[1] https://ncst.nic.in/content/frequently-asked-questions last accessed on 30/11/2023

[2] Von fürer-haimendorf, christoph. “the aboriginal tribes of india: the historical background and their position in present-day india.” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 98, no. 4832, 1950, pg 998.

[3] Scheduled Districts Act, 1874  was the first legislative step taken to address the problems of these areas. According to the provisions of the Act, the executive could make necessary modifications with respect to any enactment in force in British India while extending the same to Scheduled districts.

[4] The Fifth Schedule, Dr B.D.Sharma Volume 1, Sahyog Pustak Kuteer Trust, New Delhi, pg 28

[5] Id pg 29

[6] The Commission realized that only central government can efficiently address the issues of backward classes. At the same time it did not want these areas to be separated from the provinces. Hence it suggested a system where by Governor would act as an agent of the central government in administration of these areas and the degree of backwardness of each area would determine how far the governor would act in consultation with his ministers. However the Govt of India act,1935 did not adopt this suggestion of centralized administration. See B.Shiva Rao, The Framing of India’s Constitution Volume 5 cited in Samatha v State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. (1997) 8 SCC 191

[7] Appendix C, Annexure I, Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume 7, Thursday, 4th November, 1948

[8] Appendix D, Annexure III, Interim Report of the Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than Assam) Sub-Committee, Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume 7, Thursday, 4th November, 1948

[9] Id

[10] Id

[11] Id

[12] Id

[13] Id

[14] Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume 9, Monday, 5th September, 1949

[15] Id

[16] Id

[17] Id

[18] Id

[19]Samatha v State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors (1997) 8 SCC 191 ¶136

[20] B. Shiva Rao, The Framing of India’s Constitution Volume V as cited in Samatha v State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors (1997) 8 SCC ¶140

[21] Paragraph 4(1) Fifth Schedule

[22] Paragraph 4(2) Fifth Schedule

[23] Paragraph 5(1) Fifth Schedule

[24] Paragraph 5(2) Fifth Schedule

[25] Paragraph 6(1) and 6(2) Fifth Schedule

[26] Paragraph 7(1) and 7(2) Fifth Schedule

[27] AIR 1983 Pat 151 (FB)

[28] Id ¶25

[29] Id ¶28

[30] AIR 1973 SC 1461

[31] AIR 1983 Pat 151 (FB) ¶30

[32] ¶36

[33] ¶37

[34] AIR 2013 Chh 19

[35] Id ¶29

[36] Id ¶42

[37] P.Rami Reddy and Ors v State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors (1988) 3 SCC 433

[38] Id ¶18

[39] (1997) 8 SCC 191

[40] Id ¶50

[41] Id ¶87

[42] Id ¶109

[43] Id ¶110

[44] Id ¶126

[45] Id ¶116

[46] (2021) 11 SCC 401

[47] Id ¶39.1

[48] Id ¶40

[49] Id ¶63

[50] Id ¶64

[51] Id ¶137

[52] Id ¶145

[53] Committee recommended that Panchayats at different levels in Scheduled Areas should have a majority of members from Scheduled Tribes and also suggested that Chairman and Vice-Chairman should also be Scheduled Tribes.

[54] (2010) 4 SCC 50

[55] 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217

[56] Id ¶23

[57] (2010) 4 SCC 50 ¶31

[58] Report of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Govt of India, Volume I, 2002- 2004, pg 56

[59] Id pg 57

[60] Land and Governance under the Fifth Schedule, An Overview of the Law, Ministry of Tribal Affairs Govt of India, pg 16