[1] WIKIPEDIA, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation (last visited Apr. 8, 2024).

[1] Charles J. Russo, Encyclopedia of Education Law 461 (2023).

[2] Arvind P. Datar, Legal Formalism in Arbitration, 1 Indian Arbitration Review 1 (2017).

[3] The Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, § 19 (1996).

[4] The Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, § 20 (1996).

[5] SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd., 8 SCC 618 (1996).

[6] Board of Control for Cricket in India v. State Bank of India, 4 SCC 673 (1996).

[7] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Cellular Operators Association of India, 9 SCC 714 (2011).

[8] AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986).

[9] International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Rules, art. 18(1) (2021).

[10] Bharat Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Services Inc., 9 SCC 552 (2012).

[11] Burn Standard Company v. AFL, 4 SCC 455 (2003).

[12] Union of India v. Vodafone International Holdings B.V., 6 SCC 613 (2012).

[13] BALCO v. Kaiser Aluminium, 9 SCC 552 (2012).

[14] Supra note 8.

[15] Dr. Rashmi Rao, Balancing Legal Formalism and Procedural Justice in Arbitration: A Comparative Study of India and the United Kingdom, Indian Law Review (2012).

[16] BALCO v. Kaiser Aluminium CIVIL APPEAL NO.7019 OF 2005

[1] Research Scholar, Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh

[2] www.geeksforgeeks.org accessed on 1st June, 2024

[3] Justice RituRaj Awasthi, “The idea of Justice after 75 years of Independence” available at www.cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in accessed on 1st June, 2024

[4] ibid

[5] ibid

[6] ibid

[7] ibid

[8] ibid

[9] The works of PV Kane, Vol. 3, p. 243, 248

[10] Supra note 9

[11] The Constitution of India, Art. 124

[12] Id, Art. 214

[13] https://doj.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[14] ibid

[15] https://www.mha.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[16] Supra note 13

[17] Supra note 13

[18] Steve Wilson & Helen Rutherford, “English Legal System” (2018)

[19] Essay on Access to Justice, available at https://www.studocu.com accessed on 2nd June, 2024

[20] Lord James Bryce (in Modern Democracies)

[21] Connellan Gregory, “Access to Justice” Legaldate 2001, vol. 13, pg 5-8

[22] Pia Letto Vanamo, “Access to Justice: A conceptual & practical analysis with implications for Justice Reforms” IDLO Voices of Development Jurists paper series vol. 2 ( 2005 )

[23] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Art 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted to him by the Constitution or law

[24] Id, Art 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him

[25] The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Art 2(3)

Each State party to the covenant undertakes:

1. To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity
2. To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any competent authority provided for by the legal system and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy

[26] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art 14

The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India

[27] Id, Art 21

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

[28] Item 11 A: Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts

[29] https://www.digitallibrary.un.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[30] ibid

[31] Prof. Dr. Jyoti Rattan & Dr. Vijay Rattan, “Cyber Laws & Information Technology” 9th edn (2022)

[32] Supra note 20

[33] https://www.uncitral.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[34] ibid

[35] ibid

[36] Supra note 33

[37] “Use of technology in judicial process and alternate dispute resolution” 2015 available at www.lawctopus.com accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[38] ibid

[39] ibid

[40] Supra note 37

[41] K Subramaniam,“The epidemic and ensuring safety in courts” 2020 available at www.thehindu.com accessed on 4th june, 2024

[42] ibid

[43] ibid

[44] ibid

[45] Supra note 37

[46] https://www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/330764 accessed on 5th June, 2024

[47] Supra note 37

[48] Charlie Harrel, Digital “War Room” in Hearings, Trials and Beyond: How Technology Innovations in Singapore, the UK and the US are transforming the legal landscape tech talk, available at https://v1.lawgazette.com.sg/2016-10/1686.htm accessed on 5th June, 2024

[49] Supra note 46

[50] Martinez A & Fabra Abat Pere, “E-Justice: Information and Communication technologies in the court system” (2008)

[51] ibid

[52]https://justice.gov.bc.ca/cso/about/index.do;jsesssionid=cio8vrXxHzCv59WxK4b3GWsZ.0e1ba411-53d7-3b0d-8e0a-d5b7d8cafbab accessed on 7th June, 2024

[53] ibid

[54] Justice Sunil Ambwani, "Information and Communication Technology in Courts" at National Judicial Academy, Bhopal.

[55] Computers are not new to the Indian courts. Towards the end of 1989, one low-end computer was installed in Supreme Court of India for caveat matching. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, I initiated the process of court computersation in Patna High Court, as a sitting at Patna High Court. On my transfer to Karnataka in 1994, I undertook to introduce ICT in the entire judiciary of the state of Karnataka. Through the Karnataka judiciary webstie, case lists of high Courts and district courts was made available online, a day before, for the first time in the country. The system created has subsequently been adopted in different states in India.

[56] Kshitiz Verma, “e-courts Project: A Giant Leap by Indian Judiciary” (2018)

[57] ibid

[58] ibid

[59] ibid

[60] ibid

[61] ibid

[62] ibid

[63] Source: compiled by authors from the websites of the Ministry of Law & Justice (https://doj.gov.in), Supreme Court’s e-Committee (https://ecommitteesci.gov.in) and e-courts (www.ecourts.gov.in)

[64] Supra note 46

[65] AIR 2003 SC 2053

[66] 2018 (11) SCALE 475

[67] https://pib.gov.in accessed on 8th June, 2024

[1] Jajpura, Lalit Singh, Bhupinder Nayak, Rajkishore, An Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and their Importance in Indian Context,2017,Vol.22(1),Journal of Intellectual Property Right, http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/41443 , 25 February 2024.

[2] Aqa Raza, Ghayur Alam, Design Law Declared by the Supreme Court of India,2023, Vol.28(3), Journal of intellectual property rights, https://doi.org/10.56042/jipr.v28i3.601, 20th February 2024

[3] Scafidi, Susan, Intellectual Property and Fashion Design , 2006, , Vol. 1, No. 115, Intellectual Property and Information Wealth, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1309735 , 12 February  2024

[4] Atul Gupta, Integrated Circuits and Intellectual Property Rights in India, 2005, Vol.10 (6), Journal of intellectual property rights, http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/3695, 26th February 2024.

[5] Aqa Raza, Ghayur Alam, Design Law Declared by the Supreme Court of India,2023, Vol.28(3), Journal of intellectual property rights, https://doi.org/10.56042/jipr.v28i3.601, 20th February 2024

[6] Atul Gupta, Integrated Circuits and Intellectual Property Rights in India, 2005, Vol.10 (6), Journal of intellectual property rights, http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/3695, 26th February 2024.

[7] Scafidi, Susan, Intellectual Property and Fashion Design, 2006, , Vol. 1, No. 115, Intellectual Property and Information Wealth, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1309735 , 12 February  2024

[8] Jajpura, Lalit Singh, Bhupinder Nayak, Rajkishore, An Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and their Importance in Indian Context,2017,Vol.22(1),Journal of Intellectual Property Right, http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/41443 , 25 February 2024

[9] Atul Gupta, Integrated Circuits and Intellectual Property Rights in India, 2005, Vol.10 (6), Journal of intellectual property rights, http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/3695, 26th February 2024.

[1]Indian Legal Solution, Historical School of Jurisprudence Indian Legal Solution (2021), https://indianlegalsolution.com/historical-school-of-jurisprudence-2/ (last visited Oct 3, 2023).

[2]Navan, Friederich Karl von Savigny Indian Law Portal (2020), https://indianlawportal.co.in/friederich-karl-von-savigny/ (last visited Oct 4, 2023).

[3]Nitish Ahuja & Aditi Rai, Application of von Savigny’s theory in the indian aspect Nitish Ahuja ... Journal of Legal Research and Juridical Sciences (2023), https://jlrjs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/91.-Nitish-Ahuja.pdf (last visited Oct 3, 2023).

[4]Indian Young Lawyers Association v. The State Of Kerala(2019) 11 SCC 1

[5](2017) 9 SCC 1

[6](AIR 1996 5 SCC 125)

[1] (1973) 4 SCC 225

[2] Indian Constitution, Article 326

[3] Indian Constitution, Article 327

[4] Indian Constitution, Article 328

[5] The Representation of the People’s Act, Section 62

[6] 1982 (1) SCC 691

[7] (1992) 4 SCC 80

[8] (2003) 4 SCC 399

[9] (2013) 10 SCC 1

[10] (2006) 7 SCC 1

[11] Supra Note 9

[12] (2023) 6 SCC 161

[13] Indian Constitution, Article 19(1)(a)

[14] Indian Constitution, Article 324(2)

[15] Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, 1975 AIR 865

[16] Supra Note 13

[17] (2021) 10 SCC 241

[18] Supra Note 14

[19] Indian Constitution, Article 13(2)

[20] Indian Constitution, Article 19(2)

[1] Gary B. Born, International Commercial Arbitration (3rd edn, Kluwer Law International 2021).

[2] UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985, and as amended in 2006) art 7(1).

[3] Sarhank Group v Oracle Corporation [2005] 2d Cir 657, 665.

[4] McBro Planning & Develop v Triangle Elec [1984] 11th Cir 741 F.2d 342.

[5] Thomson-CSF SA v American Arbitration [1995] 2d Cir 64 F.3d 773, 776.

[6] Dow Chemical v Isover Saint Gobain [1982] ICC 4131.

[7] Cox and Kings Ltd v SAP India Ltd (2023) SCC OnLine 1634.

[8] Dow Chemical (n 6).

[9] Bernard Hanotiau and Leonardo Ohlrogge, ‘40th Year Anniversary of the Dow Chemical Award’ (2022) Vol 40 ASA Bulletin 300-308.

[10] Yves Derains, ‘Is there a Group of Companies Doctrine?’ (2013) Vol 7 Dossier of the ICC Institute of World Business Law 131-145.

[11] V 2000 (formerly Jaguar France) v Project XS (1996) Rev Arb 67.

[12] Cox & Kings Ltd (n 7).  

[13] A, B, C v. D and State of Libya (2018) 4A 636.

[14] Hanotiau (n 9).

[15] English Arbitration Act 1996, s 82(2).

[16] Roussel-Ulcaf v GD Searle and Co Ltd [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep.

[17] EAA 1996, s 82(2).

[18] City of London v Sancheti [2008] EWCA Civ 1283.

[19] Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 1 WLR 1195.

[20] Manuchar Steel Hong Kong Ltd V Star Pacific Line Pte Ltd [2014] SGHC 181.

[21] Chloro Controls India (P) Ltd v Severn Trent Water Purification Inc (2013) 1 SCC 641.

[22] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) s 2(1)(h).

[23] Ibid.

[24] Sukanya Holdings (P) Ltd v Jayesh H Pandya (2003) 5 SCC 531.

[25] Sumitomo Corporation v CDC Financial Services (Mauritius) Ltd (2008) 4 SCC 91.

[26] Indowind Energy Ltd v Wescasre (I) Ltd (2010) 5 SCC 306.

[27] A & CA 1996, s 2(1)(h).

[28] Tweddle v. Atkinson (1861) 1 B&S 393.

[29] Saloman v A Saloman & Co Ltd [1896] UKHL 1 [189] AC 22.

[30] Born (n 1).

[31] A & CA 1996, s 45.

[32] Chloro Controls (n 21) (72).

[33] A & CA 1996, s 45.

[34] A & CA 1996, s 8.

[35] Law Commission of India ‘Amendments to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996’ (Law Com No. 246, August 2014)

[36] A & CA 1996, s 7.

[37] Cox & Kings Ltd (n 7).

[38] Cheran Properties Limited v Kasturi & Sons Limited & Ors (2018) 16 SCC 413.

[39] A & CA 1996, s 35.

[40] Cheran Properties Limited (n 38) (23).

[41] Ameet Lalchand Shah and Ors v Rishabh Enterprises (2018) 15 SCC 67.

[42] Reckitt Benckiser (India) (P) Ltd v Reynders Label Printing (India) (P) Ltd (2019) 7 SCC 6.

[43] Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd v Canara Bank (2020) 12 SCC 767.

[44] Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd v Discovery Enterprises (2022) 8 SCC 42.

[45] A & CA 1996, s 37(1)(a).

[46] Law Commission (n 35).

[47] A & CA 1996, s 8.

[48] Chloro Controls (n 21).

[49] A & CA 1996, s 45.

[50]  A & CA 1996, s 8.

[51] A & CA 1996, s 2(1)(h).

[52] A & CA 1996, s 7.

[53] Law Commission (n 35).

[54] Cox and Kings Ltd (n 7) (181).

[55] Chloro Controls (n 21) (72).

[56] Chloro Controls (n 21) (73).

[57] Cheran Properties (n 38).

[58] A & CA 1996, s 35.

[59] A & CA 1996, s 73.

[60] A & CA 1996, s 45.  

[61] A & CA 1996, s 35.

[62] Cox & Kings (n 7).

[63] Chloro Controls (n 21).

[64] Tanning Research Laboratories Inc v O’Brien [1990] HCA 8.

[65] A & CA 1996, s 9.

[66] A & CA 1996, s 8.

[67] A & CA 1996, s 73.

[68] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).

[69] A & CA 1996, s 35.

[70] A & CA 1996, s 73.

[71] Cox & Kings (n 7) (148).

[72] Ibid.

[73] UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, (as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985, and as amended in 2006).

[74] A & CA 1996, s 7(4).

[75] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).

[76] Rickmers Verwaltung Gmbh v Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (1999) 1 SCC 1.

[77] Rickmers (13).

[78] Rickmers (12).

[79] Rickmers (13).

[80] Babanrao Rajaram Pund v Samarth Builders and Developers (2022) 9 SCC 691.

[81] Babanrao (19).

[82] KK Modi v KN Modi (1998) 3 SCC 573 (17); Bihar State Mineral Development Corporation v Encon Builders (I) Pvt Ltd (2003) 7 SCC 418 (13).

[83] Chloro Controls (n 21) (72).

[84] Ibid (73).

[85] Kamla Devi v Takhatmal Land AIR 1964 SC 859; Bangalore Electricity Supply Co Ltd v E S Solar Power (P) Ltd (2021) 6 SCC 718.

[86] Bank of India v K Mohandas (2009) 5 SCC 313; M Dayanand Reddy v A P Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd (1993) 3 SCC 137.

[87] Ayyasamy v A Paramsivam (2016) 10 SCC 386.

[88] Union of India v D N Revri (1976) 4 SCC 147.

[89] Bernard Hanotiau, ‘Consent to Arbitration : Do We Share a Common Vision?’  (2011) 27 (4) Arbitration International 539, 554.

[90] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).  

[91] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).  

[92] Chloro Controls (n 21).

[93] Cheran Properties (n  38).

[94] Ameet Lalchand Shah (n 41).

[95] Reckitt Benckiser (n 42).

[96] MTNL (n 43).

[97] ONGC (n 44).

[98] Dow Chemicals (n 6).  

[99] Cox & Kings (n 7).

[100] Rickmers (n 76).

[101] A & CA 1996, s 45.  

[102] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).

[103] A & CA 1996, s 7(4)(b).

[104] Rickmers (n 76).

[105] Babanrao (n 80).

[106] Stanley L. Paulson, ‘Subsumption, Derogation, and Noncontradiction in Legal Science’ [1981] The University of Chicago Law Review 802.

[107] Harris Kelsen, ‘Concept of Authority’ [1977] Cambridge LJ 353.

[108] Charlie Caher and Shanelle Irani, ‘The Group of Companies Doctrine’ (2020) 9(2) Indian Journal of Arbitration Law 33.

[109] Stavros Brekoulakis, ‘Parties in International Arbitration: Consent v Commercial Reality’ [2015] International Commercial Arbitration.

[110] Hanotiau (n 89).

[111] Ibid.

[112] Bernard Hanotiau and Leonardo Ohlrogge (n 9).

[113] Cheran Properties (n 38) (23).