[1] M.A. LL.M. UGC-NET (Law) Ph.D. Scholar – Law, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009

[2] Dr K S Chauhan, Parliament: Powers, Functions & Privileges, First Edition 2013, Page 3

[3] Article 368(1), Constitution of India

[4] Article 79, Constitution of India

[5] Article 83(1), Constitution of India

[6] Article 326, Constitution of India

[7] Article 83(2), Constitution of India

[8]https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211914/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm

[9] Article 100(3), Constitution of India

[10]http://web.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/WhaIsDemocracy012004.htm

[11]Late Abraham Lincoln, The Honourable Former President of United States of America

[12] Keshavanand Bharati V. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461

[13] Supra Note 6

[14] Article 324(1), Constitution of India

[15] D.D. Basu, Select Constitution of the World, 4th Edition, 2009

[16] Article/Section 57(2)(d), Constitution of South Africa, 1997

[17] Supra Note 15

[18] Article 246 & 7th Schedule, Constitution of India

[19] Article 75(3), Constitution of India

[20] Ch. VII, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[21]Ch. VIII, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[22] Ch. X, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[23] Ch. XI, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[24] Ch. XII, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[25] Ch. XIII, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[26] Ch. XIV, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[27] Ch. XVI, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[28]Ch. XVII& Ch. XVII-A TO C & Ch. XIX & XXIV, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[29] Ch. XXII, Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

[30] Supra Note 19

[31]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-incumbency

[32] M P Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, 7th Edition, 2014, Page 64

[33] Supra Note 12

[34] Harjinder Singh V. Punjab State Warehousing Corporation, AIR 2010 SC 1116

[35] Supra Note 12

[36] Preamble, Constitution of India

[37] Supra Note 3

[38] Supra Note 32, Page 68

[39] Article 61, Constitution of India

[40] Article 67(b), Constitution of India

[41] Article 124(2)(b) & 124(4), Constitution of India

[42] Article 217(1)(b), Constitution of India

[43] Article 324(5), Constitution of India

[44] Article 148(1), Constitution of India

[45] Supra Note 3

[46] Section 2, The Salary and Allowances of Leader of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977

[47] The Salary and Allowances of Leader of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977

WALTER GARY SHARP, SR.,“CYBERSPACE AND THE USE OF FORCE,” 1999, pp 1.

[2] Hathaway, Oona A., et al.“The Law of Cyber-Attack. California Law Review, vol. 100, no. 4, 2012, pp. 817–85.

[3] Caton, Jeffrey L. EXAMINING THE ROLES OF ARMY RESERVE COMPONENT FORCES IN MILITARY CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2019.

[4] Colonel James B. Dermer, “ Cyber Warfare: New Character with Strategic Results”, United States Air Force, 2013.

[5] Ibid supra 2

[6] Lotrionte, Catherine. “Reconsidering the Consequences for State-Sponsored Hostile Cyber Operations Under International Law.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 2018, pp. 73–114.

[7] KENNETH GEERS, “STRATEGIC CYBER SECURITY” 2009,  pp 4-9.

[8] Giles, Keir. PROSPECTS FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN CYBERSPACE. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2017.”

[9] Dietrich Schindler, “Transformations in the Law of Neutrality since 1945”,  Humanitarian Law Of Armed Conflict – Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, pp 367-386.

[10]  Tikk, E., Kaska, K., & Vihul, L., “ International cyber incidents: legal considerations”, CCDCOE, 2010,  pp.79.

[11] Pearson, Christopher H. “Pattern Cladism, Homology, and Theory-Neutrality.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32, no. 4 (2010).

[12] Alexander, Larry, and Maimon Schwarzschild. “Liberalism, Neutrality, and Equality of Welfare vs. Equality of Resources.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 16, no.1.

[13] McGhee, James E. “Liberating Cyber Offense. Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 4, 2016, pp. 46–63.

[14] Tütüncü, Koray. “Liberalism, Neutrality and the Politics of Virtue.” SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, vol. 16, no. 1, 2013, pp. 41–58.

[15] Lingelbach, William E. “Belgian Neutrality: Its Origin and Interpretation.” The American Historical Review, vol. 39, no. 1, 1933, pp. 48–72.

[16] Faunt, Raymond A., and Philip D. Gentile. “Artificial Intelligence within the Intelligence Community: The Need to Retain the Human Dimension.” American Intelligence Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, 2019, pp. 48–53.

[17] Mavropoulou, Elizabeth. “Targeting in the Cyber Domain: Legal Challenges Arising from the Application of the Principle of Distinction to Cyber Attacks.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 23–93.

[18] Healey, Jason. When “Not My Problem” Isn’t Enough: Political Neutrality and National Responsibility in Cyber Conflict. Atlantic Council, 2012.

[19] Kelsey, Jeffrey T. G. “Hacking into International Humanitarian Law: The Principles of Distinction and Neutrality in the Age of Cyber Warfare.” Michigan Law Review, vol. 106, no. 7, 2008, pp. 1427–51.

[20] Hildebrandt, Mireille. “EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION TO ENFORCE IN CYBERSPACE? BODIN, SCHMITT, GROTIUS IN CYBERSPACE.” The University of Toronto Law Journal, vol. 63, no. 2, 2013, pp. 196–224.

[21] Hopper, Bruce. “Sweden: A Case Study in Neutrality.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 23, no. 3, 1945, pp. 435–49.

[22]Paul, Christopher, et al. “Cyber Forces and U.S. Cyber Command.” The Other Quiet Professionals: Lessons for Future Cyber Forces from the Evolution of Special Forces, RAND Corporation, 2014, pp. 23–30.

[23] “United Nations: Report of Legal Sub-Committee to Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Assistance to and Return of Astronauts and Space Vehicles; Liability for Damage Caused by Objects Launched into Outer Space).” International Legal Materials”, vol. 3, no. 3, 1964, pp. 528–50.

[24] McDougal, Myres S., and Leon Lipson. “Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 52, no. 3, 1958, pp. 407–31.

[25] Albrecht, Ulrich. “THE ROLE OF NEUTRAL AND NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES IN A WORLD OF GLOBAL POWERS.” Current Research on Peace and Violence, vol. 11, no. 3, 1988, pp. 130–35.

[26] Jesse, Neal G. “Choosing to Go It Alone: Irish Neutrality in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective.” “International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique, vol. 27, no. 1, 2006, pp. 7–28.

[27] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, “Back to the Roots: The Laws of Neutrality and the Future of Due Diligence in Cyberspace”, European Journal of International Law, Volume 33, Issue 3, August 2022, Pages 789–819

[28] Sherman, Gordon E. “The Permanent Neutrality Treaties.” The Yale Law Journal, vol. 24, no. 3, 1915, pp. 217–41.

[29] Goel, Sanjay. “National Cyber Security Strategy and the Emergence of Strong Digital Borders.” Connections, vol. 19, no. 1, 2020, pp. 73–86.

[30] Gervais, Michael. “Cyber Attacks and the Laws of War.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 8–98.

[31] Preciado, Michael. “If You Wish Cyber Peace, Prepare for Cyber War: The Need for the Federal Government to Protect Critical Infrastructure From Cyber Warfare.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 99–154.

[32] Jessup, Philip C. “Diversity and Uniformity in the Law of Nations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 58, no. 2, 1964, pp. 341–58.

[33] Hofmann, Claudia, and Ulrich Schneckener. NGOs and Non State Armed Actors: Improving Compliance with International Norms. US Institute of Peace, 2011.

[34] Podeh, Elie. “The Drift towards Neutrality: Egyptian Foreign Policy during the Early Nasserist Era, 1952-55.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, 1996, pp. 159–78. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283780. Accessed 23 May 2023.

[35] Udombana, Nsongurua J. “Still Playing Dice with Lives: Darfur and Security Council Resolution 1706.” Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, 2007, pp. 97–116.

[36] MUELLER, WOLFGANG. “Two Differing Concepts of Neutrality.” A Good Example of Peaceful Coexistence?: The Soviet Union, Austria, and Neutrality, 1955-1991, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2011, pp. 41–8776.”

[37] Q. Wright,“"The Future of Neutrality," International Conciliation, Sept., 1928; The Causes of War and the Conditions of Peace (London, 1935).

[38] Erin F. Delaney, “ Solidarity Federalism”, Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, Notre Dame Law Review, pp. 620-628.

[39] Jonathan Zittrain, “ Net Neutrality as Diplomacy”, JOUR, 2010, pp. 65-70.

[40] Rowe, NC. “A Taxonomy of Norms in Cyber Conflict for Government Policymakers.” Journal of Information Warfare, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31–48.

[41] “Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 50, no. 3, 1956, pp. 724–83.

[42] Deibert, Ronald J., and Masashi Crete-Nishihata. “Global Governance and the Spread of Cyberspace Controls.” Global Governance, vol. 18, no. 3, 2012, pp. 339–61.

[43]Garrie, Daniel B. “Cyber Warfare, What Are The Rules?” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1–7.

[44] Goel, Sanjay. “How Improved Attribution in Cyber Warfare Can Help De-Escalate Cyber Arms Race.” Connections,” vol. 19, no. 1, 2020, pp. 87–95.

[45] Hague Convention (V) and  (XIII), available at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org.

[46] Fang, B, “Necessities for advocating cyberspace sovereignty, Cyberspace Sovereignty,” pp. 103–134.

[47] Tan, Eugene E. G. “A Small State Perspective on the Evolving Nature of Cyber Conflict: “Lessons from Singapore.” PRISM, vol. 8, no. 3, 2019, pp. 158–71.

[48] Butler and Maccoby, The Development of International Law (London, 1928)

[49] Ball, Desmond, and Gary Waters. “Cyber Defence and Warfare.” Security Challenges, vol. 9, no. 2, 2013, pp. 91–98.

[50] Deibert, Ronald. “Cybersecurity: The New Frontier.” Great Decisions, 2012, pp. 45–58.

[51] Matheson, Michael J. “The Opinions of the International Court of Justice on the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 91, no. 3, 1997, pp. 417–35.

[52] Gervais, Michael. “Cyber Attacks and the Laws of War.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 8– 8598.”

[53] Warbrick, Colin, and Peter Rowe. “The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia: The Decision of the Appeals Chamber on the Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction in the Tadic Case. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 3, 1996, pp. 691–701.

[54] “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)”  art. 36, June 8, 1977, available at https://www.ohchr.org

[55] McGhee, James E. “Cyber Redux: The Schmitt Analysis, Tallinn Manual and US Cyber Policy.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, pp. 64–103.

[56] Ibid., supra 53.

[57] Healey, Jason. When “Not My Problem” Isn’t Enough: Political Neutrality and National Responsibility in Cyber Conflict”. Atlantic Council, 2012.

[58]  van Loon, Fabio. “Codifying Jus in Bello Spatialis—The Space Law of Tomorrow.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 1, 2021, pp. 10–27.

[59] Mégret, Frédéric. “Jus in Bello and Jus Ad Bellum.” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), vol. 100, 2006, pp. 121–23.

[60] Caton, Jeffrey L. DISTINGUISHING ACTS OF WAR IN CYBERSPACE: ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, POLICY CONSIDERATIONS, AND RESPONSE IMPLICATIONS. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2014.

[61] International Court of Justice (ICJ), “Case concerning oil platforms”, pp. 161–219, available at https://www.icj-cij.org.

[62] Subedi, Surya P. “Neutrality in a Changing World: European Neutral States and the European Community.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 2, 1993, pp. 238–68.

[63] Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, available at https://www.un.org/securitycouncil.

[64] Diamond, Eitan. “Applying International Humanitarian Law to Cyber Warfare.” Law and National Security: Selected Issues, edited by Pnina Sharvit Baruch and Anat Kurz, “Institute for National Security Studies, 2014, pp. 67–84.

[65] Deibert, Ronald J. “The Virtual Absence of Malice: Cyber Security and Threat Politics.” International Studies Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2009, pp. 373–75.

[66] International Court of Justice (ICJ), “Case concerning Military and Paramilitary in and against Nicaragua”, para 165, available at https://www.icj-cij.org.

[67] Michael N. Schmitt, “TALLINN MANUAL ON THE INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO CYBER WARFARE”, Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-106, available at https://library.oapen.org.”

[68] “Chang, Lennon YC, and Peter Grabosky. “The Governance of Cyberspace.” Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications, edited by PETER DRAHOS, ANU Press, 2017, pp. 533–52.

[69] Goines, Timothy M. “Overcoming the Cyber Weapons Paradox.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, 2017, pp. 86–111.

[70] Anderson, Steven J. “Hypothesizing a Cyber-Power Targeting Theory.” Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting Theory, Air University Press, 2016, pp. 87–130.

[71] NATO,  Brussels Summit Communiqué, 2021

[72] Schmitt, Michael N. “THE LAW OF CYBER TARGETING.” Naval War College Review, vol. 68, no. 2, 2015, pp. 10–29.

[73] Bradshaw, Samantha, et al. “THE EMERGENCE OF CONTENTION IN GLOBAL INTERNET GOVERNANCE.” Who Runs the Internet?: The Global Multi-Stakeholder Model of Internet Governance, Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2017, pp. 45–66.

[74] Bremmer, Ian. “Democracy in Cyberspace: What Information Technology Can and Cannot Do.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 89, no. 6, 2010, pp. 86–92.

[75] Roscini, M. (2015) ‘Cyber operations as a use of Force’, Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace.

[76] Ibid., supra 45.

[77] Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, ‘’Benevolent’ Third States in International Armed Conflicts: The Myth of the Irrelevance of the Law of Neutrality’, in: International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, 543-568.

[78] Wanner, Bastien, and Solange Ghernaouti. “Conceptualizing Active Cyber Defence in Cyber Operations: Quo Vadis, Switzerland?” St Antony’s International Review, vol. 15, no. 1, 2019, pp. 58–82.

[79] Kilovaty, Ido. “Rethinking the Prohibition on the Use of Force in the Light of Economic Cyber Warfare: Towards a Broader Scope of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare”, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015, pp. 210–56 44.”

[80] “Ibid., supra 45.

[81] George K. Walker, ‘Information Warfare and Neutrality’, 33 Vanderbilt J.Trans.L., pp. 1079-1202, at 1182.

[82] Allen, Patrick D. “Cyber Maneuver and Schemes of Maneuver: Preliminary Concepts, Definitions, and Examples.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 2020, pp. 79–98.

 

[83] Articles 6 and 17 of Hague Convention V and Article 7 of  Hague Convention XIII.

[84] Dietrich Schindler, ‘Transformations in the Law of Neutrality since 1945’, in: Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict – Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, pp. 367-386.

[85] Deibert, Ronald. “Cybersecurity: The New Frontier.” Great Decisions, 2012, pp. 45–58.

[86] Wright, Quincy. “Rights and Duties Under International Law: “As Affected by the United States Neutrality Act and the Resolutions of Panama.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 34, no. 2, 1940, pp. 238–48.

[87]  Articles 4, 5, 8, and 16 of “responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts”, ILC ASR, available at https://legal.un.org/ilc

[88] Articles 5 of Hague Convention  V and Article  25 of Hague Convention  XIII.

[89] Rulli, Tina. “Conditional Obligations.” Social Theory and Practice, vol. 46, no. 2, 2020, pp. 365–90.

[90] Articles 8 and 25 of the Hague Convention  XIII and 15 of the San Remo Manual, as well as Articles 42, 46, and 47 of the Hague Rules of Aerial Warfare, available at https://www.icrc.org.

[91] Waxman, Matthew C. Cyber Strategy and Policy: International Law Dimensions. Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.

[92] Yoram Dinstein and Arne Dahl,  “Oslo Manual on select topics of law of armed conflict”, Rules and Commentary, available at https://library.oapen.org

[93] Ibid., supra at 63.

[94] Article 8 of Hague Convention (V).

[95] Ibid., supra at 45.

[96] Article 9 HC V and XIII.

[97] Brown, Philip Marshall. “Malevolent Neutrality.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 30, no. 1, 1936, pp. 88–90.

[98] Ibid., supra 45.

[99] Article 7 of Hague Convention (V).

[100] Boyle, Ashley S. Moving Towards Tallinn: Drafting the Shape of Cyber Warfare. American Security Project, 2012.

[101] Ibid., at 73.”

[102] “Hershey, Amos S. “Neutrality and International Law.” International Journal of Ethics, vol. 26, no. 2, 1916, pp. 168–76.

[103] Kennedy, Craig. “SWEDEN: THE ALIGNED NONALIGNED.” A Hard Look at Hard Power:, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2020, pp. 293–326.

[104] Mohan B. Gazula, “Cyber Warfare Conflict Analysis and Case Studies”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017, pp. 28-87.

[105] Warf, Barney. “Geographies of Global Internet Censorship.” GeoJournal, vol. 76, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1–23.

[106] “The Oxford Process on International Law Protections in Cyberspace: a compendium”,  Oxford institute for ethics, law and armed conflict, pp. 77-121

[107] Articles 1, 2, and 3 of HC V and 1, 2, and 5 of HC XIII.

[108] Döge, Jenny. “Cyber Warfare. Challenges for the Applicability of the Traditional Laws of War Regime.” Archiv Des Völkerrechts, vol. 48, no. 4, 2010, pp. 486–501.

[109] Hobbs, Carla, editor. EUROPE’S DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: FROM RULEMAKER TO SUPERPOWER IN THE AGE OF US-CHINA RIVALRY. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2020.

[110] Sherman, Gordon E. “The Neutrality of Switzerland.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 12, no. 4, 1918, pp. 780–95.

[111] Borchard, Edwin. “War, Neutrality and Non-Belligerency.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 35, no. 4, 1941, pp. 618–25.

[112] Ibid., supra at 63.

[113] “Ibid., supra at 45.

[114] Nasu, H, “The Laws of Neutrality in the Interconnected World: Mapping the Future Scenarios, in The Future of Law of Armed Conflict.” Oxford University Press.”

[115] Article 37, ibid., supra at 53.”

[116]  International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Rule 61, available at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org.”

[117] “Sean Cordey and Kevin Kohler, “The Law of Neutrality in Cyberspace”, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich, CYBERDEFENSE REPORT, 2021, pp 50-52.

[118] Anderson, Steven J. “Hypothesizing a Cyber-Power Targeting Theory.” Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting Theory, Air University Press, 2016, pp. 87–130.

[119] Corfu Channel, United Kingdom v Albania, ICJ, Rep 244, ICGJ 201 (ICJ 1949), p. 18.

[120] Ibid., supra at 81.

[121] Brown, Philip Marshall. “International Law Reparations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 28, no. 2, 1934, pp. 330–34.

[122] Ibid., supra at 98.

[123] Articles 37 and 35 ILC ASR, HC IV, and AP 1

[124] Noam Neuman, “Neutrality and cyber space bridging the gap between theory and reality”, International law studies, vol. 97, 2021 pp.768-798.

[125] Jennings, W. I. “The Right of Angary.” The Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, 1927, pp. 49–58.

[126] Ibid., supra at 45.

[127] Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims, Norway v United States, Award, (1922), ICGJ 393 (PCA) 1922.

[128] Roberto Echandi. “Non-Compliance with Awards: The Remedies of Customary International Law.” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting” (American Society of International Law), vol. 106, 2012, pp. 118–22.

[129] Johnson, Durward E., and Michael N. Schmitt. “Responding to Proxy Cyber Operations Under International Law.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 6, no. 4, 2021, pp. 15–34.

[130] France (2019), “International Law applied to Operations in Cyberspace”, p. 7.

[131] Tsagourias, Nicholas. “THE SLOW PROCESS OF NORMATIVIZING CYBERSPACE.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 113, 2019, pp. 71–75.

[132] Kilovaty, Ido. “Rethinking the Prohibition on the Use of Force in the Light of Economic Cyber Warfare: Towards a Broader Scope of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015, pp. 210–44.

[133] Waxman, Matthew C. Cyber Strategy and Policy: International Law Dimensions”. Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.”

[134] Hitchens, Theresa, and Nilsu Goren. International Cybersecurity Information Sharing Agreements. Center for International & Security Studies,”U. Maryland, 2017.

[1] Maintenance, BRITANNICA, https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/maintenance#:~:text=%5Bnoncount%5D-,1,costs%20of%20routine%20car%20maintenance; Maintenance, THE MERRIAM WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maintenance; Maintenance, THE CAMBRIDGE LAW DICTIONARY, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/maintenance; Maintenance, THE COLLINS DICTIONARY, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maintenance.

[2] Smt. YJ Padma Shree, IIIrd Additional Junior Civil Judge (Kadapa), Concept of Maintenance, THE DISTRICT COURTS,https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/default/files/1-Maintenance%20-%20by%20Smt%20YJ%20Padmasree.pdf; DR. PARAS DIWAN, FAMILY LAW (2023); DR. RAKESH KUMAR SINGH, TEXTBOOK ON MUSLIM LAW (2017); MULA, PRINCIPLES OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. IQBAL ALI KHAN, MOHAMMADEN LAW (2021); TAHIR MEHMOOD, FAMILY LAW IN INDIA (2021); Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 (India); The Cutchi Memons Act 1938 (India); The Kazi Act 1880 (India); The Musselman wakf Act 1923 (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 (25 of 1986) as amended by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 (34 of 2019) (w.e.f. 31-10-2019) (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Rules, 1986 (India); The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 (8 of 1939) as amended by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 (34 of 2019) (w.e.f. 31-10-2019) (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 (20 of 2019) (w.r.e.f. 19-9-2018) with Model Nikahnama (India).

[3] The Early Life of Prophet Mohammed, ISLAMIC HISTORY, https://islamichistory.org/early-life-of-mohammad-saw/; THE HOLY QURAN; KAHLIL GIBRAN, THE PROPHET (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, FAMILY LAW (2023); DR. RAKESH KUMAR SINGH, TEXTBOOK ON MUSLIM LAW (2017); MULA, PRINCIPLES OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. IQBAL ALI KHAN, MOHAMMADEN LAW (2021); TAHIR MEHMOOD, FAMILY LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. MOHAMMED SHAMIM, INTRODUCING PROPHET MOHAMMED TO THE MANKIND; UZMA AUSAF, MOHAMMED: THE LAST PROPHET.

[4] THE HOLY QURAN, 2:226.

[5] Ibid

[6] Ibid

[7] Prof. Abdur Rehman I. Doi, Women in Quran and the Sunnah, INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA, https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/woman_quran.html.

[8] Ibid

[9] Mohammad Ahmad Khan v Shah Bano Begum (1985 (3) SCR 844).

[10] Payodhi Das Choudhuri, Mohd. Ahmad Khan v Shah Bano Begum & Ors (1985 (3) SCR 844), AISHWARYA SANDEEP, https://aishwaryasandeep.in/mohd-ahmed-khan-vs-shah-bano-begum-and-others/

[11] Ibid.

[12] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, section 125 (India).

[13] Danial Latifi v Union of India (AIR 2001 SC).

[14] Danial Latifi v Union of India (AIR 2001 SC), MANUPATRA, https://manupatracademy.com/LegalPost/MANU_SC_0595_2001.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Mohammad Abdul Samad v State of Telangana and Ors (2024, SC).

[17] Supreme Court’s recent judgement highlights Homemakers’ Rights and Duties of a Married Man, INDIA TODAY, https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/supreme-court-homemaker-rights-married-man-duties-muslim-woman-maintenance-order-2564949-2024-07-10.

[18] Muslim Women Entitled to Seek Alimony, Says SC, HINDUSTAN TIMES, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-women-entitled-to-seek-alimony-says-sc-101720637069508.html.

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[1] Segun Osisanya, National security versus global security, UNITED NATIONS (Nov. 24, 2022, 09:11 PM) https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-versus-global-security

[2]Tom LaTourrette, Sea bed mining will help break China’s grip on critical minerals, REALCLEAR WORLD (Nov. 24, 2022, 09:44 PM) https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2022/11/18/seabed_mining_will_help_break_chinas_grip_on_critical_minerals_865746.html

[3] OPINION: Energy security in a fractured world will be a significant challenge, ET ENERGY WORLD (Jan. 12, 2023, 6:10 PM), https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/opinion-energy-security-in-a-fractured-world-will-be-a-significant-challenge/95311279 

[4] Ibid 3

[5] Ibid 2

[6] Energy Security - an overview, SCIENCE DIRECT (Jan. 11, 2023, 10:10 PM) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/energy-security#:~:text=Researchers%20and%20energy%20policy%20makers,main%20definitions%20of%20energy%20security

[7] Dr. Alvaro Silva-Calderón, Short- and long-term energy security in the UNECE region: trends and prospects, OPEC (Jan. 13, 2023, 2:50 PM), https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/909.htm

[8] Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022 - UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, (Dec. 23, 2022, 4:15 PM), https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/progress-report/#:~:text=The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20Report,latest%20available%20data%20and%20estimates

[9] National Security versus Global Security, UNITED NATIONS (Dec. 23, 2022, 7:50 PM) https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-versus-global-security  

[10] How does India taken a leadership role in tackling climate change?, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (Jan. 1, 2023, https://blog.mygov.in/editorial/how-does-india-taken-a-leadership-role-in-tackling-climate-change-3/#:~:text=India%20has%20taken%20the%20oath,in%20the%20range%20of%20PM2

[11] Climate change threatens global security, warn medical and military leaders, SCIENCE DAILY (Dec. 23, 2022, 8:50 PM) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110405194110.html

[12]Concluding document of the ministerial (“THE HAGUE II”) Conference on the International Energy Charter, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CHARTER (Dec. 29, 2022, 2:35 PM) https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Legal/IEC_EN.pdf

[13]From corporate social responsibility to corporate sustainability: Moving the agenda forward in Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP (Jan. 18, 2023, 1:48 PM) https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/0%20-%20Full%20Report_3.pdf

[14] Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy, UNITED NATIONS (Jan. 17, 2023, 1:50 PM) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/

[15] Measuring Short-Term Energy Security, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (Jan. 13, 2023, 5:20 PM) https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f7964d06-5409-4897-9f8e-135666cb6eb8/Moses.pdf