[1] M N Mansi Kaveramma, B.B.A LL.B(Hons), CMR School of Legal Studies, Bengaluru

[2] Deception, Merriam Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deception

[3] Martina Varcinova, “Historical Techniques of Lie Detection”, Eur J Psychol. 2015 Aug; 11(3): 522–534., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873061/

[4] Narco-analysis, International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Encyclopedia.com. 30 Jul. 2024 https://www.encyclopedia.com

[5] Joe Schwarcsz PhD, “What is the Truth Serum?”, https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/drugs-history-you-asked/what-truth-serum

[6] “Narco Analysis Test in Criminal Investigation System”, SIFS India (Published on 9th November 2020)

[7] Supra 5

[8] Armaan Gvalani, “Are Truth Serums Real?”, https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/are-truth-serums-real.html , published on 16th March 2022

[9] Pentathol, RxList, https://www.rxlist.com/pentothal-drug.htm

[10] Supra 7

[11] Nathan J.Gordan,William L.Fleisher, “Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques (4th Edition),Academic press,2019, Chapter 24,Pages 311-325

[12] Neta Dan, “The Entire Polygraph Testing Procedure (4 Phases) Explained”, Axeligence

[13] Blake McConnell and Timothy J. Weber, Ed.D, “The Concealed Information Test

An Alternative to the Traditional Polygraph”, https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/the-concealed-information-test-an-alternative-to-the-traditional-polygraph#:~:text=The%20traditional%20polygraph%20Comparison%20Question%20Test%20%28CQT%29%20detects,detect%20a%20person%E2%80%99s%20guilty%20knowledge%20of%20a%20crime.

[14] Synnott, J., Dietzel, D. and Ioannou, M. (2015) ‘A review of the polygraph: history, methodology and current status’, Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), pp. 59–83. doi: 10.1080/23744006.2015.1060080.

[15] Christian L. Hart Ph.D. , “Do Lie Detector Tests Really Work?”, Psychology Today

[16] Vidhya Shree Theresa, “All you must know about brain mapping in India” (Published on 10th July 2022)

[17] Epilepsy Foundation, “What are the risks of brain mapping?”

[18] Herman Katz, “How can electrical accidents lead to brain injuries?”

[19] Government of UK, “Policy Paper on Mandatory Polygraph tests Factsheet” (updated 3rd January 2024)

[20] Christina Majaski, “Are Lie Detector Tests Admissible in the Court?” (Last updated on 14th December 2023)

[21] Frye v. United States, 315 F.2d 491

[22]United States v. Scheffer 836 F.Supp.1164 (E.D.Pa.1993)

[23] Neta Dan, “Polygraphs’ admissibility in Philippines courts- A complete guide”

[24] J Fukomoto, “Psychophysiological Deception in Japan- The Past and the Present”,(1982), Polygraph Journal, Volume 11,Issue 3

[25] Charles R. Honts,Steven Turber, “A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Comparison Question Polygraph Test” (first published on 18th December 2020), wiley Online Library

[26] Neta Dan, “Are Polygraphs Admissible in Australian Courts?”, Axeligence

[27] R v. Beland, [1987]2 S.C.R. 398

[28] Article 20(3), Constitution of India

[29] Nandini Satpathy v. Dani(P.L) and Another, 1978 AIR 1025

[30] Article 21, Constitution of India

[31] Section 53(1), Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[32] Section 161(2),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[33] Section 313(3),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[34] Section 315(1)(b),Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

[35] Section 3, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[36] Section 45, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[37] Section 24-27, Indian Evidence Act,1872

[38]Section 24(8), Indian Evidence Act,1872

[39] Sonakshi Verma, “The Concept of Narcoanalysis in view of Constitutional Rights and Human Law”

[40] Mohammad Ajmal Kasab alias Abu Mujahid v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2012 Supreme Court 3565

[41] India Today, “Confessions of a terrorist”, Published by AtMigration (Published on 7th may 2010)

[42] Surendra Koli v. State of UP AIR Supreme Court 970

[43] Press Trust of India, “Nithari case- narco test of the accused”(Published on January 7th 2007), Hindustan Times

[44] Dr.(Smt.)Nupur Talwar v. State of UP and Anr  Criminal Appeal number 293 of 2014

[45] Pragya Jain,Taniya Roy, “Critical Analysis of Arushi Talwar Murder Case”, ILSJCCL, ISSN-2581-8465

[46] India Today, “Malegaon Blast Probe:Dayanand undergoes narco test”(Updated on 21st November 2008)

[47]Supra 36

[48] “Aftab’s brain mapping to be done if narco ,polygraph tests are inconclusive”, Onmanorama(Published on 30Th November 2022)

[49] K.M Seema Azad v. State of UP, Criminal Appeal No.1055 of 2011

[50] Poulami Ghosh, “Aftab Poonawal confesses killing Shraddha in polygrapgh test; multiple relations; Report”, Hindusthan Times

[51] Ramchandra Reddy v. State of Maharashtra, Criminal Appeal Nos. 269 of 2016 & 255 of 2023

[52] State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu, AIR 1961 SUPREME COURT 1808

[53] Dinesh Dalmia v. State, 2006 CRI. L. J. 2401

[54] Shailendra Sharma v. State, WP (Crl.) 532 OF 2008

[55] Rojo George v. DSP, 2006(2)KLT197

[56] Selvi v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SUPREME COURT 1974

[57] “Guidelines on Administration of Lie Detector Test”, National Human Rights Commission, https://nhrc.nic.in/press-release/guidelines-administration-lie-detector-test