[1] Jain, P., 2018. Artificial Intelligence for sustainable and effective justice delivery in India. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(06), pp.63-70.

[2] Kalyanakrishnan, Shivaram, Rahul Alex Panicker, Sarayu Natarajan, and Shreya Rao. “Opportunities and challenges for artificial intelligence in India.” In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 164-170. 2018.

[3] Nandi, Anulekha. “Artificial intelligence in education in India: questioning justice and inclusion.” (2019): 140-144.

[4] ‘AI can improve judicial system’s efficiency — full text of CJI Bobde’s Constitution Day speech’ (The Print, 27 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[5] SUVAAS or the Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software, is a neural translation tool which has been trained using machine-learning processes. It has the capability of translating English judgments and daily orders into nine vernacular scripts, and vice-versa. See the Supreme Court of India’s press release for information on SUVAAS. Supreme Court of India, ‘Press Release’ (25 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[6] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[7] European Commission For the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 5 November 2023

[8] See generally, Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[9] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[10]  Ajmer Singh, ‘Supreme Court develops software to make all its 17 benches paperless’, (Economic Times, 26 May, 2020) accessed on 15 March 2021. For more understanding of SUPACE see Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[11] Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[12] European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 3 November 2023

[13]  In the United Kingdom, the Lord Chief Justice of the UK Supreme Court has recently convened a ten-member expert committee to look into the ‘likely impact of AI in the English Judiciary. accessed on 5 November 2023

[14]  David Lat, ‘How Artificial Intelligence Will Revolutionize eDiscovery’ (Above The Law, 25 January 2017) accessed on 14 March 2021 and Ronsin, Lampos & Maîtrepierre, (2018), n 5.

[15] Eric Nillier, ‘Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So’ (Wired, 5 March 2019)

[16] Jeff Asher and Rob Arthur, ‘Inside the algorithm that tries to predict gun violence in Chicago’ (New York Times, 13 June 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[17]  Adam Liptak, ‘Sent to prison by a software program’s secret algorithms’ (New York Times, 1 May 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[18]  Marion Oswald and others, ‘Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental’ proportionality’ (2018) 2 Information & Communications Technology Law at 233 accessed on 5 November 2023

[19] Matt Burges, ‘UK police are using AI to inform custodial decisions – but it could be discriminating against the poor’ (Wired, 1 March 2018) accessed 14 November 2023

[20] ‘Checkpoint’ (Durham Constabulary) accessed on 5 November 2023

[21]  Daniel Becker and Isabela Ferrari, ‘VICTOR, the Brazilian Supreme Court’s Artificial Intelligence: a beauty or a beast?’ accessed on 5 November 2023

[22] Maria Dymitruk, ‘Ethical artificial intelligence in judiciary’ (February 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[23]  Daniel Willian GRANADO, ‘Artificial Intelligence Applied To The Legal Proceedings: The Brazilian Experience’ (2019) 5 IMODEV accessed on 5 November 2023

[24]  Maina Siqueira and Marcello Castro, ‘Brazil: The Supreme Federal Tribunal And The “General Repercussion” Requirement’ (Mondaq, 10 March 2008) accessed on 5 November 2023

[25]  Michaels A.C. (2019), ‘AI, legal change and separation of powers’, 88 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1083 (2020); and Winter (2020) n 6.

[26] Michaels A.C. (2019), n 19. Also see John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016); and John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016)

[27] (2008) 2 PLR 774

[28] https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Responsible-AI-in-the-Indian-Justice-System-A-Strategy-Paper.pdf

[1] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs: National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal < https://cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/CyberAware.aspx > accessed 26 May 2022

[2] Soraya Chemaly, ‘There's No Comparing Male and Female Harassment Online’, (SEPTEMBER 9, 2014) < https://time.com/3305466/male-female-harassment-online/ > accessed on 25 June 2022

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[7] European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs: Prevention of Radicalisation

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[13] The Times of India, ‘Cyber Harassment cases see upswing in pandemic’ (Mumbai, 12 January 2022)

[14] Niharika Tiwari, ‘Gender Disparity in the Criminal Justice System of India’ < https://blog.ipleaders.in/gender-disparity-criminal-justice-system-india/ > accessed 28 May 2022

[15] Drishti IAS, ‘Status of Radicalisation in India’(2020) < https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-radicalisation-in-india > accessed 29 May 2022

[16] European Foundation For South Asian Studies, Cyber-Radicalisation: Combating Terrorism in the digital era (2018)

[17] Ashok Kumar IPS, Vipul Anekat IPS , “Challenges to Internal Security of India”, 4th Edition

[18] Mayank Bhandari, ‘Gender Neutralizing of India’s Stalking Laws’, (June 4, 2020)

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[19] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR [1978] SC [597]

[20] Section 354D: ‘Steals lips on male stalking’, < https://www.lawcommunity.in/articles/section-354d-sealed-lips-on-male-stalking > accessed on 25 June 2022

[21] Aarshi, "Pornography As Cyber Crime", < https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-914-pornography-as-cyber-crime.html > accessed on 27 June 2022

[22] Nidhi Chhillar, "Cyber Pornography" (iPleaders, July 19, 2019) < https://blog.ipleaders.in/cyber-pornography/?amp=1#Information_Technology_Act_2000 > accessed on 27 June 2022

[23] Mayank Raj Maurya, "Obscenity laws in India" (iPleaders, January 05, 2021) < https://blog.ipleaders.in/obscenity-and-its-laws-in-india/?amp=1 > accessed on 27 June 2022

[24] P. Madhava Soma Sundaram, Syed Umarhathab, “Cyber Crime and Digital Disorder”

[25] Navtej Singh Johar vs Union Of India (2018) 10 SCC 1

* Submitted by Adeeba Faheem (LLM IPR) student of Amity Law school, Noida

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[1] Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Law, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala),

   Email: advriyagoel@gmail.com.

[2] 2022 LiveLaw (SC) 633.

[3] No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[4] No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

[5] The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[6] Bradner, Rules of Evidence as Prescribed by the Common Law: For the Trial of Actions and Proceedings, 460 (7th ed., 2015).

[7] 2008 (3) R.C.R. (Criminal) 633.

[8] WP (Criminal) No. 67 of 2017.

[9] (2005) 5 SCC 294.

[10] AIR 1978 SC 1025.

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[1] 1 Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶616 (per Chandrachud, J

[2]1 Gopal Krishna v. Bhagwanthymma, AIR 1962 Mad. 40

[3]2 Sundarbai v. Shivnarayana (1908) 32 Bom. 81

[4] 3 Mahabharat Anushashan Parva 46.1-13, Manu IX, 96

[5] Deepika and other v. State Of U.P Allahabad High Court, W.P. No. - 33919 of 2013 11 November, 2013

[6] Collins Dictionary of Sociology, 1st edition, Harper Collins1991

[7] 6 Gopal Krishna v. Mithilesh Kumar AIR 1979 ALL 316

[8] Sec 5 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, see also Special marriage Act, 1954 and other marriage laws

[9]Art.16 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[10] General Assembly of the United Nations declared, by resolution 843 (IX) of 17 December 1954.

[11] 10 (2006) 5 SCC 475

[12] 1 (2014) 4 SCC 786

[13] (2016) 9 SCC 541

[14] (2017) 4 SCC 397

[15] 5 (2017) 4 SCC 397

[16] 6 Common Cause (A Regd. Society) vs. Union of India reported in (2018) 5 SCC 1, held: (SCC p.194, Para 346)

[17] WP.No. (Cri.) 1804/2017, 18 April, 2018

[18] Payal Sharma v. Superintendent, Nari Niketan, Agra and Others2001(3) AWC 1778

[19] Appeal No. 366/2018, arising out of SPL (Cri.) No 5777 of 2017, decided on April 9, 2018

[20] Salamat Ansari and Others vs. State Of U.P. Criminal Misc. WP No. - 11367 of 2020, on 11 November, 2020 see also Soni Gerry v Gerry Douglas, AIR 2018 SC 346

[21] Allahabad High Court, Habeas Corpus No.- 16907 of 2020, Delivered on: 12.01.2021

[22] 2006 (1) ALJ 424 (DB) at 424

[23] AIR 2011 SC1254

[24] Salamat Ansari and Others vs. State Of U.P, Criminal Misc. WP No. - 11367 of 2020, on 11 November, 2020

[25] National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) vs. Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438

[26] 2010 CRI. L. J. 94, 2009 (6) SCC 712

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[4] Doctrine of Proportionality, Lawnotes https://lawnotes.co/doctrine-of-proportionality/

[5] Union of India v. G. Ganayutham, SC 1997

[6] The Constitution of India, 1950

[7] Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India, AIR 1987

[8] Om Kumar v. Union of India, SC 2000

[9] Coimbatore District Central Coop. Bank v. Employees Assn., HC 1968

[10] Dev Singh v. Punjab Tourism Development Corporation, SC 2003

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[5]Tribunal, Drishtiias, Dec 26, 2023, https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribunals-8

[6] AIR (1987) 1 SCC 124

[7] AIR 1989 MAD 205

[8] AIR 1987 (1) SCC 362

[9] W.P.(C) 10065/2016

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[1] Article By Oishiki Bansal

[2] https://commerce.gov.in (Last Updated Sep 7, 2021)

[3] Article By Sunil Kumar D (Last Updated March 30, 2023)

[4] https://prepp.in

[5] https://blog.ipleaders (Last Visited Aug 31, 2023)

[1] Principal (FAC), Government Law College, Tirunelveli.

[2]. Civil Appeal No. 1385 of 2001

[3] Criminal Appeal 1191-1194 of 2005 Dated 23.10.2009

[4] AIR 1996 SC 550.

[5] AIR 1996 SC 550.

[6]. AIR 1969 SC 128,)

[7]  AIR 1996 SC 2111,

[8]Criminal Appeal No. 778of 2004, (2005) 6 SCC 422,

[9]APPEAL (crl.) 144-145 of 2004 dated 5.8.2005, (2005) 6 SCC 1

[10]Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299 (1863)