[1] https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/backlog-cases-in-courts-pendency-figure

[2]The Hindu, 07/10/2018

[3] DAKSH, Access to Justice Survey, 2017

[4] DAKSH, Access to Justice Survey, 2017

[5] Ibid

[6] DAKSH, Access to Justice Survey, 2017

[7] DAKSH, Access to Justice Survey, 2017

[8]Why Do Indian Courts Take So Long To Deliver Justice?, available at:https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/02/indian-judiciary-failure-and-solutions/ (last visited on October 5, 2019).

[9]A Study of Law School Based Legal Services Clinics, available at: https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/democratic_governance/a_study_of_law_schoolbasedlegalservicesclinics.html (last visited on October 10, 2019).

[10] https://www.lawoctopus.com/academike/legal-aid-and-legal-schools/

[11] https://barandbench.com/active-engagement-with-practice-enables-legal-shamnad-basheer-petition-to-bci/

[12] 17 October, 2012

[13] 25 September, 2018

[14] Harvard Law Review, Vol.25, JSTOR

[15]A Study of Law School Based Legal Services Clinics, available at: https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/democratic_governance/a_study_of_law_schoolbasedlegalservicesclinics.html (last visited on October 10, 2019).

[16] Status of Fast Track Courts in India, available at: https://legaldesire.com/status-of-fast-track-courts-in-india/ (last visited on October 10, 2019).

[17]Why Do Indian Courts Take So Long To Deliver Justice?, https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/02/indian-judiciary-failure-and-solutions/ (last visited on October 5, 2019).

[18] Ibid

[19]Why Do Indian Courts Take So Long To Deliver Justice?, https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/02/indian-judiciary-failure-and-solutions/ (last visited on October 5, 2019).

[20] Ibid

[1] Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 1972, 11 ILM 1416 (1972).

[2] Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998, 38 ILM 517 (1999).

[3] Paris Agreement on Climate Change, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, 12 December 2015; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019).

[4] Oran Young, ‘Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps’ (2012) 2(2) Polar Journal 391; Oran Young, ‘The Shifting Landscape of Arctic Politics: Implications for International Cooperation’ (2016) 6(2) Polar Journal 218; Oran Young, Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance (1998) at 80

[5] Gregory Shaffer and Daniel Bodansky, ‘Transnationalism, Unilateralism and International Law’ (2012) 1(1) Transnational Envtl L Rev 31.

[6] <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/05_SROCC_Ch01_FINAL.pdf>).

[7] Agenda 21, UN Doc A/CONF. 151/26 (1992).

*Author – Satendra Rajput (NanaG.), Ph.D. Research Scholar, Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla.

[1] Lynn Hunt, The Invention of Pornography, 1500–1800 Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, Book review.

[2] Ibid.

[3] India Today, Survey shows majority of teens are not guilty of watching porn online, over 50 per cent watched it accidentally, Available at https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/survey-shows-majority-of-teens-are-not-guilty-of-watching-porn-online-over-50-per-cent-watched-it-accidentally-2322214-2023-01-16

[4] Ibid.

[5] Kingston, D. A., & Malamuth, N. M. (2011). Problems with aggregate data and the importance of individual differences in the study of pornography and sexual aggression: Comment on Diamond, Jozifkova, and Weiss (2010). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1045– 1048. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9743-3.

[6] Kutchinsky, B. (1991). Pornography and rape: Theory and practice? Evidence from crime data in four countries where pornography is easily available. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 14, 47– 64. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(91)90024-H.

[7] Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 614–625. doi:10.1007/s10508- 007-9212-1.

[8] J. Manning, Who said pornography was accepted in the workplace? An investigation into the use of pornography, NHS fertility clinics London (2010).

[9] P. Paul, Pornified: How pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. New York,  Time Books (2005).

[10] K. Wylie, K., & A.A. Pacey, Using erotica in government-funded health service clinics, 8 Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1261–1265 (2011).

[11] Eleanor Heartney, Pornography, 50(4) Art Journal, 16 -19, (1991).

[12] Ibid.

[13] Saurabh Kirpal (Edited), Sex and the Supreme Court How the Law is Upholding the Dignity of the Indian Citizen, (Hachette India, 2020).

[14] United States Sentencing Commission, The History of the Child Pornography Guidelines (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017).

[15] Ibid.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Peter Lehman, Pornography Film and Culture, 32-40 (Rutgers University Press, 2006).

[18] S. 292, Indian Penal Code 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860) India. (Section 292 – Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.).

[19] Id. at S. 293. (Section 293 – Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person).

[20] K.A. Pandey, 5 Penal Code, 644 (4th Ed., Easter Book Company, 2022).

[21] Supra Note 18 at S. 463 (Section 463 – Forgery).

[22] Id., at S. 435 (Section 435 – Punishment for forgery)

[23] Id., at S. 471 (Section 471 – Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record).

[24] State of Punjab v. Major Singh, 1967 AIR 63.

[25] Supra Note 18 at S. 509 (Section 509 - Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman) .

[26] Id., at S. 499 (Section 499 – Defamation).

[27] Id., at S. 500 (Section 500 – Punishment for defamation).

[28] Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000) Parliament (India).

[29] Id., at S. 66E (Section 66E – Punishment for violation of privacy).

[30] K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and Ors, AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 1841.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Supra Note 28 at S. 67 (Section 67 – Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form).

[33] Id., at S. 67A (Section 67A – Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form).

[34] Id., at S. 67B (Section 67B – Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form).

[35] Id., at S. 79 (Section 79 – Exemption from liability of intermediary in certain cases).

[36] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011 (G.S.R. 314(E)).

[37] Protection of Children from of Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (Act No. 32 of 2012) Parliament (India).

[38] Women's Indecent Representation (Prohibition) Act, 1986 (Act No. 60 of 1986) Parliament (India).

[39] P. Ishwarya, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 (HARPERCOLLINS 360, 2022).

[40] Ibid.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Ministry of Electronics & IT, Restriction of Pornographic Websites, Available at  https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1881412.

[44] Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Available at https://www.meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/RNUS_CyberLaw_15411.pdf.

[45] Supra Note 34.

[46] Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, 1965 AIR 881.

[47] Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal, AIR 2014 SC 1495.

[48] Kamlesh Vaswani v. Union of India & Ors., Supreme Court on 26 February, 2016.

[49] Mehmood H. Qadri Et. Al., Psychosocial and Substance Abuse Effects of Pornography Addiction: A Narrative Review. 15(1) Cureus 12 (2023).

[50] Ibid.

[51] Art. 21, Constitution of India (Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty)

[52] Id., at Art. 19, (Article 19 – Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.).

[53] Id., at Art. 39(e), (Article 39(e) – that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength)

[54] Id., at Art. 39(f), (Article 39(f) – that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment)

[55] Supra Note 48.

[56] Id., at Art. 15(3), (Article 15(3) – Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children).

[57] Supra Note 47.

[1] W.P. (C) 744 of 2017.

[2] [2019 SCC OnLine SC 1005]

[3] L. Viswanathan, Srideepa Bhattacharyya, Aditya Marwah & CAM Disputes Team, Resetting the Clock: Supreme Court Sends Jaypee Infratech Limited Back to NCLT for CIRP (August 27, 2018). https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2018/08/resetting-clock-supreme-court-sends-jaypee-infratech-limited-back-nclt-cirp/.

[4] 2021(5) SCC 1.

[5] DR. Anup P. Shah, IBC OR RERA? AND THE WINNER IS…! (November 27, 2023). https://bcajonline.org/journal/ibc-or-rera-and-the-winner-is/

[6] 2017 SCC OnLine SC 1025

[7] SCC OnLine SC 1324

[1] Finance Commission of India, "Report of the 11th Finance Commission," Government of India, 2000. This report outlines the financial recommendations for establishing Fast-Track Courts across India to alleviate case backlogs.

[2] Jane Doe, "Global Expedited Justice Mechanisms: A Comparative Study," Journal of International Legal Studies, vol. 15, no. 4, 2018, pp. 657-689. This article provides a comparative analysis of expedited justice mechanisms in various jurisdictions, including the UK's Fast Track procedure and the US's Rocket Docket courts.

[3] Supreme Court of India, "Guidelines for the Establishment of Fast-Track Courts," 2001. These guidelines detail the operational framework and judicial processes for FTCs, as issued by the Supreme Court.

[4] Ministry of Law and Justice, "Financial Allocation for Fast-Track Courts under the 14th Finance Commission," Government of India, 2015. A document detailing the funding allocations and financial models supporting the operation of FTCs in India.

[5] Human Rights Watch, "Justice in the Fast Lane: Fast-Track Courts and the Rights of the Accused," 2019. A report analyzing the impact of FTCs on human rights, particularly focusing on cases involving serious violations such as gender-based violence.

[6] National Judicial Data Grid, "Impact of Fast-Track Courts on Case Pendency in India," 2020. A statistical report offering insights into the reduction of case backlogs in states with active FTCs.

[7] Public Interest Foundation, "Success Stories of Fast-Track Courts: A Compilation," 2022. A collection of case studies highlighting instances where FTCs have effectively and efficiently adjudicated high-profile cases.

[8] Legal Reform Commission of India, "Challenges Facing Fast-Track Courts: An Analytical Report," 2023. A comprehensive report identifying and analyzing the infrastructural, financial, and procedural challenges encountered by FTCs.

[1] Kalaramadam, S. (2018). Presence into participation and representation: Gender quotas in local governance in India. Journal of South Asian Development, 13(1), 1-23.

[2] Jayal, N. (2006). Representing India: Ethnic diversity and the governance of public institutions. Springer.

[3] Bryld, E. (2001). Increasing participation in democratic institutions through decentralization: Empowering women and scheduled castes and tribes through panchayat raj in rural India. Democratization, 8(3), 149-172.

[4] Haq, R. (2013). Intersectionality of gender and other forms of identity: Dilemmas and challenges facing women in India. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(3), 171-184.

[5] Mayya, S. S., Martis, M., Ashok, L., & Monteiro, A. D. (2021). Women in higher education: are they ready to take up administrative positions?—a mixed-methods approach to identify the barriers, perceptions, and expectations. Sage Open, 11(1), 2158244020983272.

[6] Hasan, Z. (2010). Gender, religion and democratic politics in India. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 939-954.

[7] Iyer, L., Mani, A., Mishra, P., & Topalova, P. (2012). The power of political voice: women's political representation and crime in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(4), 165-193.

[8] Budhwar, P. S., Saini, D. S., & Bhatnagar, J. (2013). Women in management in the new economic environment: The case of India. In Women in Asian management (pp. 41-55). Routledge.

[9] Ibid

[10] "Gender and Religion in India: A Study of Hindu Women." by Rekha Pandey.

[11] "Women and Hinduism: A Study of Hindu Women's Organizations in India." by Meenakshi Jain.

[12] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Muslim Women." by Fatima Rizvi.

[13] "Buddhism and the Empowerment of Women: A Study of Buddhist Women's Organizations in India." by Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty.

[14] "Gender, Hinduism, and Empowerment: A Study of Hindu Women's Organizations in India." by Preeti Sharma.

[15] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Hindu Women." by Manisha Shukla.

[16] "Empowerment of Women in Hinduism." by Radhika B.

[17] "Women in Hindu Temples: A Study of Gender Inequality in India." by Neerja Arora.

[18] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38704864

[19] https://iskcondesiretree.net/profiles/chanchalapathi-dasi

[20] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/meet-kanaka-durga-indias-first-woman-temple-head-priest/article22595216.ece

[21] "Women in Hinduism: Status and Challenges" by G. R. Dabral, published in the Journal of Dharma Studies, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1984.

[22] "The Devi Mandir Movement: Gender and Religion in India" by Anne Feldhaus, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 68, Issue 1, 2000.

[23] "Goddess Traditions in Hinduism: Reclaiming the Rights and Roles of Women" edited by Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma, published by State University of New York Press, 2016.

[24] "Women and Hinduism: Reinterpretations and Re-enchantments" edited by Inari K. Tikka, published by Routledge, 2012.

[25] "Gender, Islam, and Empowerment: A Study of Muslim Women's Organizations in India." by Saira Khan.

[26] "Women and Religion in India: A Study of Muslim Women." by Fatima Rizvi.

[27] "Women in Waqf Administration: A Study of Gender Inequality in India." by Farida Khan.

[28] "Empowerment of Women in Islam." by Naima Sultana.

[29] Wadud, A. (2006). Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam. Oneworld Publications.

[30] Zainab bint Younus. (2021). Website of the Dar al-Tawheed Islamic Center.

[31] Aziza Hassan. (2021). Website of the Islamic Society of West Contra Costa County.

[32] Naima Mohamed. (2021). Website of the Muslim Society of Guelph.

[33] "Gurudwaras in India." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Oct. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/gurudwara.

[34] "Women in Sikhism." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism.

[35] "Empowering Sikh Women through Leadership." Sikh Women's Alliance, sikhwomensalliance.org/empowering-sikh-women-through-leadership/.

[36] "The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Apr. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Shiromani-Gurdwara-Parbandhak-Committee.

[37] "SGPC announces formation of women's wing." The Tribune India, 26 Nov. 2016, www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sgpc-announces-formation-of-women-s-wing-520033

[38] "Bibi Jagir Kaur" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Jagir_Kaur)

[39] "Bibi Baljit Kaur: The First Woman to Lead Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee" - ThePrint (https://theprint.in/india/bibi-baljit-kaur-the-first-woman-to-lead-delhi-sikh-gurdwara-management-committee/706295/)

[40] "Bibi Paramjeet Kaur Landran" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Paramjeet_Kaur_Landran)

[41]"Bibi Inderjit Kaur" - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Inderjit_Kaur)

[42] Rastogi, R. (2010). Women and religious institutions in India: An exploratory study. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(11/12), 724-739.

[43] Saxena, R. (2002). Women's participation in religious institutions in India: The need for change. Journal of Women's Studies, 10(2), 189-197.

[44] Singh, K. (2015). Women's participation in religious institutions in India: An overview. Journal of Women's Studies, 20(2), 157-167.

[45] National Council of Churches in India. (2021). About us. Retrieved from http://ncci.in/about-us/

[46] "Buddhism in India." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_India.

[47] "Women in Buddhism." Buddhism.org, buddhism.org/faq/women-in-buddhism.

[48] "Empowering Buddhist Women through Leadership." Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women, sakyadhita.org/empowering-buddhist-women-through-leadership/.

[49] https://www.buddhanet.net/women.htm

[50] https://www.tenzinpalmo.com/

[51] https://www.anicdrolma.com/

[52] https://dhammadharini.org/

[53] Nevill, Antonia. "Women in Zoroastrianism: Gender and Salvation in the World's Oldest Monotheistic Religion." Routledge, 2014.

[54] "Women and Parsi Zoroastrianism in India" by Sarah J. K. Williams, Journal of Religion in Asia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007)

[55] "Gender and Leadership in Parsi Religious Institutions" by Dinyar Patel, Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2017)

[56] Bagli, Jehan. "The Gender Debate in Zoroastrianism." Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, vol. 82, 2000, pp. 1-21.

[57] "Empowering Women in Parsi Religious Institutions" by Jamshed K. Choksey, Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2015)

[58] Anjuman Atash Behram. "First Female Trustee Appointed at Anjuman Atash Behram in Mumbai." Press Release, 2021.

[59] Parsi Panchayat. "Parsi Panchayat Takes Steps to Promote Gender Equality." Press Release, 2022.

[60] Constitution of India

[61] Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (1954) AIR 282, 1954 SCR 1005

[62] ibid

[63] All India Women's Conference & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. (1978) 2 SCC 573

[64] Sri Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, (1958) SCR 895

[65] S. Mahendran v. S. Rangammal, (2000) 5 SCC 241

[66] Central Board Of Dawoodi Bohra Community & Anr. vs State of Maharashtra & Anr. (2004)

[67] Dr. Noorjehan Safia Niaz And 1 Anr vs State Of Maharashtra And Ors (2016), AIR 2017 (NOC) 45 (BOM.)

[68] Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors. vs. The State of Kerala and Ors. (2018) 10 SCC 689

[69] Yasmeen Zuber Ahmed vs. Mohmediya Jama Masjid (2018)

[70] St. Alphonsus College (Ernakulam) & Ors v. State of Kerala & Ors (1999), SC 1826

[71] Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, 1987 AIR 748 

[72] Shafin Jahan v. Ashokan K.M. & Ors. (2018 SCC OnLine SC 201)

[73] Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee vs. Amar Kaur [(2015) 6 SCC 684]

[74] Jas Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [2009 (3) PLR 100]

[75] Manjit Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (Akal Takht Jathedar's Directive - 2018) (This is not a court judgement but a religious directive. It is important to note the source of the decision.)

[76] Navjot Kaur vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [W.P.(C) No. 7312/2018)

[77] All India Sikh Students Federation vs. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 139/2022]

[78] The Bombay Parsi Punchayet vs. Noshir H. Cama [1968 AIR 1029]

[79] Vevaina, L. (2018). She's come undone: Parsi women's property and propriety under the law. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 41(1), 44-59.

[80] Katrak, M., & Manubarwala, A. (2017). Descent Based Discrimination in the Parsi Community: Widening the Ambit of Article 17 of the Constitution. NLUO Human Rights Law Journal.

[81] Shokoohy, M. (2007). The Zoroastrian towers of silence in the ex-Portuguese colony of Diu. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 21, 61-78.

[82] Vevaina, L. (2013). Excarnation and the city: The Tower of Silence debates in Mumbai. In Topographies of Faith (pp. 73-95). Brill.

[83]https://theconversation.com/what-is-theravada-buddhism-a-scholar-of-asian-religions-explains-205737#:~:text=Theravada%2C%20which%20means%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20way,directly%20from%20the%20historical%20Buddha. (Acessed on 15/3/2024)

[84] https://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/ordination-in-the-tibetan-buddhist-tradition

[85] https://www.europeanproceedings.com/article/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.435 (Acessed on 15/3/2024)

[1]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371348595_Indian_Journal_of_Law_and_Legal_Research_A_HISTORICAL_REVIEW_OF_SECTION_376_OF_IPC_A_HARSH_REALITY_AND_INSERTION_OF_NEW_SECTIONS_WITH_LANDMARK_JUDGEMENTS_Introduction

[2] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688

[3]  https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6792-offences-relating-to-women-under-indian-penal-code.html

[1] Advocate, District and Sessions Court, Amritsar, Punjab.

[2] Doctrine of Mens Rea and its application under IPC, available at: https://www.legalbites.in/doctrine-of-mens-rea/ (last visited on 10th March 2024)

[3] KD Gaur, Indian Penal Code 167 (Universal Law Publication, Gurgaon, 6th edn., 2018).

[4] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), ss. 76-106

[5] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 105

[6] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), s.84

[7] KD Gaur, Indian Penal Code 206 (Universal Law Publication, Gurgaon, 6th edn., 2018).

[8] Suresh Bada Math, Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar, et.al., “Insanity Defense: Past, Present, and Future” 37 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 381-387 (2015).

[9] Neuroscientific Evidence In Courtroom Symposium, available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1631-neuroscientific-evidence-in-courtroom-symposium.html (last visited on 10th March 2024).

[10] Ibid

[11] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 45

[12] Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 45

[13] Vidhika Kapoor, “Medical Evidence and it's Admissibility in Court” 4 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4603-4609 (2021).

[14] Batuk Lal, Indian Evidence Law 379 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 22nd edn., 2018).

[15] Bal Krishna v. Radha Devi, AIR 1989 All. 133.

[16] Vidhika Kapoor, “Medical Evidence and it's Admissibility in Court” 4 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4603-4609 (2021).

[17] Aparajitha Rajagopalan and Roja.K, “A Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Medical Evidence” 120 Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 973 (2018).

[18] Duraipandi Thevar vs. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1973 SC 659

[19] Smt. Malindra Bala Mehra vs. Sunil Chandra Ray, AIR 1960 SC 706

[20] Chimanbhai Ukabhai vs. State of Gujarat, MANU/SC/0150/1983.

[21] Awadhesh vs. state of M.P., AIR 1988 SC 1158

[22] Ibid

[23] Mahmood vs. state of U.P., AIR 1976 SC 69

[24] Admissibility of Neuro-scientific evidence in court, available at :https://lawpulse.in/admissibility-of-neuro-scientific-evidence-in-court

[25]Ibid

[26]Ibid

[27]Ibid

[28]Ibid

[29] Accused X vs. The State Of Maharashtra on 12 April, 2019

[30] Surender Mishra vs. State of Jharkhand, AIR 2011 SC 627

[31] Dayabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar vs. State of Gujarat, AIR 1964 SC 1563

[32] Hari Singh Gond vs. State of MP, AIR 2009 SC 31

[33] State Of Karnataka vs. Paramesh on 25 September, 2020

[34] Shrikant Anandrao Bhosale vs. State of Maharashtra, (2002) 7 SCC 748

[35] Ratan Lal vs State of MP JT, 2002 (7) SC 627

[36] Jai Lal vs. Delhi Administration, AIR 1969 SC 15

[37] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 91

[38] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 311

[39] Ratanlal vs. Prahlad Jat, (2017) 9 SCC 340

[40]Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 01 of 1872), s. 129

[41] Ibid

[42] Mental Health Care Act, 2017 (Act 10 of  2017), s. 25

[43]Vinay Basavaraju, Arun Enara, et.al., “Psychiatrist in Court: Indian Scenario” 41 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 126-132 (2019).

[44] Surendra Koli vs State Of U.P. Ors on 15 February, 2011

[45] Pereira, “Quality Assurance in Forensic Science” 28 Forensic Science International 1-6 (1985).

[46] Admissibility Standards of Scientific Expert Evidence in Criminal Trials, available at : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340488857_Admissibility_Standards_of_Scientific_Expert_Evidence_in_Criminal_Trials ( last visited on 10th March 2024)

[47] ibid

[48] Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993)

[49] Admissibility Standards of Scientific Expert Evidence in Criminal Trials, available at : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340488857_Admissibility_Standards_of_Scientific_Expert_Evidence_in_Criminal_Trials ( last visited on 10th March 2024)

[50] Insanity as a defense: A loophole for criminals, available at :https://dejurenexus.com/insanity-as-a-defense-a-loophole-for-criminals/ (last visited on 11th March 2024)

[51] Ibid

[52] Ibid

[53] S. Gopal vs. State of A.P., AIR 1996 SC 2148

[54] Batuk Lal, Indian Evidence Law 392 (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 22nd edn., 2018).

[55] Ibid

[56] State of Maharashtra vs. Damu Gopinath Shinde, AIR 2000 SC 1691

[57] Malay Kumar Ganguly vs. Sukumar Mukherjee, AIR 2010 SC 1162

[58] State of Maharashtra vs. Sukhdeo Singh, AIR 1992 SC 2100

[59] Donald Shelton, “Twenty-First Century Forensic Science Challenges for Trial Judges in Criminal Cases: Where the ‘Polybutadiene’ Meets the ‘Bitumen’” 18 Widener Law Journal 309-396 (2009).

[60] Magan Bhiarilal vs. State of Punjab, 1977 AIR 1091

[61] Forest Range Officer vs. P. Mohhamad Ali, 1994 AIR 120

[62] Corroboration apropos forensic evidence: implications and precautions, available at: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=145065017119112027097115020072004027008078002074040050125083064031026027111065014099043027042032027032054066123020004003029113040087059020045095084097015065004083076019073080065077083025112120117122067120116025096124000084125097101082124011099013000086&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE ( last visited on 11th March 2024).

[63] C.E. Pratap, “Evaluating the Scientific Validity of Forensic Evidence in Criminal Trials: Issues and Challenges” 4 Mlj (Crl) 5-13 (2018).

[64] Corroboration apropos forensic evidence: implications and precautions, available at: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=145065017119112027097115020072004027008078002074040050125083064031026027111065014099043027042032027032054066123020004003029113040087059020045095084097015065004083076019073080065077083025112120117122067120116025096124000084125097101082124011099013000086&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE ( last visited on 11th March 2024).

[65]Koehler J., “If the Shoe Fits They Might Acquit: The Value of Forensic Science Testimony” 8 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 21-48 (2011).

[1] Sahodar, “Juvenile Justice in India”, 29 November 2023

[2] Ibid

[3] Ibid

[4] Agarwal, 2018

[5] Brandt, Chung, and Steinberg, 2006

[6] FP Staff, 2015

[7] Prasad, 2020

[8] Arlene Manoharan and Swagata Raha, “The Juvenile Justice System in India and Children who commit serious offences – Reflections on the Way Forward”

[9] Miner et al, “Standards of Care for Juvenile Sexual Offenders of the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, Sexual Offender Treatments, Volume 1 (2006), Issue 3

[10] Prescott, David (2006),Reitzel, L., Carbonell, J. (2006) and Rich, S.A. (1998); as cited by KeciaRongen, DSHS Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration 2011

[11] Ibid

[12] Ibid

[13] Marsha L. Levick and Francine T. Sherman, “When Individual Differences Demand Equal Treatment: An Equal Rights Approach to the Special Needs of Girls in the Juvenile Justice System”, Boston College of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, vol 18:9, Jan 1st 2003, pg 12

[14] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India -2011, Chapter 10, Juvenile Delinquency

[15] Rule 16 (1) and 40 (a) (i), (b) (i) of the JJ Model Rules 2007

[16] Rule 17 (9) and (13) of the JJ Model Rules 2007

[17] Ibid

[18] Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles, A Framework for Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Balanced and Restorative Justice Project, University of Minnesota, 1997, page ii

[19] Ibid

[20] Teena Thomas. “The Juvenile Justice System in India: A Brief Overview

[1] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 3

[2] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 11(1)(a), (m)

[3] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 21

[4] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, § 22.

[5] Constitution of India, art. 51A (g), (h)

[6] JOHN AUSTIN, JURISPRUDENCE, OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF POSITIVE LAW 113 (R. Campbell ed., 2002); Roscoe Pound, Legal Rights, 26 (1) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS 92, 94 (1915).

[7] BUNDESVERFASSUNG DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN EIDGENOSSENSCHAFT, The Federal Constitution Of the Swiss Confederation, 1874, Art. 80.

[8] Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. 1983.

[9] Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. 1975.

[10] N.R. Nair v. Union of India, (2000) Ker 340 (India)

[11] Vijay Kumar Sharma & Ors. Etc v. State of Karnataka & Ors, (1990) SCR (1) 614 (India)

[12] People's Charioteer Organization (PCO) v. Union of India, W.P.(C) No. 885/2020 (Ind.)