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WALTER GARY SHARP, SR.,“CYBERSPACE AND THE USE OF FORCE,” 1999, pp 1.

[2] Hathaway, Oona A., et al.“The Law of Cyber-Attack. California Law Review, vol. 100, no. 4, 2012, pp. 817–85.

[3] Caton, Jeffrey L. EXAMINING THE ROLES OF ARMY RESERVE COMPONENT FORCES IN MILITARY CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2019.

[4] Colonel James B. Dermer, “ Cyber Warfare: New Character with Strategic Results”, United States Air Force, 2013.

[5] Ibid supra 2

[6] Lotrionte, Catherine. “Reconsidering the Consequences for State-Sponsored Hostile Cyber Operations Under International Law.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 2018, pp. 73–114.

[7] KENNETH GEERS, “STRATEGIC CYBER SECURITY” 2009,  pp 4-9.

[8] Giles, Keir. PROSPECTS FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN CYBERSPACE. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2017.”

[9] Dietrich Schindler, “Transformations in the Law of Neutrality since 1945”,  Humanitarian Law Of Armed Conflict – Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, pp 367-386.

[10]  Tikk, E., Kaska, K., & Vihul, L., “ International cyber incidents: legal considerations”, CCDCOE, 2010,  pp.79.

[11] Pearson, Christopher H. “Pattern Cladism, Homology, and Theory-Neutrality.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32, no. 4 (2010).

[12] Alexander, Larry, and Maimon Schwarzschild. “Liberalism, Neutrality, and Equality of Welfare vs. Equality of Resources.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 16, no.1.

[13] McGhee, James E. “Liberating Cyber Offense. Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 4, 2016, pp. 46–63.

[14] Tütüncü, Koray. “Liberalism, Neutrality and the Politics of Virtue.” SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, vol. 16, no. 1, 2013, pp. 41–58.

[15] Lingelbach, William E. “Belgian Neutrality: Its Origin and Interpretation.” The American Historical Review, vol. 39, no. 1, 1933, pp. 48–72.

[16] Faunt, Raymond A., and Philip D. Gentile. “Artificial Intelligence within the Intelligence Community: The Need to Retain the Human Dimension.” American Intelligence Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, 2019, pp. 48–53.

[17] Mavropoulou, Elizabeth. “Targeting in the Cyber Domain: Legal Challenges Arising from the Application of the Principle of Distinction to Cyber Attacks.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 23–93.

[18] Healey, Jason. When “Not My Problem” Isn’t Enough: Political Neutrality and National Responsibility in Cyber Conflict. Atlantic Council, 2012.

[19] Kelsey, Jeffrey T. G. “Hacking into International Humanitarian Law: The Principles of Distinction and Neutrality in the Age of Cyber Warfare.” Michigan Law Review, vol. 106, no. 7, 2008, pp. 1427–51.

[20] Hildebrandt, Mireille. “EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION TO ENFORCE IN CYBERSPACE? BODIN, SCHMITT, GROTIUS IN CYBERSPACE.” The University of Toronto Law Journal, vol. 63, no. 2, 2013, pp. 196–224.

[21] Hopper, Bruce. “Sweden: A Case Study in Neutrality.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 23, no. 3, 1945, pp. 435–49.

[22]Paul, Christopher, et al. “Cyber Forces and U.S. Cyber Command.” The Other Quiet Professionals: Lessons for Future Cyber Forces from the Evolution of Special Forces, RAND Corporation, 2014, pp. 23–30.

[23] “United Nations: Report of Legal Sub-Committee to Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Assistance to and Return of Astronauts and Space Vehicles; Liability for Damage Caused by Objects Launched into Outer Space).” International Legal Materials”, vol. 3, no. 3, 1964, pp. 528–50.

[24] McDougal, Myres S., and Leon Lipson. “Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 52, no. 3, 1958, pp. 407–31.

[25] Albrecht, Ulrich. “THE ROLE OF NEUTRAL AND NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES IN A WORLD OF GLOBAL POWERS.” Current Research on Peace and Violence, vol. 11, no. 3, 1988, pp. 130–35.

[26] Jesse, Neal G. “Choosing to Go It Alone: Irish Neutrality in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective.” “International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique, vol. 27, no. 1, 2006, pp. 7–28.

[27] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, “Back to the Roots: The Laws of Neutrality and the Future of Due Diligence in Cyberspace”, European Journal of International Law, Volume 33, Issue 3, August 2022, Pages 789–819

[28] Sherman, Gordon E. “The Permanent Neutrality Treaties.” The Yale Law Journal, vol. 24, no. 3, 1915, pp. 217–41.

[29] Goel, Sanjay. “National Cyber Security Strategy and the Emergence of Strong Digital Borders.” Connections, vol. 19, no. 1, 2020, pp. 73–86.

[30] Gervais, Michael. “Cyber Attacks and the Laws of War.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 8–98.

[31] Preciado, Michael. “If You Wish Cyber Peace, Prepare for Cyber War: The Need for the Federal Government to Protect Critical Infrastructure From Cyber Warfare.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 99–154.

[32] Jessup, Philip C. “Diversity and Uniformity in the Law of Nations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 58, no. 2, 1964, pp. 341–58.

[33] Hofmann, Claudia, and Ulrich Schneckener. NGOs and Non State Armed Actors: Improving Compliance with International Norms. US Institute of Peace, 2011.

[34] Podeh, Elie. “The Drift towards Neutrality: Egyptian Foreign Policy during the Early Nasserist Era, 1952-55.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, 1996, pp. 159–78. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283780. Accessed 23 May 2023.

[35] Udombana, Nsongurua J. “Still Playing Dice with Lives: Darfur and Security Council Resolution 1706.” Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, 2007, pp. 97–116.

[36] MUELLER, WOLFGANG. “Two Differing Concepts of Neutrality.” A Good Example of Peaceful Coexistence?: The Soviet Union, Austria, and Neutrality, 1955-1991, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2011, pp. 41–8776.”

[37] Q. Wright,“"The Future of Neutrality," International Conciliation, Sept., 1928; The Causes of War and the Conditions of Peace (London, 1935).

[38] Erin F. Delaney, “ Solidarity Federalism”, Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, Notre Dame Law Review, pp. 620-628.

[39] Jonathan Zittrain, “ Net Neutrality as Diplomacy”, JOUR, 2010, pp. 65-70.

[40] Rowe, NC. “A Taxonomy of Norms in Cyber Conflict for Government Policymakers.” Journal of Information Warfare, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31–48.

[41] “Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 50, no. 3, 1956, pp. 724–83.

[42] Deibert, Ronald J., and Masashi Crete-Nishihata. “Global Governance and the Spread of Cyberspace Controls.” Global Governance, vol. 18, no. 3, 2012, pp. 339–61.

[43]Garrie, Daniel B. “Cyber Warfare, What Are The Rules?” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1–7.

[44] Goel, Sanjay. “How Improved Attribution in Cyber Warfare Can Help De-Escalate Cyber Arms Race.” Connections,” vol. 19, no. 1, 2020, pp. 87–95.

[45] Hague Convention (V) and  (XIII), available at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org.

[46] Fang, B, “Necessities for advocating cyberspace sovereignty, Cyberspace Sovereignty,” pp. 103–134.

[47] Tan, Eugene E. G. “A Small State Perspective on the Evolving Nature of Cyber Conflict: “Lessons from Singapore.” PRISM, vol. 8, no. 3, 2019, pp. 158–71.

[48] Butler and Maccoby, The Development of International Law (London, 1928)

[49] Ball, Desmond, and Gary Waters. “Cyber Defence and Warfare.” Security Challenges, vol. 9, no. 2, 2013, pp. 91–98.

[50] Deibert, Ronald. “Cybersecurity: The New Frontier.” Great Decisions, 2012, pp. 45–58.

[51] Matheson, Michael J. “The Opinions of the International Court of Justice on the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 91, no. 3, 1997, pp. 417–35.

[52] Gervais, Michael. “Cyber Attacks and the Laws of War.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 8– 8598.”

[53] Warbrick, Colin, and Peter Rowe. “The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia: The Decision of the Appeals Chamber on the Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction in the Tadic Case. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 3, 1996, pp. 691–701.

[54] “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)”  art. 36, June 8, 1977, available at https://www.ohchr.org

[55] McGhee, James E. “Cyber Redux: The Schmitt Analysis, Tallinn Manual and US Cyber Policy.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, pp. 64–103.

[56] Ibid., supra 53.

[57] Healey, Jason. When “Not My Problem” Isn’t Enough: Political Neutrality and National Responsibility in Cyber Conflict”. Atlantic Council, 2012.

[58]  van Loon, Fabio. “Codifying Jus in Bello Spatialis—The Space Law of Tomorrow.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 1, 2021, pp. 10–27.

[59] Mégret, Frédéric. “Jus in Bello and Jus Ad Bellum.” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), vol. 100, 2006, pp. 121–23.

[60] Caton, Jeffrey L. DISTINGUISHING ACTS OF WAR IN CYBERSPACE: ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, POLICY CONSIDERATIONS, AND RESPONSE IMPLICATIONS. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2014.

[61] International Court of Justice (ICJ), “Case concerning oil platforms”, pp. 161–219, available at https://www.icj-cij.org.

[62] Subedi, Surya P. “Neutrality in a Changing World: European Neutral States and the European Community.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 2, 1993, pp. 238–68.

[63] Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, available at https://www.un.org/securitycouncil.

[64] Diamond, Eitan. “Applying International Humanitarian Law to Cyber Warfare.” Law and National Security: Selected Issues, edited by Pnina Sharvit Baruch and Anat Kurz, “Institute for National Security Studies, 2014, pp. 67–84.

[65] Deibert, Ronald J. “The Virtual Absence of Malice: Cyber Security and Threat Politics.” International Studies Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2009, pp. 373–75.

[66] International Court of Justice (ICJ), “Case concerning Military and Paramilitary in and against Nicaragua”, para 165, available at https://www.icj-cij.org.

[67] Michael N. Schmitt, “TALLINN MANUAL ON THE INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO CYBER WARFARE”, Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-106, available at https://library.oapen.org.”

[68] “Chang, Lennon YC, and Peter Grabosky. “The Governance of Cyberspace.” Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications, edited by PETER DRAHOS, ANU Press, 2017, pp. 533–52.

[69] Goines, Timothy M. “Overcoming the Cyber Weapons Paradox.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, 2017, pp. 86–111.

[70] Anderson, Steven J. “Hypothesizing a Cyber-Power Targeting Theory.” Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting Theory, Air University Press, 2016, pp. 87–130.

[71] NATO,  Brussels Summit Communiqué, 2021

[72] Schmitt, Michael N. “THE LAW OF CYBER TARGETING.” Naval War College Review, vol. 68, no. 2, 2015, pp. 10–29.

[73] Bradshaw, Samantha, et al. “THE EMERGENCE OF CONTENTION IN GLOBAL INTERNET GOVERNANCE.” Who Runs the Internet?: The Global Multi-Stakeholder Model of Internet Governance, Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2017, pp. 45–66.

[74] Bremmer, Ian. “Democracy in Cyberspace: What Information Technology Can and Cannot Do.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 89, no. 6, 2010, pp. 86–92.

[75] Roscini, M. (2015) ‘Cyber operations as a use of Force’, Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace.

[76] Ibid., supra 45.

[77] Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, ‘’Benevolent’ Third States in International Armed Conflicts: The Myth of the Irrelevance of the Law of Neutrality’, in: International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, 543-568.

[78] Wanner, Bastien, and Solange Ghernaouti. “Conceptualizing Active Cyber Defence in Cyber Operations: Quo Vadis, Switzerland?” St Antony’s International Review, vol. 15, no. 1, 2019, pp. 58–82.

[79] Kilovaty, Ido. “Rethinking the Prohibition on the Use of Force in the Light of Economic Cyber Warfare: Towards a Broader Scope of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare”, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015, pp. 210–56 44.”

[80] “Ibid., supra 45.

[81] George K. Walker, ‘Information Warfare and Neutrality’, 33 Vanderbilt J.Trans.L., pp. 1079-1202, at 1182.

[82] Allen, Patrick D. “Cyber Maneuver and Schemes of Maneuver: Preliminary Concepts, Definitions, and Examples.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 2020, pp. 79–98.

[83] Articles 6 and 17 of Hague Convention V and Article 7 of  Hague Convention XIII.

[84] Dietrich Schindler, ‘Transformations in the Law of Neutrality since 1945’, in: Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict – Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, pp. 367-386.

[85] Deibert, Ronald. “Cybersecurity: The New Frontier.” Great Decisions, 2012, pp. 45–58.

[86] Wright, Quincy. “Rights and Duties Under International Law: “As Affected by the United States Neutrality Act and the Resolutions of Panama.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 34, no. 2, 1940, pp. 238–48.

[87]  Articles 4, 5, 8, and 16 of “responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts”, ILC ASR, available at https://legal.un.org/ilc

[88] Articles 5 of Hague Convention  V and Article  25 of Hague Convention  XIII.

[89] Rulli, Tina. “Conditional Obligations.” Social Theory and Practice, vol. 46, no. 2, 2020, pp. 365–90.

[90] Articles 8 and 25 of the Hague Convention  XIII and 15 of the San Remo Manual, as well as Articles 42, 46, and 47 of the Hague Rules of Aerial Warfare, available at https://www.icrc.org.

[91] Waxman, Matthew C. Cyber Strategy and Policy: International Law Dimensions. Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.

[92] Yoram Dinstein and Arne Dahl,  “Oslo Manual on select topics of law of armed conflict”, Rules and Commentary, available at https://library.oapen.org

[93] Ibid., supra at 63.

[94] Article 8 of Hague Convention (V).

[95] Ibid., supra at 45.

[96] Article 9 HC V and XIII.

[97] Brown, Philip Marshall. “Malevolent Neutrality.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 30, no. 1, 1936, pp. 88–90.

[98] Ibid., supra 45.

[99] Article 7 of Hague Convention (V).

[100] Boyle, Ashley S. Moving Towards Tallinn: Drafting the Shape of Cyber Warfare. American Security Project, 2012.

[101] Ibid., at 73.”

[102] “Hershey, Amos S. “Neutrality and International Law.” International Journal of Ethics, vol. 26, no. 2, 1916, pp. 168–76.

[103] Kennedy, Craig. “SWEDEN: THE ALIGNED NONALIGNED.” A Hard Look at Hard Power:, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2020, pp. 293–326.

[104] Mohan B. Gazula, “Cyber Warfare Conflict Analysis and Case Studies”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017, pp. 28-87.

[105] Warf, Barney. “Geographies of Global Internet Censorship.” GeoJournal, vol. 76, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1–23.

[106] “The Oxford Process on International Law Protections in Cyberspace: a compendium”,  Oxford institute for ethics, law and armed conflict, pp. 77-121

[107] Articles 1, 2, and 3 of HC V and 1, 2, and 5 of HC XIII.

[108] Döge, Jenny. “Cyber Warfare. Challenges for the Applicability of the Traditional Laws of War Regime.” Archiv Des Völkerrechts, vol. 48, no. 4, 2010, pp. 486–501.

[109] Hobbs, Carla, editor. EUROPE’S DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: FROM RULEMAKER TO SUPERPOWER IN THE AGE OF US-CHINA RIVALRY. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2020.

[110] Sherman, Gordon E. “The Neutrality of Switzerland.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 12, no. 4, 1918, pp. 780–95.

[111] Borchard, Edwin. “War, Neutrality and Non-Belligerency.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 35, no. 4, 1941, pp. 618–25.

[112] Ibid., supra at 63.

[113] “Ibid., supra at 45.

[114] Nasu, H, “The Laws of Neutrality in the Interconnected World: Mapping the Future Scenarios, in The Future of Law of Armed Conflict.” Oxford University Press.”

[115] Article 37, ibid., supra at 53.”

[116]  International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Rule 61, available at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org.”

[117] “Sean Cordey and Kevin Kohler, “The Law of Neutrality in Cyberspace”, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich, CYBERDEFENSE REPORT, 2021, pp 50-52.

[118] Anderson, Steven J. “Hypothesizing a Cyber-Power Targeting Theory.” Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting Theory, Air University Press, 2016, pp. 87–130.

[119] Corfu Channel, United Kingdom v Albania, ICJ, Rep 244, ICGJ 201 (ICJ 1949), p. 18.

[120] Ibid., supra at 81.

[121] Brown, Philip Marshall. “International Law Reparations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 28, no. 2, 1934, pp. 330–34.

[122] Ibid., supra at 98.

[123] Articles 37 and 35 ILC ASR, HC IV, and AP 1

[124] Noam Neuman, “Neutrality and cyber space bridging the gap between theory and reality”, International law studies, vol. 97, 2021 pp.768-798.

[125] Jennings, W. I. “The Right of Angary.” The Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, 1927, pp. 49–58.

[126] Ibid., supra at 45.

[127] Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims, Norway v United States, Award, (1922), ICGJ 393 (PCA) 1922.

[128] Roberto Echandi. “Non-Compliance with Awards: The Remedies of Customary International Law.” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting” (American Society of International Law), vol. 106, 2012, pp. 118–22.

[129] Johnson, Durward E., and Michael N. Schmitt. “Responding to Proxy Cyber Operations Under International Law.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 6, no. 4, 2021, pp. 15–34.

[130] France (2019), “International Law applied to Operations in Cyberspace”, p. 7.

[131] Tsagourias, Nicholas. “THE SLOW PROCESS OF NORMATIVIZING CYBERSPACE.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 113, 2019, pp. 71–75.

[132] Kilovaty, Ido. “Rethinking the Prohibition on the Use of Force in the Light of Economic Cyber Warfare: Towards a Broader Scope of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.” Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015, pp. 210–44.

[133] Waxman, Matthew C. Cyber Strategy and Policy: International Law Dimensions”. Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.”

[134] Hitchens, Theresa, and Nilsu Goren. International Cybersecurity Information Sharing Agreements. Center for International & Security Studies,”U. Maryland, 2017.

[1] Principal(i/c)/Associate Professor, Govt.Law College Ramanathapuram.

[2] Lao Tzu

[3] Indian Evidence Act 1872.

[4] Indian Evidence Act , 1872

[5] Indian Evidence Act , 1872

[6] 4 October, 1988

[7] Andhra High court  on 31st Jan 2017

[8] Supreme Court on 26th March 2004

[9] Delhi High court on 6th Jan 2014

[10] Finance Ministry told parliament.

[1] Research Scholar, School of Law, Justice and Governance, Gautam Buddha University

[2] Assistant Professor, School of Law, Justice and Governance, Gautam Buddha University

[3] Dalit Women Rise for Justice: Status Report (2014-2020), AIDMAM-NCDHRC, 2021, Pg 22

[4] Ibid

[5] Saikia, Sailajananda: Discrimination of Fundamental Rights: A Critical Review on the Present Caste Based Status of Dalit’s in India, Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights March, Vol. 2, Iss. 1, 2014

[6] Kumar, Ajay: Sexual Violence against Dalit Women: An Analytical Study of Intersectionality of Gender, Caste, and Class in India. Journal of International Women's Studies, Vol. 22: Iss. 10, 2021

[7] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India, 2011-2021, available at https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

[8] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India, 2017-2021, available at https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

[9] Ibid.

[10] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India, 2017-2021, available at https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

[11] Ibid.

[12] Ajay: Atrocities on Dalits- A Human Rights Perspective, ILI Law Review, Vol 1, Iss. 54, 2010

[13] Ibid.

[14] Art. 14: “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.”

[15] Supra note 12.

[16] Art. 17: “Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law”

[17] Art. 23(1): “Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.”

[18] Agrawal Girish & Gonsalves, Collin: Dalits and The Law, Human Right Law Network, New Delhi, 2005

[19] S. 14, The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

[20] S. 15, The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

[21] Rule 7(1), Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995

[22] S. 18, The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

[23] S. 19, The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

[24] Section 154, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[25] Section 166 A(c) Indian Penal Code, 1860

[26] Dalit Women Rise for Justice: Status Report (2014-2020), AIDMAM-NCDHRC, 2021, at 72.

[27] See Caste Based Sexual Violence and State Impunity, DHRDNet, March 2022; Dalit Women Rise for Justice, AIDMAM-NCDHR, March 2021; Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit women and girls in Haryana, India, Equality Now & Swabhiman Society, November 2020

[28] CEHAT, Role of Medico-legal Evidence in Rape Trials: A Review of Judgments at the Sessions Court in Mumbai, 2020

[29] Caste Based Sexual Violence and State Impunity, DHRDNet, March 2022

[30] Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit women and girls in Haryana, India, Equality Now & Swabhiman Society, November 2020

[31] Section 173, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 & Rule 7(2) SCs & STs PoA, Act 1989

[32] Dalit Women Rise for Justice: Status Report (2014-2020), AIDMAM-NCDHRC, Pg 75

[33] Guidelines and Protocols, Medico-legal care for survivors/victims of sexual violence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 19, 2014.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Supra note 26 at 81

[36] Supra note 33

[37] Section 173, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[38] Section 309, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 & Section 14(2) SCs & STs (PoA) Act, 1989

[39] National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India, 2021, available at https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

[40] Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit women and girls in Haryana, India, Equality Now & Swabhiman Society, November 2020, at 23

[1] Assistant Professor, School of Legal Studies, Himachal Pradesh University Regional Centre, Dharamshala, HP.

[2] Difference Between Conventional Crime and Cybercrime, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-conventional-crime-and-cybercrime/ (browsed on 25.12.2021)

[3] Shambhavi Tripathi, Regulatory Framework for Cyber Crimes : Facts to know about, https://blog.ipleaders.in/regulatory-framework-for-cyber-crimes/ (browsed on 25.12.2021)

[4] Ibid.

[5] Supranote 3.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Supranote 3.

[8] Supranote 3.

[9] 1999.

[10] WRIT PETITION No. 56/2003.

[11] CC No. 4680 0f 2004.

[12] (2016) 7 SCC 221

[13] 575 U.S. 723(2015).

[14] Criminal Appeal No. 1222 of 2016.

[15] 545 U.S. 913(2005).