White Black Legal Law Journal

[1] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, What are Generic Drugs?

[3] Das M, Choudhury S, Maity S, Hazra A, Pradhan T, Pal A, Roy RK. Generic versus Branded Medicines: An Observational Study Among Patients with Chronic Diseases Attending a Public Hospital Outpatient Department. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2017 Jan-Jun;8(1):26-31. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.198351. PMID: 28250671; PMCID: PMC5320819.

[4] Aswini Priya, "The Role of Generic Medicines in Bridging Healthcare Gaps on a Global Scale," Invimeds (Mar. 01, 2024), https://invimeds.com/updates/the-role-of-generic-medicines-in-bridging-healthcare-gaps-on-a-global-scale/. (last visited Mar. 15, 2024)

[5] Ibid

[6] George, Thomas & Baliga, Shrinath. (2021). Generic Anticancer Drugs of the Jan Aushadhi Scheme in India and Their Branded Counterparts: The First Cost Comparison Study. Cureus. 13. e19231. 10.7759/cureus.19231.

[7] Yuxi Tian, Berthold Reichardt, Daniela Dunkler, Milan Hronsky, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Anna Bucsics, Susanne Strohmaier & Georg Heinze, Comparative effectiveness of branded vs. generic versions of antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic substances: a population-wide cohort study, Sci Rep 10, 5964 (2020).

[8] Ibid.

[9] Government of India, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Department of Pharmaceuticals, 'Jan Aushadhi Scheme: Making Medicines Affordable for All,' Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2021), https://janaushadhi.gov.in/article.php?id=1234

[10] Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare, Forty-Fifth Report on Issues Relating to Availability of Generic, Generic-Branded and Branded Medicines, their Formulation and Therapeutic Efficacy and Effectiveness, Aug. 4, 2010.

[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Understanding Generic Drugs,

https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingGenericDrugs/ (last visited Jan. 15, 2024).

[12] Puskar, Generic Drugs – Why is it Important?, (Oct. 23, 2011) http://greencleanguide.com/generic-drugs/

[13] Viral Shah, Evolution of Pharmaceutical Industry: An Indian Perspective 2 JPSBR: Issue 5, 219, 229 (2012).

[14] Pradeep Agarwal and P. Saibaba, TRIPS and India’s Pharmaceutical Industry, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.36, No.39 (Sep. 29- Oct. 5, 2001), 3787

[15] Richard A. Spinello, Ethics, Pricing and the Pharmaceutical Industry, The Journal of Law & Economics, Vol.43, No.2 (October 2000), 311.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Ibid.

[18] Sanjaya Lall, Multinational Companies and Concentration: The Case of the Pharmaceutical Industry, Social Scientist, Vol.7, No.8/9, (Mar. – Apr, 1979), pp.3-29.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Viral Shah, Evolution of Pharmaceutical Industry: An Indian Perspective 2 JPSBR: Issue 5, 219, 229 (2012).

[21] Ibid.

[22] National pharmaceutical pricing authority. https://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/national-pharmaceutical-pricing-authority 2013;13 [Google Scholar]

[23] Bhaskarabhatla A, Chatterjee C, Anurag P, Pennings E, Mitigating regulatory impact: the case of partial price controls on metformin in India. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32:194–204

[24] Ahmad A, Khan MU, Patel I., Drug pricing policies in one of the largest drug manufacturing nations in the world: are affordability and access a cause for concern? J Res Pharm Pract. 2015;4:1–3.

[25] Bharuga M., An overview on the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy. http://www.iclr.in/assets/pdf/AN%20OVERVIEW%20ON%20THE%20NATIONAL%20PHARMACEUTICAL%20PRICING%20POLICY,%202012.pdf 2012, (last visited 01 Mar, 2024)

[26] Ibid

[27] Ibid

[28] National list of essential medicines of India. https://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/sites/default/files/NLEM.pdf 2011

[29] An overview on the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy. Bharuga M. http://www.iclr.in/assets/pdf/AN%20OVERVIEW%20ON%20THE%20NATIONAL%20PHARMACEUTICAL%20PRICING%20POLICY,%202012.pdf, (last visited 01 Mar, 2024)

[30] Guan X, Wushouer H, Yang M, Han S, Shi L, Ross-Degnan D, Wagner AK. Influence of government price regulation and deregulation on the price of antineoplastic medications in China: a controlled interrupted time series study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:0.

[31] Hsu JC, Wei CF, Yang SC, Effects of removing reimbursement restrictions on targeted therapy accessibility for non-small cell lung cancer treatment in Taiwan: an interrupted time series study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:0.

[32] Bhaskarabhatla A, Chatterjee C, Anurag P, Pennings E. Mitigating regulatory impact: the case of partial price controls on metformin in India. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32:194–204.

[33] Selvaraj S, Farooqui HH, Mehta A. Does price regulation affect atorvastatin sales in India? An impact assessment through interrupted time series analysis. BMJ Open. 2019;9:0.

[34] https://janaushadhi.gov.in/pmjy.aspx (last visited Mar. 11, 2024).

[35] Ibid.

[36] Government of India, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Annual Report 2021-22 available at https://janaushadhi.gov.in/annual_report.aspx (last visited Mar. 11, 2024)

[37] Ibid.

[38] Sajitha Venkatesan, Most recent cancer drugs offer few benefits, India’s top cancer hospital says, BMJ 2017;357:j2129

[39] https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-pharma/govt-plans-to-open-300-amrit-pharmacies-to-dispense-low-cost-drugs-116081600610_1.html (last visited, 15. Mar. 2024)

[40] Parmar A, Pal A, Sharma P. National List of Essential Medicines 2022 of India: Perspectives from Psychiatrists. Indian J Psychol Med. 2023 Jul;45(4):411-414. doi: 10.1177/02537176231155328. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 37483582; PMCID: PMC10357919.

[41] Marcolino MS, Oliveira JAQ, D'Agostino M, Ribeiro AL, Alkmim MBM, Novillo-Ortiz D. The Impact of mHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018 Jan 17;6(1):e23. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.8873. PMID: 29343463; PMCID: PMC5792697.

[1] Christina L Kunz, John E Ottaviani, and Elaine D Ziff, ‘Browse-Wrap Agreements: Validity of Implied Assent in Electronic Form Agreements’ [2003] 9 Journal of Internet Law 3 .

[2] Tanisha Gautam, ‘CLICKWRAP, BROWSEWRAP, AND SHRINKWRAP AGREEMENTS IN INDIA’ 1.

[3] ‘Wrap Contracts - Nancy S. Kim - Oxford University Press’ accessed 28 March 2024.

[4] ‘What Is Network Security? Definition, Importance and Types | TechTarget’ (Networking) accessed 28 March 2024.

[5] ibid.

[6] The IT Act 2000, s 10.

[7] The IT Act 2000, s 2(p) defines “Electronic Signature” The authentication of an electronic record by a subscriber using the electronic method outlined in the second schedule, which encompasses digital signatures.

[8] The ICA 1872, s 2(b)

[9] The ICA 1872, s 2(h)

[10] Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v M/s Girdharilal Parshottamdas and Others [1966] AIR 543.

[11] The IT Act 2000, s 4.

[12] Ibid

[13] 103rd report of Law commission 1984‘353.Pdf’ accessed 28 March 2024.

[14] ICA 1872, s 2(a).

[15] Lalman Shukla v Gauri Dutt [1913] 11 All LJ 489.

[16] ‘8 Common Issues with Terms and Conditions Agreements’ (Privacy Policies) accessed 28 March 2024.

[17] ‘Legal - Website Terms of Use - Apple’ (Apple Legal) accessed 28 March 2024.

[18] ‘Privacy Policy – Privacy & Terms – Google’ accessed 28 March 2024.

[19] ‘Microsoft Privacy Statement – Microsoft Privacy’ accessed 28 March 2024.

[20] ICA 1872, s 2(i).

[21] Nguyen v Barnes & Noble Inc [2014] 763 F.3d 1171.

[22] Pollstar v Gigmania [2000] 170 F Supp 2d 974.

[23] Specht v Netscape Communication Corp [2002] 306 F.3d 17.

[24] The IT Act 2000, s 10A.

[25] The Model Law 1196, Art.11.

[26] ICA 1872, s 11-13.

[27] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256.

[28] Mohri Bibi v Dharmodas Ghose [1903] 30 IA 114.

[29] IEA 1872, s 65(B)(1).

[30] The IT (Amendment) Act 2008, s 10A.

[31] Trimex International FZE Ltd. Dubai v Vedanta Aluminium Ltd [2010] 3 SCC 1.

[32] Reserve Bank of India, information Security, Electronic Banking, Technology Risk Management and Cyber' (2011).available at https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/GBS300411F.pdf

[33] Maren K Woebbeking, ‘The Impact of Smart Contracts on Traditional Concepts of Contract Law’ (2019) 10 JIPITEC .

[34] Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v Girdharilal Parshottamdas [1966] AIR SC 543; [1966] 1 SCR 656.

[35] Specht v Netscape Communications Corp [2002] 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir).

[36] Dewayne Hubbert v Dell Corp [2005] 359 Ill App 3d 976, 835 NE2d 113.

[37] Southwest Airlines v Boardfirst LLC [2007] Civ Act No 3:06-CV-0891-B (N.D. Texas).

[38] Cairo v CrossMedia Services [2005] Case No C04-04825 (JW).

[39] Nguyen v Barnes & Noble Inc [2015] 763 F.3d 1171.

[40] Joe Douglas v Talk America Inc [2007] Case No 06-75424 (9th Cir).

[41] Ibid at 2.

[42] Re Zappos.com, Inc. v Customer Data Security Breach Litigation [2018] MDL No 16-16860 D.C. No 3:12-cv-00325-RCJ-VPC.

[43] Ibid at 15.

[44] Ibid at 18.

[45] Vitacost.com Inc. v McCants [2017] Case No 4D16-3384 (Fla Dist Ct).

[46] ‘Stanganelli J, How Not to Do Browse-wrap: A Parable, (DMN, March 22, 2017).’ accessed 29 March 2024.

[47] Hoffman v Supplements Togo Mgmt [2011] 419 NJ Super 596, 605-7 (App Div).

[48] Specht v Netscape Communications Corp [2002] 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir).

[49] Caspi v Microsoft Network [1999] 323 NJ Super 118 (App Div).

[50] Rushing v Viacom [2018] N.D. Cal 04492.

[51] Rachel Stover v Experian Holdings Inc [2020] Case No 19-55204 (9th Cir).

[52] Amy Skuse v Pfizer [2020] 244 NJ 30.

[53] Wollen v Gulf Stream Restoration and Cleaning [2021] N.J. Super. LEXIS 94 (App Div).

[54] Ibid at 34.

[1] Kumar, Virendra. “Basic Structure Of The Indian Constitution: Doctrine Of Constitutionally Controlled Governance [From Kesavananda Bharati To I.R. Coelho].” Journal of the Indian Law Institute, vol. 49, no. 3, 2007, pp. 365–98. JSTOR, (27 Oct. 2022), http://www.jstor.org/stable/43952120

[2] (1973) 4 SCC 225: AIR 1973 SC 1461

[3] The best illustration is provided by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the former prime minister of India, who enforced a state of emergency during which time the Forty-Second Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 1976, an attempt to amend the Constitution, was passed. This argument was made by Nani Palkhivala as well in the Keshavananda Case, and it ultimately turned up to be accurate.

[4] The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 (India), https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-first-amendment-act-1951

[5] Beshara, Christopher J. “Basic Structure Doctrines and the Problem of Democratic Subversion: Notes from India.” Verfassung Und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, vol. 48, no. 2, 2015, pp. 111. JSTOR, (Accessed 27 Oct. 2022) http://www.jstor.org/stable/26160109

[6] Explained: LJP wants quota law to be included in Ninth Schedule; what is this?, INDIAN EXPRESS, (27 Oct. 2022) https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ninth-schedule-of-the-constitution-explained-6265890/

[7] AIR 1965 SC 845.

[8] AIR 1951 SC 458

[9] Ria Goyal, Case Commentary on Waman rao and Ors.v. UOI: Analysing the Basic Structure Doctrine and its Evolution, MANUPATRA, (21 October, 2022), https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Case-Commentary-on-Waman-Rao-and-Ors-vs-Union-of-India-Analysing-the-Basic-Structure-Doctrine-its-Evolution

[10] Amendment by simple majority of each house of Parliament- it is like an ordinary bill. Formation of new States, creation or abolition of Legislative Councils (Arts. 4, 169 and 239-A) is made by such procedure. Thus, amendment at the instance of the States, or amendment by State Legislatures, is included in such category. Amendments under this category are expressly excluded from the purview of Article 368.

[11] means having a majority of “all members of each House” and at least two-third of those present and voting. This category includes all amendments, excluding those referred to in amendments by a simple majority, such as the authority of the Election Commission.

[12] The States have an important voice in the amendment of these provisions, which must be approved by the legislatures of at least half of the States.

[13] Even the Privy Purse was charged to the Consolidated Fund of India, but it has since been revoked.

[14] Keshavananda Bharathi v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 S.C.C. 225

[15] Whether a feature is “basic” or not is to be determined from time to time by the court as and when the question arises. See, Jain, M.P.-Indian Constitutional Law, Sixth edition 2010, reprint 2012, p. 1645

[16] (1980) 3 SCC 625

[17] Waman Rao v. Union of India, (1981) 2 SCC 362

[18] S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC 124.

[19] P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1987) SCC 362

[20] Rule of law was also held impliedly asbasic structure in the Golakh Nath Case by Justice Mudholkar.

[21] Central Coal Fields Ltd. v. Jaiswal Coal co. 1980 Supp SCC 471

[22] AIR 1993 SC 412.

[23]S.R. Bommai v. Union of India AIR 1994 SC 1918.

[24](2006) 8 SCC 212.

[25] AIR 2007 SC 71.

[26] AIR 2007 SC 861

[27] see, Indian Constitution: Sixty Years of Our faith, Indian Express; 2 February 2010.