[1] “Louisiana is now the first state to allow surgical castration for sex crimes against minors,” NPR, July 1, 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/07/01/nx-s1-5020686/louisiana-new-surgical-castration-law#:~:text=Louisiana%20is%20now%20the%20first%20state%20to%20allow,sex%20crimes%20against%20minors%20to%20undergo%20surgical%20castration.

[2] Karim and E, “The Critical Evaluation of the Different Theories of Punishment” Jahangirnagar Review 471-489 (2020).

[3] Abraham Morgentaler and Han M Hanafy, “The Testis, Eunuchs, and Testosterone: A Historical Review Over the Ages and Around the World” 12 Sexual Medicine Reviews 199–209 (2023).

[4] O'connor, L, Z. Werner, et.al., “More than a Nick: Male Surgical Castration Throughout History” 21 The Journal of Sexual Medicine (2024).

[5] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "castration". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Oct. 2023, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/castration. (last visited on 23 February 2024).

[6] Hudi Winarso, Abraham Arwinta Sakti, et.al., “"Chemical Castration in Perpetrators of Sexual Violence."” 5 Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi (2024).

[7] Jean D. Wilson, Claus Roehrborn, et.al., “Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts” 84 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 4324–4331 (1999).

[8] United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948).

[9] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966).

[10] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, G.A. Res. 39/46, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (June 26, 1987).

[11]  “Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief,” UN News, October 15, 2020.

[12]  J. Michael Bailey and Aaron S. Greenberg, “Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons From the Morse Case,” 92 Northwestern University Law Review 1225-1246 (1998).

[13] Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Northwestern University

[14] J.D., University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University

[15] J. Michael Bailey and Aaron S. Greenberg, “Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons from the Morse Case,” 92 Northwestern University Law Review 1225-1246 (1997-1998).

[16] BUTLER v. STATE. Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.), No. 01-92-00822-CR, 1999

[17] President, National Coalition against sexual Assault.

[18] Douglas J. Besharov and Andrew Vachhs, “Sex Offenders - Is Castration an Acceptable Punishment,” 78 ABA Journal 42-45 (1992)

[19] BUTLER v. STATE. Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.), No. 01-92-00822-CR, 1999

[20] “Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief,” UN News, October 15, 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075452.

[21] Andrea Peirano, “The Murder of Anna Bachmeier,” Odd Murders and Mysteries, available at: https://www.oddmurdersandmysteries.com/the-murder-of-anna-bachmeier/. (last visited on  24 February 2024).

[22] Smt. Gian Kaur v. The State of Punjab, 1996 SCC (2) 648.

[23] Douglas J. Besharov and Andrew Vachhs, “Sex Offenders - Is Castration an Acceptable Punishment,” 78 ABA Journal 42-45 (1992).

[1] Assistant Professor, Government Law College, Coimbatore.

[2] Criminal Evidence Act, 1898, section 1(h).

[3] Home Office Circular No. 31/1964. Now amended Rules H.O. Circ. No. 89/1978.

[4] R. V. Prager [1972] 1 All. E.R. 1114. R. Hanghlon (1978) Times Law Report, 22 June

[5] Sir Robert Mark, ‘Minority Verdict’, The Listener, 8 November 1973. Heydon, Statutory Restrictions on the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination (1971) Law Quarterly Review 214.

[6] Criminal Revision Committee, 11th Report - Evidence (General) (1972) Cmnd 4991

[7] McCabe and Purves, By-Passing the Jury, Oxford University Press (1972).

[8] Parkes v. The Queen [1976] 3 All. E.R. 380 citing R. v. Mitchell (1892) 17 Cox. C.C. 503

[9] Professor M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Lexis Nexis, Butterworth Wadhwa, Nagpur, 2010, p.1163.

[10]Nandini Satpathy v. P.L Dani, AIR 1978 SC 1025.

[11] Nandini Satpathy v. P.L. Dani, 1978 SCR (3) 608.

[12] Committee on Reform of Criminal Justice System Report, Vol. I, March, 2003, p.53.

[1] Observed by Justice Paterson in University of London v. University of Tutorial Process ltd., 1916 (2) Ch 601.

[2] The MW. Mitchell law journal.

[3] Dr. Nituja Singh, Mr. Sandeep Suman and Mr. Sahil, “A Basic Outline of IPR Laws With Cyber Law: An Indian Perspective”, “Journal of Positive School Psychology”, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 6, 4406-4412.

[4] Shubham Kumar et al, Present scenario of cybercrime in INDIA and its preventions, 6 no. 4 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 1971 (2015).

[5] JT 2004 (5) SC 541.

[6] The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

[7] Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy.

[8] Times Internet Ltd. V Belize Whois Service Ltd., 2011 (45) PTC 96 (Del).

[9] WIPO D2009-1454 (October 28,2009).

[10] People Interactive (I) Pvt. Ltd. v. Gaurav Jerry; MIPR 2014 (3), 101.

[11] Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

[12] Ibid.

[13] 260 (2019) DLT 690.

[14] 1997 FSR 604.

[15] 235 F. 3d 18 (1st Circuit 2000).

[16] No. 97 Civ 1190 (PKL) (SDNY 1997)

[17] A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc; 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).

[18] Aggarwal Gunish, (2018) “Intellectual Property Rights And The Internet World”, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities Volume 1, Issue 2 available at (https://www.ijlmh.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/03/I ntellectual-Property-Rights-And-The-InternetWorld.pdf), last visited 20/01/2024.

[1] Dr. H.O. Agarwal, Human Rights, Page number 2

[2] United Nations Charter, Art. 22

[3] United Nation Organ, Third Committee < https://www.un.org/en/ga/third/> (June 24, 2024; 01:12 am)

[4] United Nation Organ, Sixth Committee <https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/> (June 24, 2024; 01:17 am)

[5] United Nations Organ < https://legal.un.org/committees/terrorism/> (June 24, 2024; 01:19 am)

[6] United Nations Charter, Art. 99

[7] International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute, Art. 59.