White Black Legal – International Law Journal
Volume Volume 4 · Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

EX PARTE. REMEDIES UNDER THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 1908

Author: SOORIYA.S

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107279

Published Paper ID WBL7279

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: An ex parte decree is a decree made against a person who was not present. The Code of Civil Procedure 1908 gives that person ways to undo the decision. This paper outlines the law on when a court can proceed without one party and on the options that follow: an application under Order IX Rule 13, an appeal under Section 96(2), re…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

GENDER AND GIG WORK: LABOUR PROTECTION OF WOMEN DELIVERY WORKERS IN INDIA

Author: SUBASHINI. S & AKHILESH. P

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107277

Published Paper ID WBL7277 & WBL7278

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: As the gig economy has grown, India's job market has changed with flexible jobs being offered through digital platforms. Food delivery and e-commerce logistics are now important parts of the economy. These platforms offer employment opportunities but female delivery workers may have to face several challenges related to gender d…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIA: BETWEEN SOCIAL MORALITY AND LEGAL PROTECTION

Author: BHUMI

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107276

Published Paper ID WBL7276

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: Indian family law has long assumed that intimate life begins with marriage. Yet many couples live together without marrying, and courts have had to decide what rights they and their children should have. This paper traces how Indian courts moved from explaining cohabitation away through the presumption of marriage to accepting i…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN INDIA

Author: RAGHAV GOYAL

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107275

Published Paper ID WBL7275

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: Privacy is more than the ability to keep information secret. It gives people room to make personal choices, develop relationships, express opinions and live with dignity without unnecessary observation or interference. In India, the Supreme Court’s decision in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) recognised p…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

MARITAL PRIVACY AND INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY IN INDIA: ANALYSING THE LIMITS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

Author: MANNAT KAUR

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107274

Published Paper ID WBL7274

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: Indian law has a strange relationship with the marital home. For most of its history it has treated that space as too private for the state to enter when a wife complains of sexual violence, and as public enough for the state to enter when a husband complains of her infidelity or her absence. This paper asks what the constitutio…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

SOCIAL SECURITY FOR APP-BASED DELIVERY WORKERS IN INDIA: A STUDY OF AWARENESS, ACCESS, AND CHALLENGES

Authors: SHALINI, MANI & PROF. A. BERTILA

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107272

Published Paper ID WBL7272 & WBL7273 & WBL7312

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: The rapid and dynamic growth of the gig economy has created a lot of new opportunities through digital platforms, particularly in food deliver, grocery delivery, and other e-commerce services. Although app-based delivery offers flexibility and opportunities to earn an income, workers may face challenges relating to road safety,…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

BEYOND RITUAL FORMALISM: CUSTOMARY PRACTICES, PROOF OF SOLEMNIZATION AND THE VALIDITY OF HINDU MARRIAGES WITHOUT SAPTAPADI

Author: SAKSHAM TYAGI & ASST. PROF. MRS. RITU MALIK

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107270

Published Paper ID WBL7270 & WBL7271

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: When a marriage is challenged years after the wedding, the person who suffers most is rarely the one who challenges it. This paper asks how Indian courts should decide whether a Hindu marriage was validly solemnized when the seven steps (Saptapadi) are disputed or absent. I argue that Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 ma…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

GRATUITY AS DEFERRED DIGNITY: THE PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT, 1972 AND ITS RESHAPING UNDER THE CODE ON SOCIAL SECURITY, 2020

Author: A MARIO MISHAL

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107269

Published Paper ID WBL7269

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: Gratuity sits at an unusual crossroads in Indian labour law. It is part reward, part deferred wage and part social security, and for decades it has been governed by a compact statute, the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. Since 21 November 2025 the entitlement has a new statutory home in the Code on Social Security, 2020. This arti…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

REASONED ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS IN INDIA- THE EVOLUTION OF THE DUTY TO GIVE REASONS THROUGH JUDICIAL REVIEW

Author: DONNA KRISTI & PROF A BERTILA

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107267

Published Paper ID WBL7267 & WBL7268

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: This paper charts the evolution of the duty to give reasons for administrative decisions in India. Neither the Constitution nor any general statute explicitly imposes this obligation but it emerged through judicial pronouncements from the Supreme Court beginning in Harinagar Sugar Mills (1961) and concluding in Anuradha Bhasin (…

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Research Article Open Access Oct 2026

THE STANDARD OF UNWELCOME CONDUCT AND THE VIRTUAL WORKPLACE UNDER THE SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE ACT, 2013

Author: AISHWARYA S

Volume Volume 4

Issue VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2

Registration ID 107266

Published Paper ID WBL7266

ISSN 2581-8503

Country / Place Delhi, India

Abstract: This paper examines whether the “unwelcome conduct” standard in the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 can sufficiently protect women against covert harassment or harassment through technological mediums. This paper demonstrates that while the language of the Act is broad en…

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