NAVIGATING THE SEAS OF LIABILITY: ASSESSING INDIA'S OIL SPILL LIABILITY FRAMEWORK

[1]International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment, Para No.2,

https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Default.aspx, Last visited on January 9,2023.

[2] International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment, MARPOL Annex I – Prevention of Pollution

by Oil- IMO, Para No.1, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/OilPollution-Default.aspx, Last

visited on January 9,2023

[3] Section 352H (c), Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

[4] Article 1, Section 5, Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969

[5] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), FAQ- Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway,

   http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/faqs.htm, Last visited on February 09,2023

[6] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Accidental Discharges - Global Marine Oil Pollution

   Information Gateway, http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/oilspills.htm, Last visited on March 19,2023

[7] Supra note 6

[8] United Nations Development Programme Reports (UNDP), Para No. 45 (August 4, 2011)

[9] PAUL HAMMEL, Massive pipeline spill caused by crack created during installation, third-party review  

   concludes, Kansas Reflector (April 21,2023)

[10]The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF), Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2021, Page

   No. 4 (January 1, 2022)

[11] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oil and Chemical Spills - How NOAA responds

    to oil spills, https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/oil-spills/how-noaa-responds-oil-

    spills.html, Last visited on March 09,2023

[12] ROSER, MAX, HANNAH RITCHIE, Oil Spills, Our World in Data

    (August,2022), https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills, Last visited on February 03,2023

[13] The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF), Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2022,

     Page No. 4 (January 1, 2023)

[14]CORRESPONDENT -SPECIAL, Report Pegs Ennore Oil Spill at 251 Tonnes, The Hindu (November 9, 2017)

[15] RESHMA JATHAR, Mumbai Oil Spill: threat to marine life, coast, Down To Earth, (August 27, 2010)

[16]The Indian Coast Guard, The 15th National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) and Preparedness      

   Meeting’s details, pg. 21(August, 2015)

[17] The Indian Coast Guard, Marine Environment Protection, Para no.1(June 20, 2023)

[18] The Indian Coast Guard, Marine Environment Protection, Para no.1(June 20, 2023)

[19] The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF), INDIA- A summary of Oil Spill

Response Arrangements & Resources Worldwide, Page No. 4 (January 27, 2019)

[20] The Indian Coast Guard, The 24th National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) and    

Preparedness Meeting’s details, pg. 21(November 30, 2015)

[21] SINHA, PRABHAS C., Law of the sea: India’s policy options, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol. 33, Issue No. 4 (October 1991)

[22] Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v Union of India, 1996 SCC (3) 212

[23] OECD, ‘Recommendation of the Council on Guiding Principles concerning International Economic

Aspects of Environmental Policies’ C (72) 128

[24] OECD, The Polluter Pays Principle: Definition Analysis Implementation (OECD 1975) 15

[25] Section 345H, Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

[26] Ibid, Section 345 (1) (a)

[27] Ibid, Section 352 I (2) (b)

[28] Ibid, Section 352 H (a)

[29] World Tanker Corporation v. SNP Shipping Services Pvt. Ltd., AIR 1998 SC 2330

[30] Supra note 22, Section 352 J (2)

[31] Ibid, Section 352 K (1) (a)

[32] Ibid, Section 352 K (1) (b)

[33] Ibid, Section 352 K (2) (a).

[34] Ibid, Section 352 K (2) (b).

[35] Ibid, Section 352 N (1).

[36] International Convention on Civil for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992

[37] International Convention on the establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution    Damage, 1971.

[38] Supra note 22, Section 352W

[39] Article X & XII, International Convention on the establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971.

[40]Supra note 22, Section 352WY

[41] Ibid, Section 352I

[42] Ibid, Section 352K

[43] Ibid, Section 352J

[44] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), What Happens to Oil in Sea Water? -Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway,

http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/fate.htm#:~:text=Oxidation%3A%20Oils%20react%20chemically%20with,it%20is%20exposed%20to%20sunlight , Last visited on March 11,2023

[45] PTI, Oil from Bombay high cause for tar balls on Gujarat Coast: NIO, The Hindu (December 04, 2018)

[46] Supra note 34, Article VII

[47] Ibid, Article IX

[48] Ibid, Article X

[49] Ibid, Article VIII

[50] The Cause Assuranceforeningen Skuld v. The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund and Others (Outer House, Court of Session, Edinburgh) 1999 S.L.T 1405

[51] Section 356B (i), Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

[52]KEVIN LEE, What effects does oil drilling have on the ocean? Sciencing by Leaf group (March 10, 2018)

[53] Annexure 5, The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973

[54] Section 356J, Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

[55] Section 356K, Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

[56]PETER MWAI, Mauritius oil spill: Are major incidents less frequent, BBC News (August 14, 2020)

[57]Section 352, Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.