20about%20whether%20their%20loan%20applications%20were%20approved.

[34] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503, 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[35] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (a), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[36] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act § 503 (b) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801-6821 (1999).

[37] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5, 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58.

[38] Federal Trade Commission Act § 5 (a) (1), 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58.

[39] Karmanya Singh Sareen & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors., (2019) 17 SCC 689.

[40] WhatsApp v Right to Privacy: Supreme Court Directs WhatsApp to Publicize its May 2021 Undertaking; to Hear Petition in April 2023, SCC Online Blog (Feb. 3, 2024), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/02/03/directed-whatsapp-to-widely-publicise-stand-that-its-users-in-india-do-not-have-to-accept-its-2021-privacy-policy-in-order-to-use-mobile-application/.

[41] General Data Protection Regulation, 2016, 216/679, European Parliament, 2016 (European Union).

[42] Digital Services Act, 2022, 2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[43] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[44] Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, 2019, 2019/2161, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[45] Dan Cooper et al., EU Stance on Dark Patterns, Insider Privacy, https://www.insideprivacy.com/eu-data-protection/the-eu-stance-on-dark-patterns/.

[46]  Mark R. Leiser & Cristiana Santos, Dark Patterns, Enforcement, and the emerging Digital Design Acquis -- Manipulation beneath the Interface, SSRN eLibrary (2023) https:/Mark, %20Cristiana%20-%20Dark%20Patterns%20Article%20Outline.pdf.

[47] European Commission, Digital Services Act Package (Digital Strategy) https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package.

[48] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 25 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[49] Mark, supra note 49, at 20.

[50] Mark, supra note 49, at 20.

[51] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 2,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[52] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 45 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[53] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 67 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[54] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[55] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[56] Mark, supra note 49, at 21.

[57] Digital Markets Act,2022, 2022/1925, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[58] Digital Services Act, 2022, § 3 ,2022/2065, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[59] Mark, supra note 49, at 23.

[60] DETOUR Act, 2019, 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[61] DETOUR Act, 2019, § 3(a)(1) 2019/1084, European Parliament, 2019 (European Union).

[62] California Privacy Rights Act, 2020.

[63] Colorado Privacy Act, 2021, 2021/190, General Assembly, 2021 (State of Colorado).

[64] Mark, supra note 49, at 23

[65] Mark, supra note 49, at 23

[66] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[67] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, 2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[68] Data Act (Proposal), 2022, § 37,2022/0047, European Parliament, 2022 (European Union).

[69] Mark, supra note 49, at 25.

[70] Mark, supra note 49, at 25.

[71] The Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, India Code (2019), § 2 (1) (28).

[72] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (e).

[73] India Corporate Law, https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2023/12/dark-pattern-guidelines-illuminating-or-illusory/ (last visited on Jan 28, 2024).

[74] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 3.

[75] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, Annexure 1.

[76] The Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns at 4, § 2 (28).

[77] Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (2000) § 66.

[78] Ombudsman Scheme for Non - Banking Financial Companies 2018.

[79] Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006.

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