White Black Legal – International Law Journal

[1] Crime in India 2021 Statistics, NCRB, available at: https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII-2021/CII_2021Volume%202.pdf

[2] The Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 81.

[3] The Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 78.

[4] Heena Keswani, Cyber Stalking: A Critical Study, Bharti Law Review, April- June, 2017.

[5] Cynthia Fraser , Erica Olsen, Keofeng Lee & Cindy Southworth, The New Age of Stalking: Technological Implications for Stalking, 61 JUV. & FAM. CT. J. 39 (2010).

[6] Patricia Traden & Nancy Thoennes,  Full Report of the Prevalnce, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women, Nov 2000, NCJ 183781. 

[7] Michele Pathé & Paul E. Mullen, The impact of stalkers on their victims, 170 British Journal of Psychiatry , 12-17 (1997).

[8] Pew Research Center, October 2014, “Online Harassment”.

[9] Supra point 5.

[10] Sachin Prashar, Cyber pal demands nude pics, Times of India, December 2003, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/cyber-pal-demands-nude-pics/articleshow/381426.cms.

[11] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523.

[12] Satya Prakash, SC rejects PIL to make rape, sexual harassment cases gender neutral, Tribune India, February 2,2018, New Delhi.

[13] PIL in Supreme Court seeks directions to Centre to consider misuse of laws under IPC Sections 354A-D, 506, 509, 376,498A, Indianlegallive (August 16, 2021), https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/pil-in-supreme-court-seeks-directions-to-centre-to-consider-misuse-of-laws-under-ipc-sections-354a-354d-506-509-376-498a/.

[14] Constitution of India, Article 21.

[15] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) vs. Union of India, AIR 2017 SC 4161.

[16] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12.

[1] (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[2] Van Der Linde, K. (2008). The personal liability of directors for corporate fault-an exploration. SA Mercantile Law Journal, 20(4), 439-461.

[3] Black, B., Cheffins, B., & Klausner, M. (2005). Outside director liability. Stan. L. Rev., 58, 1055.

[4] Rhoads, C. B. (1916). Personal Liability of Directors for Corporate Mismanagement. University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, 65(2), 128-144.

[5] Dynkin, B., & Dynkin, B. (2017). Derivative liability in the wake of a cyber attack. Alb. LJ Sci. & Tech., 28, 23.

[6] (2010) 3 SCC 330.

[7] (2009) 10 SCC 48.

[8] (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[9] 1995 AIR 264.

[10] (1997) 1 SCC 301.

[11] (2011) 1 SCC 560.

[12] 1978 SCR (2) 621.

[13] (2008) 13 SCC 5.

[14] 1978 SCR (2) 621.

[15] [2019] EWCA Civ 1599.

[16] Trautman, L. J., & Altenbaumer-Price, K. (2010). The board's responsibility for information technology governance. J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L., 28, 313.

[1] Kara Shead (2014) Responding to Historical Child Sexual Abuse: A Prosecution Perspective on Current Challenges and Future Directions, Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 26:1, 55-73

[2] Kathleen Daly, Restorative Justice and Sexual Assault: An Archival Study of Court and Conference Cases, The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 46, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages 334–356

[3] Lisa Frohman, Discrediting Victims' Allegations of Sexual Assault: Prosecutorial Accounts of Case Rejections, Social Problems, Volume 38, Issue 2, 1 May 1991, Pages 213–226

[4] Suzanne Ost (2004) Getting to Grips with Sexual Grooming? The New Offence under the Sexual Offences Act 2003, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 26:2, 147-159

[5] Smith, O., & Skinner, T. (2012). Observing Court Responses to Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault. Feminist Criminology, 7(4), 298–326.

[6] Frazier, P.A., Haney, B. Sexual assault cases in the legal system: Police, prosecutor, and victim perspectives. Law Hum Behav 20, 607–628 (1996)

[7] Eneman, Marie; Gillespie, Alisdair A.; and Bernd, C. Stahl, "TECHNOLOGY AND SEXUAL ABUSE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF AN INTERNET GROOMING CASE" (2010). ICIS 2010 Proceedings. 144

[8] State of Punjab v. Gurmeet Singh, 1996 AIR 1393

[9] Indian Evidence Act, 1872§114A

[10]Chittaranjan Das v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1963 AIR 1696

[11] Vishaka & Ors vs State of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011

[1] Dehue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11(2):217–223

[2] Willard NE, Steiner K. Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign, IL: Research Press; 2007

[3] Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behav. 2008;29(2):129–156

[4] USA Today [webpage on the Internet] Two girls arrested on bullying charges after suicide. McLean, VA: USATODAY; 2013. [Accessed April 4, 2014]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/15/florida-bullying-arrest-lakeland-suicide/2986079/

[5] Goebert D, Else I, Matsu C, Chung-Do J, Chang JY. The impact of cyberbullying on substance use and mental health in a multiethnic sample. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(8):1282–1286

[6] WiredSafety.org [homepage on the Internet] Wired Safety. 2012. [Accessed March 30, 2014]. Available from: https://www.wiredsafety.org

[7] Wang J, Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ. Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association with depression. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(4):415–417

[8] Beran T, Li Q. Cyber-harassment: a study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 2005;32(3):265–277

[9] Sivashanker K. Cyberbullying and the digital self. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(2):113–115

[10] Englander EK. Bullying and Cyberbullying: What Every Educator Needs to Know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Press; 2013

[1] Author is an Assistant Professor at Seacom Skills University, Bolpur, India

[2] Shaffer L, Penn J. A comprehensive paraphilia classification system. In: Hicky EW, editor. Sex crimes and paraphilia. 1st ed. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006. p. 87. [chapter 8].

[3] Necrophilia. In: Drzazga J, Charles C. (Eds.) Sex crimes and their legal aspects Thomas: lllinois; 1960, p. 199–204.

[4] Section7052ofHealthandSafetyAct,1973

[5] Section14ofCriminalLaw(SexualoffencesandRelatedMatters)AmendmentAct,2007

[6] Section150ofNewZealandCrimesAct,1960

[7] Section183ofCriminalCodeofCanada

[8]  AIR 1963 MP 106

[9] 1989 AIR 2039, 1989 SCR (3) 997

[10] Section297ofIndianPenalCode,1860

[11] AIR2018SC4321

[12] Criminalcaseappealnumber1475of2009

[1] Krishna, OTT PLATFORMS: How does Ott platform work?, FRONTLINESMEDIA, (Aug 2020), https://frontlinesmedia.in/ott-platforms-how-does-ott-platform-work-amazon-prime-netflix-zee5/

[2] Lata Jha, India’s OTT industry loses upto 30% revenue to piracy, LIVEMINT, (Feb 2021), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-ott-industry-loses-up-to-30-revenue-to-piracy- 11613462460632.html

[3] Kalyani, Online Piracy and Copyright Infringement: Issues and Challenges, LATESTLAWS, (Sept 2019), https://www.latestlaws.com/articles/online-piracy-and-copyright-infringement-issues-and-challenges-by- princess-kalyani/

[4] Video piracy: A threat to OTT/VOD content, MEDIAGURU, (Aug 2019), https://www.mediaguru.com/video- piracy-a-threat-to-ott-vod-content/

[5] Secton 14, The Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).

[6] Section 51, Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).

[7] Lata Jha, India’s OTT industry loses upto 30% revenue to piracy, LIVEMINT, (Feb 2021), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-ott-industry-loses-up-to-30-revenue-to-piracy- 11613462460632.html

[8] V.K.Ahuja, Law relating to Intellectual Property Rights, 3rd ed. (2017).

[9] Juhi Sarawat & Rekha Chaturvedi, Copyright protection in the Digital Environment: Indian perspective and International obligations, Vol. 22, Journal of IPR, 303-310 (2017).

[10] Arpan Banerjee, Contemporary Challenges of Online Copyright enforcement in India, Innovation, Economic

development, and Intellectual property in India and China, ARCIALA Series on Intellectual Assets and Law in Asia, SPRINGER, Singapore (2019).

[11] Ibid.

[12] Lata Jha, India’s OTT industry loses upto 30% revenue to piracy, LIVEMINT, (Feb 2021), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-ott-industry-loses-up-to-30-revenue-to-piracy- 11613462460632.html

[13] Robert Briel, Global piracy hits 190 billion visits in 2018, BBTVNEWS, (Mar 2019),

https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2019/03/23/global-piracy-hits-190-billion-visits-in- 2018/#:~:text=Global%20piracy%20numbers%20reached%20almost,to%20figures%20released%20by%20MU SO.&text=Almost%2060%20%25%20of%20all%20piracy,13%25%20of%20piracy%20visit%20activity.

[14] Anjali, Internet broadcasting Under The Copyright Act, 1957, LEGALSERVICEINDIA, http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4851-internet-broadcasting-under-the-copyright-act-1957.html

[15] Manisha Singh and Aprajita Nigam, Combating Copyrights Online Piracy in India: Government’s Initiatives and Judicial Enforcement, LEXOLOGY, (Mar 2020), https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=795b374a-88d6-4399-bdbd-e5e1f593ccf7

[16] Lata Jha, India’s OTT industry loses upto 30% revenue to piracy, LIVEMINT, (Feb 2021), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-ott-industry-loses-up-to-30-revenue-to-piracy- 11613462460632.html

[17] Video piracy: A threat to OTT/VOD content, MEDIAGURU, (Aug 2019), https://www.mediaguru.com/video-piracy-a-threat-to-ott-vod-content/

[18] Lata Jha, India’s OTT industry loses upto 30% revenue to piracy, LIVEMINT, (Feb 2021), https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-ott-industry-loses-up-to-30-revenue-to-piracy- 11613462460632.html

[19] Don Jones & Kei Foo, Analyzing the modern OTT Piracy video ecosystem, SCTE-ISBE, Atlanta GA (2018

[20] Gargi Sarkar, Den of Pirates: Why OTT should tackle telegram soon, INDIANTELEVISION, (Nov 2020), https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/den-of-pirates-why-otts-should-tackle-telegram- soon-201130

[21] Kalyani, Online piracy and copyright Infringement: Issues and challenges, LATESTLAWS, (Sept 2019), https://www.latestlaws.com/articles/online-piracy-and-copyright-infringement-issues-and-challenges-by- princess-kalyani/

[22] Stephanie Minnock, Should Copyright Laws Be Able to Keep up with Online Piracy, 12 COLO. TECH. L.J. 523 (2014).

[23] Section 14, Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).

[24] Section 51, Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).

[25] Bhuvana S. Babu, Technological protection measures, BANANA IP, (2015), https://www.bananaip.com/ip- news-center/tag/sections-65a-and-65b-copyright-act

[26] Section 43 & 66, Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[27] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011.

[28] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules), 2018.

[29] Taj Television & Anr v Rajan Mandal & Ors [IA NO. 5628/2002 in CS (OS) 1072/2002]

[30] Manisha Singh, Aprajita Nigam & Smrita, Combating copyright online piracy in India: government’s initiatives and Judicial Enforcement, MONDAQ, (Mar 2020), https://www.mondaq.com/india/copyright/901978/combating-copyright-online-piracy-in-india-government39s- initiatives-and-judicial-enforcement

[31] Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[32] Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[33] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011.

[34] Shreya Singhal vs UOI (2015) 5 SCC 1.

[35] Directive on electronic Commerce, 2000/31/EC European parliament and Council, 2000.

[36] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2021.

[37] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2021.

[38] Jagran Prakashan Limited vs. Telegram FZ LLC & Ors. CS (COMM) 146/2020 & I.A. 4073/2020

[39] MGM Studios vs. Grokster Ltd. 545 U.S. 913, 125 S. Ct. 2764 (2005).

[40] Arista Records LLC vs. Lime Group LLC 784 F. Supp 2d 398 S.D.N.Y. (2011).

[41] Re Aimster Copyright Litigation 334 F. 3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003).

[42] A&M Records vs. Napster 239 F. 3d 1004, 1014-5 (9th Cir. 2001).

[43] Dallas Buyers Club vs. iiNet (2015) F.C.A. 317.

[44] Suzor & Fitzgerald, The Legitimacy of Graduated Response Schemes in Copyright Law. UNSW Law Journal 34:1. (2011).

[45] UTV Software Communication Ltd. & Ors. v. 1337x. To. & Ors. 2019 (78) PTC 375 (Del).

[46] Ibid.

[47] Manisha Singh, Aprajita Nigam & Smrita, Combating copyright online piracy in India: government’s initiatives and Judicial Enforcement, MONDAQ, (Mar 2020), https://www.mondaq.com/india/copyright/901978/combating-copyright-online-piracy-in-india-government39s- initiatives-and-judicial-enforcement

[1] The Author is a student of ICFAI Law School, IFHE, Hyderabad. All views are personal.

[2] Reports and white papers, ‘structuring public takeovers in the UK’ (2022) Armstrong Teasdale < https://www.armstrongteasdale.com/thought-leadership/structuring-public-takeovers-in-the-u-k/. accessed 25 July 2023.

[3] y Federico Mor and Steve Browning, ‘Contested mergers and takeovers’ 5373 (2018): 8-9.

[4] Gibson Dunn, ‘The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers - An Introduction’ (2013) https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/publications/CityCodeOnTakeovers-AnUpdate-June2013.pdf. accessed 25 July 2023.

[5] EU no 2017/1129

[6] EU no 596/2014

[7] Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.

[8] Criminal Justice Act 1993.

[9] National Security and Investment Act 2021.

[10] The Takeover Panel, ‘The Takeover Panel’ (2008) < https://www.thetakeoverpanel.org.uk/#:~:text=The%20Takeover%20Panel%20is%20an,orderly%20framework%20for%20takeover%20bids.> accessed 25 July 2023.

[11] Bank of England, ‘The Prudential Regulation Authority’s approach to banking supervision’ (2018) < https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/prudential-regulation/approach/banking-approach-2016> accessed 25 July 2023.

[12] FCA, ‘Journey to the FCA’ FCA Publication (2013): 55.

[13] United Kingdom Govt, ‘Mergers: Guidance on the CMA’s jurisdiction and procedure’ (2022) Asset Publishing Service. Gov. UK < https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1044636/CMA2_guidance.pdf> accessed 26 July 2023.

[14] Lukas Schaupp, ‘Implications of the different merger regimes in the EU and the UK: so close yet so far?’ (2021) European Features < https://www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk/implications-of-the-different-merger-regimes-in-the-eu-and-the-uk-so-close-yet-so-far/> accessed 29 July 2023.

[15] Timothy McIver and Anne-Mette Heemsoth, ‘Merger Control in the United Kingdom: Overview’ (2021) Thomsun Reutor Practical Law < https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/0-500-7317?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)> accessed 29 July 2023.

[16] Mark Zerdin, ‘Insight: competition law implications of M&A transactions in United Kingdom’ (2023) Lexology < https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=616474fb-22d3-48c2-82a7-b420dbb8f31c> accessed 29 July 2023.

[17] Ibid n15

[18] United Kindom Govt, ‘Mergers: Guidance on the CMA’s jurisdiction and procedure’ (2022) Asset Publishing Service. Gov. UK < https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1044636/CMA2_guidance.pdf> accessed 29 July 2023.

[19] United Kingdom’s Government, ‘A Quick Guide to UK Merger Assessment’ (2021) Asset Publishing Service .gov.uk < https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/970333/CMA18_2021version-.pdf> accessed July 2023.

[20] Gov of Uk, ‘National Security and Investment Act: details of the 17 types of notifiable acquisitions’ (2023) Govt Publication National Security < https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-and-investment-act-guidance-on-notifiable-acquisitions/national-security-and-investment-act-guidance-on-notifiable-acquisitions> accessed 29 July 2023. 

[21] Allen and Overy, ‘UK National Security and Investment Act: key takeaways from second annual report’ (2023) Allen & Ovey https://www.allenovery.com/en-gb/global/news-and-insights/publications/uk-national-security-and-investment-act-key-takeaways-from-second-annual-report  > accessed 29 July 2023.

[22] Ibid n21

[23] Michal Berkner, Keast-Butler, Russel Anderson, ‘ Mergers and acquisitions Laws and Regulation 2023|United Kingdom’ (2023) Global Legal Insights < https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/mergers-and-acquisitions-laws-and-regulations/united-kingdom> accessed July 29 2023.

[24] Ibid n23.

[1] Article 14 of Constitution of India

[2] Article 21 of Constitution of India

[3] Article 19(1)(a) of Constitution of India

[4] Section 5-8 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

[5] Section 13 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

[6] A “relationship in the nature of marriage” is a “domestic relationship” u/s 2(f) of the domestic violence Act 2005

[7] D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal, (2010) 10 SCC 469 (India)

[8] Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma (2013) JT 2013(15) SC 70, Hereinafter Indra Sarma

[9] Payal Sharma v Superintendent, Nari Niketan (2001) 44 ALR 146