[1] Observed by Justice Paterson in University of London v. University of Tutorial Process ltd., 1916 (2) Ch 601.

[2] The MW. Mitchell law journal.

[3] Dr. Nituja Singh, Mr. Sandeep Suman and Mr. Sahil, “A Basic Outline of IPR Laws With Cyber Law: An Indian Perspective”, “Journal of Positive School Psychology”, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 6, 4406-4412.

[4] Shubham Kumar et al, Present scenario of cybercrime in INDIA and its preventions, 6 no. 4 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 1971 (2015).

[5] JT 2004 (5) SC 541.

[6] The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

[7] Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy.

[8] Times Internet Ltd. V Belize Whois Service Ltd., 2011 (45) PTC 96 (Del).

[9] WIPO D2009-1454 (October 28,2009).

[10] People Interactive (I) Pvt. Ltd. v. Gaurav Jerry; MIPR 2014 (3), 101.

[11] Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

[12] Ibid.

[13] 260 (2019) DLT 690.

[14] 1997 FSR 604.

[15] 235 F. 3d 18 (1st Circuit 2000).

[16] No. 97 Civ 1190 (PKL) (SDNY 1997)

[17] A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc; 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).

[18] Aggarwal Gunish, (2018) “Intellectual Property Rights And The Internet World”, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities Volume 1, Issue 2 available at (https://www.ijlmh.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/03/I ntellectual-Property-Rights-And-The-InternetWorld.pdf), last visited 20/01/2024.

[1] “Louisiana is now the first state to allow surgical castration for sex crimes against minors,” NPR, July 1, 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/07/01/nx-s1-5020686/louisiana-new-surgical-castration-law#:~:text=Louisiana%20is%20now%20the%20first%20state%20to%20allow,sex%20crimes%20against%20minors%20to%20undergo%20surgical%20castration.

[2] Karim and E, “The Critical Evaluation of the Different Theories of Punishment” Jahangirnagar Review 471-489 (2020).

[3] Abraham Morgentaler and Han M Hanafy, “The Testis, Eunuchs, and Testosterone: A Historical Review Over the Ages and Around the World” 12 Sexual Medicine Reviews 199–209 (2023).

[4] O'connor, L, Z. Werner, et.al., “More than a Nick: Male Surgical Castration Throughout History” 21 The Journal of Sexual Medicine (2024).

[5] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "castration". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Oct. 2023, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/castration. (last visited on 23 February 2024).

[6] Hudi Winarso, Abraham Arwinta Sakti, et.al., “"Chemical Castration in Perpetrators of Sexual Violence."” 5 Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi (2024).

[7] Jean D. Wilson, Claus Roehrborn, et.al., “Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts” 84 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 4324–4331 (1999).

[8] United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948).

[9] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966).

[10] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, G.A. Res. 39/46, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (June 26, 1987).

[11]  “Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief,” UN News, October 15, 2020.

[12]  J. Michael Bailey and Aaron S. Greenberg, “Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons From the Morse Case,” 92 Northwestern University Law Review 1225-1246 (1998).

[13] Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Northwestern University

[14] J.D., University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University

[15] J. Michael Bailey and Aaron S. Greenberg, “Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons from the Morse Case,” 92 Northwestern University Law Review 1225-1246 (1997-1998).

[16] BUTLER v. STATE. Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.), No. 01-92-00822-CR, 1999

[17] President, National Coalition against sexual Assault.

[18] Douglas J. Besharov and Andrew Vachhs, “Sex Offenders - Is Castration an Acceptable Punishment,” 78 ABA Journal 42-45 (1992)

[19] BUTLER v. STATE. Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.), No. 01-92-00822-CR, 1999

[20] “Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief,” UN News, October 15, 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075452.

[21] Andrea Peirano, “The Murder of Anna Bachmeier,” Odd Murders and Mysteries, available at: https://www.oddmurdersandmysteries.com/the-murder-of-anna-bachmeier/. (last visited on  24 February 2024).

[22] Smt. Gian Kaur v. The State of Punjab, 1996 SCC (2) 648.

[23] Douglas J. Besharov and Andrew Vachhs, “Sex Offenders - Is Castration an Acceptable Punishment,” 78 ABA Journal 42-45 (1992).

[1] Segun Osisanya, National security versus global security, UNITED NATIONS (Nov. 24, 2022, 09:11 PM) https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-versus-global-security

[2]Tom LaTourrette, Sea bed mining will help break China’s grip on critical minerals, REALCLEAR WORLD (Nov. 24, 2022, 09:44 PM) https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2022/11/18/seabed_mining_will_help_break_chinas_grip_on_critical_minerals_865746.html

[3] OPINION: Energy security in a fractured world will be a significant challenge, ET ENERGY WORLD (Jan. 12, 2023, 6:10 PM), https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/opinion-energy-security-in-a-fractured-world-will-be-a-significant-challenge/95311279 

[4] Ibid 3

[5] Ibid 2

[6] Energy Security - an overview, SCIENCE DIRECT (Jan. 11, 2023, 10:10 PM) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/energy-security#:~:text=Researchers%20and%20energy%20policy%20makers,main%20definitions%20of%20energy%20security

[7] Dr. Alvaro Silva-Calderón, Short- and long-term energy security in the UNECE region: trends and prospects, OPEC (Jan. 13, 2023, 2:50 PM), https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/909.htm

[8] Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022 - UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, (Dec. 23, 2022, 4:15 PM), https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/progress-report/#:~:text=The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20Report,latest%20available%20data%20and%20estimates

[9] National Security versus Global Security, UNITED NATIONS (Dec. 23, 2022, 7:50 PM) https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-versus-global-security  

[10] How does India taken a leadership role in tackling climate change?, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (Jan. 1, 2023, https://blog.mygov.in/editorial/how-does-india-taken-a-leadership-role-in-tackling-climate-change-3/#:~:text=India%20has%20taken%20the%20oath,in%20the%20range%20of%20PM2

[11] Climate change threatens global security, warn medical and military leaders, SCIENCE DAILY (Dec. 23, 2022, 8:50 PM) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110405194110.html

[12]Concluding document of the ministerial (“THE HAGUE II”) Conference on the International Energy Charter, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CHARTER (Dec. 29, 2022, 2:35 PM) https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Legal/IEC_EN.pdf

[13]From corporate social responsibility to corporate sustainability: Moving the agenda forward in Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP (Jan. 18, 2023, 1:48 PM) https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/0%20-%20Full%20Report_3.pdf

[14] Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy, UNITED NATIONS (Jan. 17, 2023, 1:50 PM) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/

[15] Measuring Short-Term Energy Security, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (Jan. 13, 2023, 5:20 PM) https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f7964d06-5409-4897-9f8e-135666cb6eb8/Moses.pdf

[1] Maintenance, BRITANNICA, https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/maintenance#:~:text=%5Bnoncount%5D-,1,costs%20of%20routine%20car%20maintenance; Maintenance, THE MERRIAM WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maintenance; Maintenance, THE CAMBRIDGE LAW DICTIONARY, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/maintenance; Maintenance, THE COLLINS DICTIONARY, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maintenance.

[2] Smt. YJ Padma Shree, IIIrd Additional Junior Civil Judge (Kadapa), Concept of Maintenance, THE DISTRICT COURTS,https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/default/files/1-Maintenance%20-%20by%20Smt%20YJ%20Padmasree.pdf; DR. PARAS DIWAN, FAMILY LAW (2023); DR. RAKESH KUMAR SINGH, TEXTBOOK ON MUSLIM LAW (2017); MULA, PRINCIPLES OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. IQBAL ALI KHAN, MOHAMMADEN LAW (2021); TAHIR MEHMOOD, FAMILY LAW IN INDIA (2021); Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 (India); The Cutchi Memons Act 1938 (India); The Kazi Act 1880 (India); The Musselman wakf Act 1923 (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 (25 of 1986) as amended by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 (34 of 2019) (w.e.f. 31-10-2019) (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Rules, 1986 (India); The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 (8 of 1939) as amended by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 (34 of 2019) (w.e.f. 31-10-2019) (India); The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 (20 of 2019) (w.r.e.f. 19-9-2018) with Model Nikahnama (India).

[3] The Early Life of Prophet Mohammed, ISLAMIC HISTORY, https://islamichistory.org/early-life-of-mohammad-saw/; THE HOLY QURAN; KAHLIL GIBRAN, THE PROPHET (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, FAMILY LAW (2023); DR. RAKESH KUMAR SINGH, TEXTBOOK ON MUSLIM LAW (2017); MULA, PRINCIPLES OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW (2021); DR. PARAS DIWAN, MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. IQBAL ALI KHAN, MOHAMMADEN LAW (2021); TAHIR MEHMOOD, FAMILY LAW IN INDIA (2021); PROF. MOHAMMED SHAMIM, INTRODUCING PROPHET MOHAMMED TO THE MANKIND; UZMA AUSAF, MOHAMMED: THE LAST PROPHET.

[4] THE HOLY QURAN, 2:226.

[5] Ibid

[6] Ibid

[7] Prof. Abdur Rehman I. Doi, Women in Quran and the Sunnah, INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA, https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/woman_quran.html.

[8] Ibid

[9] Mohammad Ahmad Khan v Shah Bano Begum (1985 (3) SCR 844).

[10] Payodhi Das Choudhuri, Mohd. Ahmad Khan v Shah Bano Begum & Ors (1985 (3) SCR 844), AISHWARYA SANDEEP, https://aishwaryasandeep.in/mohd-ahmed-khan-vs-shah-bano-begum-and-others/

[11] Ibid.

[12] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, section 125 (India).

[13] Danial Latifi v Union of India (AIR 2001 SC).

[14] Danial Latifi v Union of India (AIR 2001 SC), MANUPATRA, https://manupatracademy.com/LegalPost/MANU_SC_0595_2001.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Mohammad Abdul Samad v State of Telangana and Ors (2024, SC).

[17] Supreme Court’s recent judgement highlights Homemakers’ Rights and Duties of a Married Man, INDIA TODAY, https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/supreme-court-homemaker-rights-married-man-duties-muslim-woman-maintenance-order-2564949-2024-07-10.

[18] Muslim Women Entitled to Seek Alimony, Says SC, HINDUSTAN TIMES, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-women-entitled-to-seek-alimony-says-sc-101720637069508.html.