[1] Machhi Singh And Others vs State Of Punjab, (1983) AIR 957.

[2] Andrew Ashworth, Sentencing And Criminal Justice 75 (4th ed. 2005); Raymond Paternoster, How Much Do We Really Know About Criminal Deterrence, 100 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 765, 766 (2010).

[3] Law Commission of India, 35th Report, 1967, Ministry of Law, Government of India, at para 297.

[4] Law Commission of India, 262nd Report, 2015, Ministry of Law, Government of India, Chapter VII, at para 7.2.4.

[5] https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/history-of-the-death-penalty/early-history-of-the-death-penalty.

[6] Chaitanya Shah, Capital Punishment In Indian Legal History, VOLUME 6 ISSUE 4 111, 113-116, (July 2020).

[7] Lillie, William. (1948). An Introduction to Ethics. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.

[8] Clear, Todd R., & Cole, George F. (2000). American Corrections. Belmont: West Wadsworth.

[9] Mackenzie, J. S. (1929). A Manual of Ethics. London: University Tutorial Press Ltd.

[10] Miethe, Terance D., & Lu, Hong. (2005). Punishment a Comparative Historical Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[11] Bachan Singh vs State Of Punjab, AIR (1980) SC 898.

[12] Jagmohan Singh v State of UP 1973 SCR (2) 541.

[13] Rajendra Prasad v State of UP 1979 AIR 916.

[14] Santa Singh v State of Punjab 1976 4 SCC 190.

[15] Amrit Singh v State of Punjab, (2007) 1 SCC (Cri) 41.

[16] Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod v State of Gujarat, (1980) 3 SCC 5.

[17] Surendra Pal Shivbalak v State of Gujarat, (2000) 4 SCC 168.

[18] Swamy Shraddananda vs the State of Karnataka, (2008) 13 SCC 767.

[19] Sangeet vs the State of Haryana, (2013) 1 ACR 545.

[20] Sahib Hussain @ Sahib Jan vs State of Rajasthan, 2013 V AD 138(SC).

[21] Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, 1978 AIR 597.

[1] scholarworks.sjsu.edu

[2] in.search.yahoo.com

[3] www.researchgate.net

[4] https://blog.ipleaders.in/marital-rape-india/

[5] https://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/8787A55C-D93F-4589-8A68-A9A032AFAF0E.pdf

[6] in.search.yahoo.com

[7] scholarworks.sjsu.edu

[8] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-9414-marital-rape-a-harsh-reality-behind-closed-doors.html

[9] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-9414-marital-rape-a-harsh-reality-behind-closed-doors.html

[10] Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Subhra Chakraborty 2015 SCC 490

[11] Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017)

[12] R v. R (1991)

[13] Deborah M. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (1981)

[14] Dawood v. Minister of Home Affairs (2000)

[15] https://www.mondaq.com/india/crime/691482/law-on-marital-rape--a-much-needed-reform-in-our-legal-system

[16] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-9414-marital-rape-a-harsh-reality-behind-closed-doors.html

[17] scholarworks.sjsu.edu

[18] https://blog.ipleaders.in/marital-rape-india/

[19] https://blog.ipleaders.in/marital-rape-india/

[20] https://psychcentral.com/lib/marital-rape#why-marital-rape-happens

[1] Reorganisation of states and why it happened, The News Minute (Jan 15, 2022, 8 PM), https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273.

[2] Majeed Akhtar, The Changing Politics of States’ Reorganization, Publius 33, No. 4 (2003): 83–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3331197.

[3] Jairam Ramesh, Lessons from reorganising India's states – and why Uttar Pradesh needs to be divided, Scroll, (Jan 15, 2022, 8 PM) https://scroll.in/article/909436/jairam-ramesh-a-potted-history-of-reorganising-indias-states-and-why-uttar-pradesh-should-be-next.

[4] supra, note 1.

[5] Rai, Anuradha, State reorganization in india: real-politicking or electoral politics, The Indian Journal of Political Science 73, no. 4 (2012): 665–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41858874.

[6] Patil Amruta, New States and Union Territories Created After 1956, Prepp, (Jan 15, 2022, 8 PM), https://prepp.in/news/e-492-new-states-and-union-territories-created-after-1956-indian-polity.

[7] Id.

[8] Parameswaran and Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Reorganisation of States: A Different Approach, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 42, 2014, pp. 81–86, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24480887.

[9] Mahendra Prasad, Reorganisation of States in India, Economic and Political Weekly 43, no. 11 (2008): 70–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40277259.

[10] Jairam Ramesh, Lessons from reorganising India's states – and why Uttar Pradesh needs to be divided , Scroll, (Jan. 15, 2022, 8 PM) https://scroll.in/article/909436/jairam-ramesh-a-potted-history-of-reorganising-indias-states-and-why-uttar-pradesh-should-be-next.

[11] Id.

[12] Pranav Arya, State Reorganisation, Indian Saga, (Jan. 16, 2022, 5 PM), http://indiansaga.com/history/postindependence/reorganization.html.

[13] Jairam Ramesh, Lessons from reorganising India's states and why Uttar Pradesh needs to be divided, Scroll, (Jan 16, 2022, 8 PM) https://scroll.in/article/909436/jairam-ramesh-a-potted-history-of-reorganising-indias-states-and-why-uttar-pradesh-should-be-next.

[14] Id.

[15] Supra, note 5.

[1] Environmental Protection Act, 1986. (n.d.). http:// moef.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/The-Environment-ProtectionAct-1986.pdf

[2] Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. (n.d.). https://www.moef.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Wild-Life-Protection-Act1972-amended-2003.pdf

[3] Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water%20(Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20

Pollution)%20Act,%201974.pdf

[4] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.(2021).India Energy Statistics 2021. https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indiastatistics2021.

[5] National Green Tribunal. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://greentribunal.gov.in//

[6] Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715.

[7] M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388.

[8] Rajiv Ranjan Singh v.State of Bihar, AIR 1992 Pat 86.

[9] Gabikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), [1997], I.C.J. Reports, 7

[10] Rosemary Lyster, Eric Coonan, “The Precautionary Principle: A Thrill Ride on the Roller Coaster of Energy and Climate Law”, 18 Rev. Eur. Comp. & Int'l Envtl. L.aw 45 (2009).and also see Australian case of Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc. v. Minister for Planning and RES Southern Cross Pty Ltd [2007] NSWLEC 59

[11] Envi ronmental Protection Act, 1986. http://moef.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/TheEnvironmentProtection-Act-1986.pdf

[12] Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water%20(Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20 Pollution)%20Act,%201974.

[13] Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

https:// www.moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Wild-Life-Protection-Act

[14] Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana, (1995) 2 SCC 577, (1997) 10 JT 600.1994.

[15] Enviro-Legal Action vs. Union of India, (1996) 5 SCC 647.

[16] Oleum Gas Leak case, M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 965, 982, and 1086

[17] Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715.

[18] M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388.

[19] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. (2021). India State of Environment Report: http://www.moef.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/SOE-Report-2021-Summary.pdf

[20] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. (2021).India Energy Statistics 2021. https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indiastatistics2021. pdf

[1]The Manusmriti and a divided nation (no date) The Wire. Available at: https://thewire.in/caste/manusmriti-history-discrimination-constitution (Accessed: 05 February 2024).

[2]. Jain, R. (2023) The dark history behind ‘Sati’ a banned funeral custom in India, Culture Trip. Available at: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-dark-history-behind-sati-a-banned-funeral-custom-in-india (Accessed: 02 February 2024).

[3] Chauhan, M. (2021) ‘Raja Ram Mohan Roy: A voice against operation and social injustice in Hinduism’, RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 6(1), pp. 292–295.

[4]Dowry a ‘social evil’: Breaking the chain (2021) Times of India Blog. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/echo/dowry-a-social-evil-breaking-the-chain-36724/ (Accessed: 05 February 2024).

[5] Pandey, G. (2023) India: ‘I have been rejected by dozens of men over dowry’, BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66084575 (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[6]Hindu Succession Act: Property Rights of Women in India (no date) cleartax. Available at: https://cleartax.in/s/hindu-succession-act (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[7]Women’s right to property under Hindu law (no date) Women’s Right to Property under. Available at: https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/to-the-point/ttp-hindu-law/women%E2%80%99s-right-to-property-under-hindu-law (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[8] Admin (2023) Polygamy and polygamous marriages in India: An in-depth look into practices and legal framework, Century Law Firm Blog. Available at: https://www.centurylawfirm.in/blog/polygamy-and-polygamous-marriages-in-india-an-in-depth-look-into-practices-and-legal-framework/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[9] Roshni (2018) Remembering Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj founder and India’s first feminist, India Today. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/remembering-raja-ram-mohan-roy-brahmo-samaj-founder-and-india-s-first-feminist-1238517-2018-05-22\ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[10] (No date) Section 494 in the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/508426/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[11] Hooda, B. (2023) How marriage became the biggest tool for Brahmanical Patriarchy, NICKELED AND DIMED. Available at: https://nickledanddimed.com/2023/11/06/how-marriage-became-the-biggest-tool-for-brahmanical-patriarchy/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[12] Drishti IAS (2021) Menace of girl-child marriage in India, Drishti IAS. Available at: https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-editorials/menace-of-girl-child-marriage-in-india (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[13] Patel, R. (no date) Indian Muslim women, politics of Muslim personal law and ... JSTOR. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25663732.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[14] Malik, R.R. (2022) Into how many sects is the Muslim society divided? Times of India Blog. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/ramiz-raja-malik/into-how-many-sects-is-the-muslim-society-divided-44163/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[15] Ngema, N.M. and Iyer, D. (2023) Penalty for committing fornication & adultery (zina) in Islamic law as a violation of freedom from torture, SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4376178 (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[16] Azam, K. (no date) Nature of muslim marriage sacrament or civil contract, Legal Service India - Law, Lawyers and Legal Resources. Available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1645-nature-of-muslim-marriage-sacrament-or-civil-contract.html (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[17] The concept of mehr under Muslim law [redirects to clatalogue] (2023) AlJazeera. Available at: https://aljazeera.co.in/law/the-concept-of-mehr-under-muslim-law-redirects-to-clatalogue/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[18] Soman, Z. and Naaz, N.S. (no date) Triple talaq report - bharatiya Muslim mahila andolan. Available at: https://bmmaindia.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/triple-talaq-report.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2024)

[19] Iqbal, F. (no date) Why does Islam allow polygamy?, Islam Ahmadiyya. Available at: https://www.alislam.org/articles/why-does-islam-allow-polygamy/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[20] Iyengar, R. (2018) What is Nikah Halala, how it was established and where it stands in Modern India, The Indian Express. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-nikah-halala-how-it-was-established-and-where-it-stands-in-modern-india-triple-talaq-4618415/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[21] Deswal, V. (2019) Law criminalizing triple talaq- a momentous occasion for Muslim women in India, Times of India Blog. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/legally-speaking/law-criminalizing-triple-talaq-a-momentous-occasion-for-muslim-women-in-india/ (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[22] Indian Const. art. 25

[23] Indian Const. art. 25, cl. 1

[24] Indian Const. art. 25, cl. 2(a)

[25] Indian Const. art. 25, cl. 2(b).

[26] Indian Const. art. 26.

[27] N. Adithayan v. Travancore Devaswom Board, A.I.R 2002 S.C. 106.

[28] Indian Const. art. 14.

[29] Indian Const. art. 15, cl. 1.

[30] Indian Const. art. 21

[31] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 SCC 248

[32] Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India, A.I.R 1995 S.C. 1531.

[33] Lily Thomas v. Union of India, A.I.R 2000

[34] Talukdar, S. (2023a) Uniform civil code: Tribal communities fear erosion of customary laws, cultural heritage, Frontline. Available at: https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/uniform-civil-code-tribal-communities-in-north-eastern-india-fear-erosion-of-customary-laws-cultural-heritage/article67105854.ece (Accessed: 10 February 2024).

[35] Nagaland Assembly unanimously adopts resolution seeking exemption from Uniform Civil Code (no date) The Wire. Available at: https://thewire.in/government/nagaland-assembly-adopts-resolution-seeking-exemption-from-uniform-civil-code (Accessed: 10 February 2024).