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[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, Act No. 21 of 2000; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Computer-related Offences.
[2] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime, discussing the borderless and technology-enabled nature of cybercrime and challenges of investigation and evidence.
[3]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1; Constitution of India, art. 21.
[4] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).
[5] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023).
[6] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India reports; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023).
[7] Constitution of India; Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).
[8] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India reports; National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, Government of India.
[9] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).
[10]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1; Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.
[11] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime.
[12] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Computer-related Offences.
[13] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: Introduction to Cybercrime.
[14] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, discussing the borderless nature of cybercrime, anonymity of offenders, and the challenges involved in identifying and tracing perpetrators.
[15] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, explaining the rapid and wide dissemination of information through digital technologies and the difficulties in controlling electronically distributed content.
[16] UN Women, Online and ICT-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls During COVID-19, discussing the psychological and social consequences of technology-facilitated violence against women
[17] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing information on reporting cybercrime complaints and mechanisms available to victims.
[18] Information Technology Act, 2000, §§ 43, 66, 66C, 66D and 66E, concerning unauthorised access, computer-related offences, identity theft and related forms of misuse of digital technology.
[19] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions relating to the admissibility and proof of electronic or digital records; Information Technology Act, 2000.
[20] Information Technology Act, 2000; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, discussing jurisdictional and cross-border challenges in cybercrime investigations.
[21] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, as amended, concerning grievance redressal and obligations relating to removal of specified unlawful content.
[22] United Nations Women, Online and ICT-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls, discussing the need for survivor-centred responses and appropriate support mechanisms for women experiencing technology-facilitated violence.
[23] Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
[24]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, recognising privacy as a constitutionally protected right under Article 21 and affirming the broader constitutional protection of dignity and liberty.
[25] Constitution of India, art. 15, prohibiting discrimination on specified grounds, including sex.
[26] Constitution of India, arts. 19(1)(a) and 19(2); Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.
[27]Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1.
[28] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, § 78, concerning the offence of stalking, including monitoring the use by a woman of the internet, email or other forms of electronic communication.
[29] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, §§ 351–352, concerning criminal intimidation and intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace.
[30] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions concerning electronic or digital records and their admissibility and proof in legal proceedings.
[31] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing an online mechanism for reporting cybercrime complaints and seeking assistance from law-enforcement authorities.
[32] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023); Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023); Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023).
[33]Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 45 of 2023); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
[34] Information Technology Act, 2000, §§ 66C, 66D, 66E, 67 and 67A, concerning identity theft, cheating by personation, privacy violations, obscene material and sexually explicit material
[35]Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1. The Supreme Court declared Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 unconstitutional for violating Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
[36] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, discussing the technical requirements involved in the identification, collection and examination of digital evidence.
[37] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023), provisions relating to electronic and digital records; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation.
[38] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation and International Cooperation, discussing the transnational nature of cybercrime and the importance of international cooperation and mutual legal assistance
[39] Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; and Government of India, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal.
[40] Constitution of India; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
[41] Constitution of India, arts. 14, 19 and 21; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
[42] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, discussing the evolving nature of cybercrime and challenges created by emerging technologies.
[43] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal; UN Women, materials concerning barriers to reporting and victim support in cases of online and ICT-facilitated violence against women and girls.
[44]Constitution of India, arts. 14, 19 and 21; Information Technology Act, 2000; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
[45] Information Technology Act, 2000, particularly §§ 66E, 67 and 67A; Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, as amended, concerning unlawful online content, intermediary obligations and grievance redressal.
[46] Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, provisions concerning electronic and digital records; UNODC, Cybercrime Module 7: Cybercrime Investigation, concerning digital investigation and forensic examination of electronic evidence.
[47] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, providing an online mechanism for reporting cybercrime and improving accessibility to cybercrime complaint procedures.
[48] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, concerning cybercrime reporting and public awareness; UN Women, resources concerning women's online safety and prevention of technology-facilitated violence.
[49] UNODC, Cybercrime Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime, concerning emerging and technology-enabled forms of cybercrime; Information Technology Act, 2000, particularly §§66E, 67 and 67A, concerning privacy violations and obscene or sexually explicit electronic material.
[1]BaLLB, Final Year Student, Institute of law and research, Faridabad
[2]Andrea Agostinelli et al., “Music LM: Generating Music From Text” (2023), available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.11325; Prafulla Dhariwal et al., “Jukebox: A Generative Model for Music” (2020), available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00341.
[3]Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1
[5]The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 38A and 38B; Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914.
[6]The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 13(4), 14(a), 14(e) and 51; Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914.
[7]The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 2(d), 2(p), 2(qq), 2(uu), 2(xx) and 13(1).
[8]The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (Act 27 of 2012); The Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 17, 18 and 19.
[9]Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1.
[10]The Copyright Act, 1957 (Act 14 of 1957), ss. 51 and 52(1)(a), (b) and (c).
[11]Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Government of India, Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright, Part I: One Nation One License One Payment—Balancing AI Innovation and Copyright (Dec. 2025), available at: [https://www.dpiit.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/12/ff266bbeed10c48e3479c941484f3525.pdf](https://www.dpiit.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/12/ff266bbeed10c48e3479c941484f3525.pdf).
[1]The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (Act 43 of 2005), s. 2(f).
[2]Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, Modern Hindu Law: Codified and Uncodified (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 27th edn., 2025).
[3]See generally Flavia Agnes, Family Law Volume II: Marriage, Divorce, and Matrimonial Litigation (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011); Indira Jaising and Pinki Mathur Anurag (eds.), Conflict in the Shared Household: Domestic Violence and the Law in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2019).
[4]The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act 47 of 2023), s. 119; corresponding to the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 1 of 1872), s. 114.
[24]Government of India, Report of the Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, vol. I (Ministry of Home Affairs, March 2003) (Chairperson: Justice V.S. Malimath).
[25]Chanmuniya v. Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha, (2011) 1 SCC 141.
[26]Lalita Toppo v. State of Jharkhand, Criminal Appeal No. 1656 of 2015, Supreme Court of India, decided on Oct. 30, 2018.
[27]The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act 46 of 2023), s. 144; corresponding to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 125.
[28]The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Act 25 of 1955), s. 16.
[29]Bharatha Matha v. R. Vijaya Renganathan, (2010) 11 SCC 483.
[30]Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun, (2011) 11 SCC 1.
[31]Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun, (2023) 10 SCC 1.
[32]The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act 45 of 2023), s. 69.
[33]Uday v. State of Karnataka, (2003) 4 SCC 46; Deepak Gulati v. State of Haryana, (2013) 7 SCC 675; Pramod Suryabhan Pawar v. State of Maharashtra, (2019) 9 SCC 608.
[1]ALFONSO B. VASQEZ III MPA I, Capacity Building in Public Administration, available at: https://www.scribd.com/presentation/841193410/MPA-605-PRINCIPLES-IN-PUBLIC-ADMIN-CAPACITY-BUILDING (last visited on Sep 15, 2026).
[2] Stuart S. Nagel, “Political Science and Public Administration as Key Elements in Policy Analysis,” In Improving Policy Analysis, 28-34 (SAGE Publications, 1980).
[3] IV Al-Atti, “Public administration: essence and definition” 6(8), Interregional Academy of Personnel Management 35–41 (2018).
[4] O. Ziboreva, “Concepts and signs of public administration” 64 Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law, 220–223 (2021).
[6] J. Vrba, “Path to Vietnam’s welfare system sustainability” 8(1) International Journal of Public Administration Management and Economic Development 130–137 (2023).
[7] Q. Huynh, “Street vendors in Vietnam: Short cultural and economic insight” 1(2) International Journal of Culture and Education 13–17 (2023).
[8] S. Panja, “Challenges and opportunities for public sector administration in India” 1(3) Journal of Management and Administration Provision 60–64 (2021).
[9] R. Kumar, “Crisis of introduction of public administration as a discipline in Indian colleges and universities: A Study of Himachal Pradesh” 5(5) International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (2023).
[10] S. Kühl, “Capacity Development as the Model for Development Aid Organizations” 40(3) Development and Change 551-577 (2009).
[11] Katherine Bersch, Sergio Praca, et.al. (eds.), State Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy Within National States: Mapping the Archipelago of Excellence (Cambridge University Press, Brazil, 2013).
[12]Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Ease of Doing Business: Strengthening India’s Business Framework,” Press Information Bureau, June 7, 2026, available at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2269961®=1&lang=1 (last visited on Sep 15, 2026).
[14]Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Sadhana Saptah 2026 Strengthening Capacity Building for Citizen Centric Governance,” Press Information Bureau, April 04, 2026, available at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2248940®=3&lang=2 (last visited on Sep, 14, 2026).
[16]Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, “Empowering India's Skill Ecosystem Government's Initiatives from Classroom to Enterprise,” Press Information Bureau, July 15, 2026, available at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2284941®=48&lang=2 (last visited Sep 12, 2026).
[17]Capacity Building Commission, “Global Digital Capacity Building Alliance,” available at: https://cbc.gov.in/global-digital-capacity-building-alliance (last visited Sep 15, 2026).
[19]Indian School of Public Policy, “Strengthening Public Policy and Governance Through Government Ministries,” available at: https://www.ispp.org.in/strengthening-public-policy-and-governance-through-government-ministries/ (last visited Sep 15, 2026).
[21]PolSci. Institute, “Understanding Public Policy: Definitions and Key Concepts,” Aug 8, 2025, available at: https://polsci.institute/public-policy-administration-india/understanding-public-policy-key-concepts/.
[2] Sharma, A., & Waseem. (2024). BLASPHEMY LEGISLATION IN INDIA: SPOTLIGHT ON PUNJAB’S NEW LAW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies., 9(2).
[3] Nash, D. B. (2020). Blasphemy through British (post) colonial eyes. The Indian Criminal Code (pp. 66–82)
[5] Sharma, A., & Waseem. (2024). BLASPHEMY LEGISLATION IN INDIA: SPOTLIGHT ON PUNJAB’S NEW LAW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies., 9(2).
[6] Aditya Singh Deshwal v. Union of India & Ors. W.P.(CRL) No. 43/2022
[7] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India is (2015) 5 SCC 1
[10] Thakkar, R. (2025). Legal Responses to Online Hate Speech in India: Evaluating Section 66A and the Supreme Court’s Judgment in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India. Studies in Law and Justice, 4(3), 26–30
[11] Sundar, S. S., Molina, M. D., & Cho, E. (2021). Seeing Is Believing: Is Video Modality More Powerful in Spreading Fake News via Online Messaging Apps? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 26(6), 301–319
[1] Dr. Rutuja Purohit, Assistant Professor of Lawat ShankarraoChavan LawCollege andMs. Gayatri Hedaoo, Student of Shankarrao Chavan Law College.
[2] NationalCrimeRecordsBureau,CrimeinIndia2022(2023);NationalCrimeRecordsBureau,Crimein India 2023 (2024); National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India 2024 (2025)
[4] sKumar&TanayaKamlakar,DeconstructingAnomalies:RethinkingRapeLawsThroughLensofEvolving Jurisprudence on Gender and Sexuality in India, ILI L. Rev. (Summer 2024)
[11] Soyonika Gogoi,Consent Matters: A Comparative Study of Rape Laws in India, UK and Canada, 5 (1) IJLMH Page 1395 - 1405 (2022), DOI: https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLMH.112670.
[12] Basu Roy, S., & Ghosh Dastidar, S. (2018). Why do men rape? Understanding the determinants of rapes inIndia. Third World Quarterly, 39(8), 1435–1457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1460200
[19] SwatiKaushal&HarishKumarTiwari,Exploring theRelevance ofDeterrencePunishmentandIts Implications to Social Stability and Legal Sanction, 11 Russian L.J. 2023.
[24] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India 2022 (2023); National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India 2023 (2024); National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India 2024 (2025).
[28] AlimShaikh,PuneRape-MurderCase:AccusedAcquittedTwiceinPastforSimilarAssaults,TheTimesofIndia (May 4, 2026). Pune rape-murder case: Accused acquitted twice in past for similar assaults | Pune News - The Times of India https://share.google/Os7h6LuuDViBjVdTt
[29] DaniyalZameer,MohdSaifullahKhan&Zubair,ACriticalAnalysisofIndianAnti-RapeLawsinBriefNexusto the Global Perspective, 4 Indian J. Legal Rev. 304, 306 (2024).
[34] DaniyalZameer,MohdSaifullahKhan&Zubair,ACriticalAnalysisofIndianAnti-RapeLawsinBriefNexusto the Global Perspective, 4 Indian J. Legal Rev. 304, 306 (2024).
[35] StefanoBergman&SophiaThunberg,RethinkingRapeLawsEmphasizestheCentralRoleofConsentinShaping Both Legl Frameworks and Public Understanding, 7 Int’l J. L. & Pub. Policy 55 (2025). https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0702.822
[36] NationalCrimeRecordsBureau,CrimeinIndia(2010–2020),tbls.13A.1&6A.1,MinistryofHomeAffairs,Gov’t of India, https://ncrb.gov.in
[39] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India(2010), tbl.13A.2&Crime in India(2023), tbl.6A.2, Ministry of Home Affairs, Gov’t of India, https://ncrb.gov.in.
[40] DaniyalZameer,MohdSaifullahKhan&Zubair,ACriticalAnalysisofIndianAnti-RapeLawsinBriefNexusto the Global Perspective, 4 Indian J. Legal Rev. 304, 306 (2024).
[33] K. Shiv Sidharth, “Judicial Governance in India and its implications for Social Justice, Change and Development” 3 CLR 87 (2022).
[34] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 180 (LexisNexis, New Delhi, 8th edn., 2018).
[35] Dr. Banamali Barik, “Judicial Review in India: An analysis of the Constitutionality of Laws” available at: voiceoflaw.in (last visited on May 11, 2026).
[37]Bhikaji Narayan v. State of M.P., AIR 1955 SC 781.
[38]Muthiah M. Ct. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, AIR 1955 SC 146.
[39]Shubhangi Upmanya and Gautam Badlani, “Article 13 of the Indian Constitution” available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in (last visited on May 12, 2026).
[40]K.C. Gajapati Narayan Deo v. State of Orissa, AIR 1953 SC 375.
[41]State of Bombay v. F.N. Balsara, AIR 1951 SC 318.
[1]Vijay Mallya Has Left the Country, Government Tells Supreme Court, New Indian Express (Mar. 9, 2016), https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/Mar/09/vijay-mallya-has-left-the-country-government-tells-supreme-court-901734.html.
[2]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, India Code (2018).
[3]Directorate of Enforcement v. Mallya, Special Court (Prevention of Money-Laundering Act), Mumbai (Jan. 5, 2019) (Azmi, J.) (India) (unreported); see alsoVijay Mallya Becomes First Person to Be Officially Tagged as a Fugitive Economic Offender, Bus. Today (Jan. 5, 2019), https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/vijay-mallya-becomes-first-person-to-be-officially-tagged-as-a-fugitive-economic-offender-157748-2019-01-05.
[4]Mallya v. Gov't of India [2020] EWHC (Admin) 924, [3]–[12] (Eng.). The English Divisional Court's recital of the lending history is the most complete judicial account of the Kingfisher facts available in the public domain.
[5]State Bank of India v. Mallya, 2022 INSC 700 (India).
[6]Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, No. 51 of 1993, India Code (1993), renamed the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993, by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, No. 31 of 2016, § 250, India Code (2016).
[7]Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, No. 54 of 2002, India Code (2002).
[8]Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, No. 15 of 2003, India Code (2003).
[9]CBI Files Chargesheet Against Mallya in IDBI Loan Case, Bus. Standard (Jan. 24, 2017), https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cbi-files-chargesheet-against-mallya-in-idbi-loan-case-117012401278_1.html.
[10]Shaswati Das & Jayshree P. Upadhyay, ED Files Charges Against Vijay Mallya in Case over IDBI Bank Loans to Kingfisher Airlines, Mint (June 15, 2017), https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VUWHexf9LQwbwgTDNPBt2M/Vijay-Mallya-chargesheeted-by-ED-in-case-over-IDBI-Bank-loan.html.
[11]Vijay Mallya Receives Non-Bailable Warrant in Loan Default Case Linked to Indian Overseas Bank, Hindu (July 2, 2024).
[12]Press Trust of India, Vijay Mallya Fraudulently Diverted Rs 3,700 Crore for Jet Sorties, F1, IPL Teams: Enforcement Directorate, NDTV (June 20, 2018), https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vijay-mallya-charged-with-fradulently-diverting-rs-3700-crore-1870614.
[13]Press Trust of India, Mallya Flew Away Just Like 'Kingfisher' Bird: HC, Mumbai Mirror (Sept. 19, 2016).
[14]Money Laundering Case: Fraud Office Probes 17 Firms Who Took Loans to Fund Vijay Mallya, Indian Express (July 22, 2016). The Serious Fraud Investigation Office derives its investigative mandate from the Companies Act, No. 18 of 2013, §§ 211–212, India Code (2013).
[15]State Bank of India v. Mallya [2018] EWHC (Comm) 1084 (Eng.). The Debt Recovery Tribunal's award was registered in England under the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933, c. 13 (U.K.).
[16]Gov't of India v. Mallya (Westminster Magistrates' Ct. Dec. 10, 2018) (Arbuthnot, C.M.) (Eng.) (unreported).
[17]Kingfisher Airlines Tycoon Loses Appeal Against Extradition to India, Guardian (Apr. 20, 2020).
[18]Ron Emler, Vijay Mallya Debt Recovery Cannot End Criminal Case, Indian Court Told, Drinks Bus. (Sept. 14, 2026), https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2026/09/vijay-mallya-debt-recovery-cannot-end-criminal-case-indian-court-told/.
[20]Press Trust of India, Mallya Assets Freeze Order in UK Courts Until April 2018, Econ. Times (Dec. 13, 2017), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mallya-assets-freeze-order-in-uk-courts-until-april-2018/articleshow/62057873.cms.
[21]Naomi Canton, Indian Banks Face Uphill Task to Determine What Mallya Owns in England, Times India (July 11, 2018), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-banks-face-uphill-task-to-determine-what-mallya-owns-in-england/articleshow/64937513.cms.
[22]Press Trust of India, Vijay Mallya Discontinues Bankruptcy Annulment Application in UK, Econ. Times (Oct. 13, 2025), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vijay-mallya-discontinues-bankruptcy-annulment-application-in-uk/articleshow/124531165.cms.
[23]United Nations Convention Against Corruption arts. 51–57, opened for signature Dec. 9, 2003, 2349 U.N.T.S. 41 (ratified by India May 9, 2011). Article 51 declares the return of assets a fundamental principle of the Convention.
[24]U.N. Comm'n on Int'l Trade Law, Working Grp. V (Insolvency Law), Civil Asset Tracing and Recovery in Insolvency Proceedings, U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/WG.V/WP.189 (63d Sess., Dec. 11–15, 2023).
[25]Surbhi Pareek & Monil Chheda, Asset Tracing and Recovery: Is India Ready? (INSOL Int'l, Tech. Paper Series No. 63, June 2024), https://www.cyrilshroff.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/asset-tracing-and-recovery-is-india-ready.pdf.
[26]Extradition Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, India-U.K., Sept. 22, 1992 (entered into force Nov. 15, 1993); see also Extradition Act, No. 34 of 1962, India Code (1962).
[27]Why UK Prosecutors Toured Tihar Jail Before Deciding on Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi's Fate, Moneycontrol (Sept. 7, 2025), https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/why-uk-prosecutors-toured-tihar-jail-before-deciding-on-vijay-mallya-and-nirav-modi-s-fate-13526640.html.
[28]Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, No. 46 of 2023, §§ 355–356, India Code (2023). Section 356 permits inquiry, trial or judgment in the absence of a proclaimed offender.
[29]Press Info. Bureau, Gov't of India, Release No. 2179886 (Oct. 16, 2025), https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179886.
[30]Neeraj Chauhan, Shah Calls for Special Jails to Aid Extradition, Hindustan Times (Oct. 17, 2025), https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shah-calls-for-special-jails-to-aid-extradition-101760641216821.html.
[31]Viraj Chetan Shah v. Union of India, 2024 SCC OnLine Bom 1195 (India). The High Court quashed clause 8(b)(xv) of the Ministry of Home Affairs Office Memorandum of 27 October 2010 (and its equivalent, clause 6(B)(xv) of the consolidated Office Memorandum of 22 February 2021), which had authorised the heads of public sector banks to request Look-Out Circulars.
[32]Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 S.C.C. 248 (India).
[33]Union of India v. Viraj Chetan Shah (S.C. Aug. 20, 2024) (India) (interim stay of the High Court's judgment, with liberty to affected borrowers to seek travel permission from the High Court).
[34]Ritu Singal v. Bureau of Immigration, 2026:DHC:3806 (India) (following Viraj Chetan Shah).
[35]Kiran Ashok Kadam, State Bank of India v. Dr. Vijay Mallya, Int'l J. Legal Stud. & Soc. Sci. (July 2024), https://ijlsss.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/18.-KiranKadam.pdf.
[36]Press Info. Bureau, Gov't of India, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs Launches New Initiatives for Corporate Sector (Feb. 20, 2019), https://www.pib.gov.in/pressreleasepage.aspx?prid=1555992.
[37]Reserve Bank of India, Master Circular on Wilful Defaulters, RBI/2015-16/100, DBR.No.CID.BC.22/20.16.003/2015-16 (July 1, 2015), https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/Notification.aspx?Id=1458.
[38]Reserve Bank of India, Report of the Committee on the Financial System (1991) (Chairman: M. Narasimham).
[39]Reserve Bank of India (Treatment of Wilful Defaulters and Large Defaulters) Directions, 2024, RBI/DoR/2024-25/122, DoR.FIN.REC.No.31/20.16.003/2024-25 (July 30, 2024) (India).
[40]Vijay Mallya Questions Minister's Statement on Recoveries from Him, Deccan Herald (Dec. 2, 2025), https://www.deccanherald.com/india/vijay-mallya-questions-ministers-statement-on-recoveries-from-him-3816968. The reply placed before the Lok Sabha recorded fifteen declared fugitive economic offenders owing a principal sum of Rs 26,645 crore and accrued interest of Rs 31,437 crore as on 31 October 2025, against recoveries of Rs 19,187 crore.
[41]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, supra note 2, § 1(3).
[42]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 4(2) proviso, India Code (2018). The declaration is available only where the value involved is at least one hundred crore rupees.
[43]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 11, India Code (2018).
[46]Rahul Madathil, Fugitive Economic Offenders Regulations and Securities Laws of India, 10 Int'l J. Rsch. & Analytical Revs. 560 (2023), https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR23B1798.pdf.
[47]Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, No. 17 of 2018, § 12(8), India Code (2018). The provision permits the Special Court to exclude property in which a person other than the offender holds an interest acquired bona fide and without knowledge that the property represented proceeds of crime.
[48]Rs 14,131.6 Crore Recovered from Vijay Mallya's Asset Sales, Bus. Standard (Dec. 18, 2024), https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/vijay-mallya-assets-recovered-nirmala-sitharaman-ed-124121800573_1.html.
[49]Mallya Still Owes Rs 6,997 Crore Out of Total Dues of Rs 17,781 Crore, Says Finance Ministry, New Indian Express (June 12, 2025).
[50]Vijay Mallya Questions Minister's Statement on Recoveries from Him, supra note 40.
[51]Vijay Mallya, Interview by Raj Shamani, Figuring Out with Raj Shamani (June 2025).