Open Access Research Article
White Black Legal – International Law Journal · ISSN 2581-8503
LEGAL AWARENESS AMONG PLATFORM WORKERS IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL AND SURVEY-BASED STUDY OF LABOUR RIGHTS, SOCIAL SECURITY, AND GOVERNMENT WELFARE MEASURES
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Abstract
LEGAL AWARENESS AMONG PLATFORM
WORKERS IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL AND SURVEY-BASED STUDY OF LABOUR RIGHTS, SOCIAL
SECURITY, AND GOVERNMENT WELFARE MEASURES
AUTHORED BY - TRISHA KALAS &
SANIKA BHOYE
1) Abstract
This paper studies awareness of gig
and platform workers about their status, welfare benefits, and registration in
the e-Shram portal, which was launched by the Government to register and link
workers with various welfare benefits. It also examines the role of platforms
in disseminating information to these workers about their benefits. The study
finds that many workers in different apps engaged in delivery, ride-hailing,
home services, or other platforms and gig jobs, are not aware of their
recognition as gig and platform workers in the Code on Social Security, 2020;
of their entitlement to social security benefits, or of various other
government schemes and how to avail of them. The paper emphasises the
disconnect between the social protections provided to workers in the platform
economy on the one hand and the level of awareness about these measures on the
other.
While recognising gig and platform
workers in the Code on Social Security, 2020 and making certain provisions for
their social security and welfare, are important in themselves, they alone may
not ensure effective access to social security benefits to gig and platform
workers who work long hours, in risky employment, and for irregular incomes. To
improve access to social security benefits and schemes, it is critical that the
Government and the platforms work together to improve workers' awareness of their
social security entitlements, facilitate registration, communicate in simple
language including the local/regional language, and improve grievance redressal
mechanisms.
Keywords: Platform Workers; Gig
Economy; Code on Social Security, 2020; e-Shram; Labour Codes; Legal Awareness.
2) Introduction
The nature of employment has
undergone significant transformation with the expansion of digital technologies
and online platforms that connect workers with consumers and businesses.
India's fast commerce companies have together surpassed 9.5 million daily
orders, with the six largest platforms driving the milestone. According to data
from Datum Intelligence, Blinkit continued to top the market with 3.4
million-3.6 million daily orders, followed by Zepto at 2.4 million-2.6 million
and Swiggy Instamart at 1.3 million-1.45 million. Over a million orders were
placed per day on Flipkart Minutes, 600,000-700,000 on Amazon Now, and
500,000-600,000 on BigBasket.[1]
According to World Bank estimates,
online platforms alone may currently employ 435 million active workers, or
approximately 12.5% of the global workforce. And by 2030, this amount might
rise to more than one billion jobs.[2] In
contrast to traditional employment, the gig economy gives workers the freedom
to decide when, where, and how much they work instead of being bound by
long-term contracts for full-time jobs. Thus, the gig economy has grown in
parallel with technology developments, particularly the expansion of online
platforms that make it simple for people to interact with possible clients or
employers.[3]
Another crucial change has come in
the form of Code on Social Security, 2020. This is especially relevant as the
four Labour Codes were implemented on 21st November 2025. Now there is not only
a proposed law for social security for platform and gig workers but an actual
statutory law.[4] Access
to social security however, does not automatically mean access to the benefits
of social security. The necessity of informing platform employees about social
security benefits and e-Shram portal registration has been recognised by the
Ministry of Labour and Employment. In March 2025, the Ministry had asked the
platform aggregators to inform platform workers about registration on e-Shram
and help them register.[5]
In this context, this study explores
if legal recognition has been sufficient to generate legal awareness among
platform workers. Further, this study aims to understand to what extent
platform workers in India are aware of their legal recognition, social-security
provisions and government schemes of social security. Moreover, this study will
also explore how the difference between legal recognition and legal awareness
can inform on the effectiveness of the current system.
Against this background, this paper
examines whether formal legal recognition has translated into adequate legal
awareness among platform workers. The key research question is: What is the
extent to which platform workers in India are aware of their statutory
recognition, social-security entitlements, and government welfare mechanisms,
and what does the discrepancy between legal recognition and actual awareness
indicate about the efficacy of the current framework?
This study aims to explore that
despite significant advancements in legal recognition of platform and gig
workers, and social-security provisions in India, legal recognition is not
sufficient if the workers are unaware of the schemes and the manner in which
they can access the social security provided under these schemes. This study
thus combines doctrinal research and an empirical study of awareness among
platform workers to explore what the law has provided and if platform workers
who are covered by the scheme are aware of the same.
3) Conceptual Framework of Platform
Work
The
term “platform worker” broadly refers to an individual who undertakes work
through a digital platform that connects them with persons or organisations
seeking particular services. Common examples include workers engaged through
platforms such as Uber, Ola and Zomato. The Code on Social Security, 2020
formally defines a platform worker as a “person engaged in or undertaking
platform work.”[6]
This definition must be understood alongside the concept of “platform work”
under the Code. Platform work refers to work arrangements facilitated through
an online platform where the relationship does not fall within the conventional
employer-employee framework, and where services or solutions are provided in
return for payment. The definition also covers other activities that may
subsequently be notified by the Central Government.[7]
[8]
The categories of “gig workers” and
“platform workers” were added to the legal framework governing social security
in India under the Code on Social Security, 2020. A gig worker is defined
generally under Section 2(35) as an individual who engages in work or
participates in work arrangements and earns money from such activities without
being in a traditional employer-employee relationship.[9]
Platform workers are not the same as gig workers, even if they belong to the
larger category. While gig workers may do tasks without using a digital
platform, platform workers carry out such tasks via an online platform.[10]
For example, a private teacher who gets students through personal
recommendations instead of an internet tutoring platform would be considered a
gig worker.
Typically, platform work is defined
by the use of an online platform to provide paid services. To plan and carry
out specific services or tasks, there are generally three main players: the
platform, the customer who requests the service and the worker. The job can be
broken down into specific assignments and workers may be given tasks according
to this division. The other big advantage is that services can be accessed at
any time, because the platform matches the availability of workers to demand.[11]
The Telangana Gig and Platform
Workers Union (TGPWU) impact evaluation report of 13 August 2025 highlighted
systemic issues faced by gig and platform workers in India during 2024. These
include wage theft, arbitrary deactivations, poor workplace safety, lack of
social security protections, and unfair pay structures.[12]
Platforms are criticised for having opaque algorithms, imposing excessive
control over their workers through “ratings-based reputation systems”,
assigning “disproportionate power” to customers over workers, and causing
significant risk to workers who are unfairly penalised based on customer
feedback.[13]
4) Evolution of Labour Law and the Gig
Economy
India's old labour law framework was
mainly designed for traditional types of employment and work places. The
Factories Act, 1948, and the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act, 1952, were largely used by the traditional employment structure.[14]
This meant that workers in the newer types of work, independent contractors,
delivery drivers and app-based drivers didn’t fit neatly into the existing
regulatory framework. Prior to the enactment of specific regulations for gig
and platform workers, there had thus been no recognition of the particular
circumstances of gig and platform workers under central labour laws.[15]
This position was fundamentally
altered by the passage of four labour codes - Code on Wages, 2019;
Industrial Relations Code, 2020; Code on Social Security, 2020; Occupational
Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020, which amalgamated and
reformed the existing labour laws in India. These codes were adopted between
2019 and 2020, but they took effect on 21st November, 2025.[16]
The Code on Social Security, 2020, which legally merges legislative definitions
of “gig worker” and “platform worker”, is of particular relevance to gig
workers and platform workers. This is a major step forward in the legal
recognition of these categories of workers, the Ministry of Labour and
Employment said.[17]
By creating these statutory
categories, the Codes acknowledged for the first time that millions of workers
in the gig economy deserve social security and welfare coverage. Thus, the 2020
Codes mark a turning point: they subsume 29 older central labour laws into a
unified framework and lay the basis for extending labour rights and welfare
schemes to workers previously classified as “unorganised”.[18]
The legal development, however,
should not be understood as establishing that platform workers automatically
receive every statutory benefit available to conventional employees.[19]
Instead, the Social Security Code, 2020 provides for specific schemes and
mechanisms, such as a dedicated Social Security Fund funded by aggregator
contributions and government-notified welfare schemes, through which
social-security benefits may be extended to gig and platform workers.[20]
5) Legal Framework Governing Platform
Workers in India
i)
Code
on Social Security, 2020
The Code on Social Security, 2020 is
the principal law that governs the social security regime for platform workers.
As before, the relevant definitions can be found in Section 2: Section 2(35)
defines “gig worker”, Section 2(60) defines “platform work” and Section 2(61)
defines who is a “platform worker.
Section 113 lays down the framework
for platform workers, gig workers and unorganised workers. Such registration is
important for the identification of these groups of workers, for extending
statutory benefits to them and for bringing them within the formal social
security system. The provision further connects registration to access to
social security schemes by stating that a registered unorganised worker, gig
worker or platform worker may avail the benefits provided under the scheme
developed under the applicable chapter.[21]
Section 114 empowers the Central
Government to formulate and notify social security schemes for gig workers and
platform workers. These may include a variety of social security benefits such
as accident insurance at work, health and maternity benefits, old age security,
crèche facilities and death and disability.[22]
The Code also contemplates financing
mechanisms for schemes concerning gig and platform workers. The Ministry of
Labour and Employment has explained that contributions from aggregators may
constitute one source of funding for the Social Security Fund, with the
contribution prescribed between 1% and 2% of annual turnover subject to the
statutory ceiling.[23] Thus,
the Code contemplates participation by aggregators and government authorities
in financing and implementing social-security mechanisms.
ii)
e-Shram
Portal
The registration structure of the e-Shram portal covers gig and platform workers and serves as the National Database of Unorganised Workers of the Government of India. [24] The portal has been set up by the Ministry of Labour and Employment to identify unorganised workers and to make it convenient for them to take benefits of welfare and social security schemes. Its broader goals are to keep a centralised database of employees, enhance the delivery of social security services, link qualified workers to relevant welfare programs, and transfer benefits.[25] In addition, the portal provides a specific registration category for persons wishing to register as “New Platform Workers”.[26]
The importance of e-Shram therefore
extends beyond identification because registration is intended to facilitate
workers' access to government welfare and social-security mechanisms. The
Ministry has also encouraged platform workers to register on e-Shram and
directed aggregators to disseminate information and facilitate registration.[27]
iii)
Government
Welfare Measures
The Union Budget 2025-2026 proposed
measures to include online platform employees under the umbrella of social
security benefits. These steps include issuance of identity cards, registration
on e-Shram portal and access to Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
Yojana healthcare services. The Government subsequently stated that the
proposed healthcare coverage would provide eligible beneficiaries access to
PM-JAY's hospitalisation coverage.[28]
The Government’s approach therefore
combines legal recognition of platform workers under the Social Security Code
with practical mechanisms such as e-Shram to identify workers and connect them
with welfare schemes.
6) Working Conditions of Platform
Workers
Platform work is often associated
with flexibility because digital platforms can enable workers to determine when
they participate in work and to enter or exit the platform with relatively low
barriers.[29]
However, flexibility does not
necessarily eliminate economic insecurity or occupational risks. The India
Employment Report 2024 published by the International Labour Organisation
(ILO) notes that algorithmic management can significantly restrict the autonomy
and flexibility of platform workers by influencing their performance, income
and incentives.[30] Thus,
platform workers may have limited control over decisions that directly affect
their livelihoods. Factors such as ratings, customer feedback, automated
allocation of tasks and other algorithmic processes influence incentives,
earnings and continued access to work.[31]
One of the principal concerns is
income insecurity. Platform workers' earnings may depend upon the availability
and allocation of tasks, incentives offered by platforms and penalties
associated with performing the work.[32]
This income insecurity is further aggravated by the costs that workers have to
bear in order to perform platform-based work. For location-based workers,
particularly those engaged in transportation and delivery services, expenses
such as fuel, vehicle maintenance, mobile data and other work-related costs can
substantially reduce their effective earnings. The Fairwork India 2024 report
assesses platform work on the basis of whether workers receive at least the
local minimum wage after accounting for work-related costs, demonstrating that
headline earnings alone may not accurately reflect workers’ actual income.[33]
Another significant concern is the
length and intensity of working hours. Algorithmic management can create high
work intensity by influencing workers’ performance, income and incentives. In
the absence of effective regulation of working hours, platform workers may work
for longer periods under precarious conditions, with consequences for their
health and work-life balance.[34]
The physical nature of several forms
of platform work also exposes workers to occupational and safety risks.
Delivery riders, drivers and other location-based workers may have to work in
traffic, adverse weather conditions and other hazardous environments.[35]
Another issue is the limited ability of workers to effectively raise grievances
or participate in decisions affecting their work. Platform-based grievance
mechanisms may be difficult to navigate or ineffective, while workers may have
limited opportunities for collective representation or consultation over
changes affecting their working conditions.[36] [37]
These conditions show that although
platform work offers flexibility and relatively easy access to
income-generating opportunities, it also comes with several challenges.
Uncertain earnings, long or irregular working hours, limited occupational
protections and the lack of adequate safeguards against platform decisions can
leave workers economically and physically vulnerable. Therefore, the
flexibility offered by platform work does not necessarily translate into secure
or favourable working conditions.
7) Empirical Analysis of Legal
Awareness
The survey was conducted to analyse
the level of understanding and access to social-security safeguards among
platform workers in India, particularly in the context of the Social Security
Code, 2020. The responses show the nature and duration of platform work
completed by the respondents and provide an insight into their comprehension of
the statutory social-security framework. The survey also examines whether
platform workers are aware of their recognition under the Social Security Code,
2020 and the benefits and schemes available to them.
It involved the participation of
platform workers working for various e-commerce and Cab/ride-hailing apps like
Ola, Uber, Zepto, Blinkit etc. With respect to the nature of platform work,
the respondents comprised workers engaged in food delivery, e-commerce
delivery, cab and ride-hailing services, home services, and other forms of
platform-based work. The duration of employment in platform work also varied
among respondents, with workers having less than six months of experience as
well as those who had been engaged for more than three years.
i)
Awareness
regarding the legal recognition of platform workers
A significant finding of the survey
is the low level of awareness regarding the legal recognition of platform
workers. 99% of the respondents stated that they were not aware that the
Social Security Code, 2020 specifically recognises “platform workers”.
ii)
Awareness
of specific social-security benefits available to platform workers
The survey paints a different
picture in terms of the awareness of specific social-security benefits. 90% of
the respondents said that they had no knowledge of any of the listed
benefits. This indicates that, although respondents were generally aware of
the existence of social-security provisions for platform workers, their
knowledge of the specific benefits offered under the framework was very
limited. It is an important distinction, because general knowledge of the law
does not necessarily translate into knowledge of exactly what rights and
benefits are available to workers.
iii)
Awareness
and Registration on the e-Shram Portal
The survey also examined awareness
and registration on e-Shram portal. The responses to the awareness of the
portal were split with 50% of respondents indicating awareness and 50%
indicating otherwise/not being certain. The actual registration, however, was
much lower. Only 16.7 per cent of the respondents were registered on the
e-Shram portal and 83.3 per cent were not registered. This
illustrates a clear gap between the knowledge of a government registration
mechanism and the actual use of that mechanism.
iv)
Role
of Platform Companies in Disseminating Information on Social-Security Benefits
One of the key findings is that
platform companies play an important role in disseminating information. All
respondents to this question answered “No”, indicating that their platform or
employer had not told them about any government social security programs or
benefits. This conclusion is especially relevant as platform companies are
often the first point of contact for workers and the larger platform-work
ecosystem. The complete lack of distribution of information at the platform
level may help to explain workers’ misunderstanding of their statutory rights
and related welfare measures.
8) Findings
The survey result shows the gap
between the presence of the law and the awareness of the benefits. None of the
respondents knew that the Social Security Code of 2020 recognised platform
workers or that there were social security systems specifically for them.
Awareness of individual benefits was also very low with only one respondent
able to identify accident insurance and health benefits Most importantly, the
respondents who answered the last question cited lack of awareness of the
schemes as the reason for not availing the social-security benefits.
The study indicates that the major
barrier to effective access to social-security protection in this sample is a
lack of legal and scheme-specific knowledge.
The findings suggest that formal
legal recognition may not be enough to ensure that platform workers can benefit
from the safeguards meant for them. To bridge the gap between legal protection
and its practical enforcement, wider dissemination of information on statutory
rights, available benefits, registration methods and procedures for accessing
social-security systems may be necessary.
9) Recommendations
(i)
The
Government should take measures to raise awareness at the ground level through
simple language for better understanding.
(ii)
The
companies should provide information regarding applicable government
social-security schemes.
(iii) Assistance should be provided to
help workers understand the process of e-Shram registration.
(iv) Legal and welfare information should
be made available in regional languages and in simple and non-technical terms.
(v)
Government
authorities, platform companies, labour departments and worker organisations
should conduct awareness programs periodically. These programs should not only
explain the existence of social-security legislation but also the specific
benefits and mechanisms available to workers.
(vi) Awareness of grievance redressal
mechanisms should be there.
(vii) Regular surveys and empirical
studies should be conducted to assess whether platform workers are becoming
more aware of their rights and whether registration and utilisation of
social-security schemes are increasing.
Conclusion
The study shows that a significant
step taken by India has been the legal recognition of gig and platform workers
and the creation of mechanisms for their social-security protection. However,
the existence of these provisions does not mean that workers are aware of them
or can access them. The survey shows a clear gap between the rights provided by
law and workers’ awareness of those rights. This gap can be bridged by better
dissemination of information, assistance in e-Shram registration, simple and regional
language communication, and more participation of platform companies. Legal
protection can only be effective if workers understand what rights are
available to them and how they can access them.
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[6] The Code on
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[7] The Code on
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[22] The Code on
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[32] Supra note 29 at
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[34] Supra note 29 at
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[37] Supra Note 33,
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How to Cite This Article
TRISHA KALAS, SANIKA BHOYE, LEGAL AWARENESS AMONG PLATFORM WORKERS IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL AND SURVEY-BASED STUDY OF LABOUR RIGHTS, SOCIAL SECURITY, AND GOVERNMENT WELFARE MEASURES., White Black Legal – International Law Journal, ISSN: 2581-8503, Vol. 4, Issue 1, September 2026, pp. 878-893. Available at: https://www.whiteblacklegal.co.in/public/details/legal-awareness-among-platform-workers-in-india-an-empirical-and-survey-based-study-of-labour-rights-social-security-and-government-welfare-measures
Author & Publication Record
Authors: TRISHA KALAS & SANIKA BHOYE
Registration ID: 107105 | Published Paper ID: WBL7105 & WBL7106
Registration ID: 107105 | Published Paper ID: WBL7105 & WBL7106
Year: Sep- 2026 | Volume: 4 | Issue: 1
Approved ISSN: 2581-8503 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 878-893
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