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Zety Shakila Binti Mohd Yusof, study on e-commerce and food-delivery service quality (2016).
S. S. Sangle et al., “Online Meal Delivery Systems: A Study of Customer Convenience,” International Journal of Business and Management 12 (2016).
Dr. S. Jain and Z. Ansari, study on expansion of online meal delivery services (2016).
Mark R. Gleim, Catherine M. Johnson and Stephanie J. Lawson, study on gig-economy workers’ perceptions (2019); Sarah Kaine & Emmanuel Josserand, “The Organisation and Experience of Work in the Gig Economy,” Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 4 (2019): 479–500.
Primary survey data collected by the author from 100 food-delivery workers in North and South Chennai, 2024–25. The full questionnaire is reproduced in the Appendix.
Code on Social Security, 2020, s. 2(35) and s. 2(61).
Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Act, 2023.
Indian Federation of App-Based Transport Workers v. Union of India, W.P. (C) No. 1068 of 2021 (Supreme Court of India).
Uber BV v. Aslam, [2021] UKSC 5.
5ClimateChangeAO,supranote3,¶¶224–229(holdingthat,takingsubsequentagreementofthepartiesinto accountunder the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31(3)(a), 1.5°C is the parties’ agreed primary temperature goal); see also House of Commons Library, Climate Change at the International Court of Justice
9TRIPSAgreement,supranote2,pmbl.;DonaldHarris,TRIPSAfterFifteenYears:SuccessorFailure,as Measured by Compulsory Licensing, 18 J. Intell. Prop. L. 367, 382 (2011).
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/tripsfacsheet_e.htm (explaining that the WTO General Council adoptedthetemporarywaiveron30August 2003, thatMembersagreedon6December2005toincorporate the waiver permanently into the TRIPS Agreement, and that the resulting Protocol entered into force on 23 January 2017, inserting Article 31bis and an accompanying Annex and Appendix into the Agreement).
11World Trade Organization, Canada Is First to Notify Compulsory Licence to Export Generic Drug (Oct. 4, 2007), https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news07_e/trips_health_notif_oct07_e.htm (reporting that Rwanda notified the WTO on 17 July 2007 of its intention to import 260,000 packs of a triple-combination antiretroviral(TriAvir);thattheCanadianCommissionerofPatentsgrantedApotexInc.acompulsorylicenceto manufacture andexportthe producton19September 2007; andthatCanadanotified the WTOof the licence on 4 October 2007).
12BronwynH.Hall&ChristianHelmers,TheRoleofPatentProtectionin(Clean/Green)TechnologyTransfer,26 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L.J. 487 (2010); Copenhagen Economics A/S & IPR Co. A/S, Are IPRs a Barrier to the Transfer of Climate Change Technology? (2009) (report commissioned by the European
14MartinKhor,ClimateChange,TechnologyandIntellectualPropertyRights:ContextandRecentNegotiations, South Centre Research Paper No. 45 (May 2012), https://www.southcentre.int/wp-
15Kim Lukac, Compulsory Licensing for Green Technology Transfer (June 2017) (unpublished LL.M. thesis, Tilburg University), http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142869; Ya-Lan Wang, Patent Protection for Green Technologies–IsCompulsoryLicensingtheWayofPromotingTechnologyTransfer? (Sept.12,2019)(MIPLC Master Thesis Series 2018/19), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3684342.
16NeelMaitra,AccesstoEnvironmentallySoundTechnologyintheDevelopingWorld:AProposedAlternativeto Compulsory Licensing, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School (Dec. 2009),
17RonaldEberhardTundang,AligningClimateNeedsandIntellectualProperty:AnEntitlement-Based Framework for Green Technology Transfer, 28 J. Int’l Econ. L. 441 (2025).
18JessycaVanWeelde,XiaopingWu,Ting-Wei(Alex)Chiang&BassamPeterKhazin,Reflectiononthe ImplementationofDecisiononImplementationofArticle 66.2 ofthe TRIPSAgreement: Incentive for
19JorgeL.Contreras,BronwynH.Hall&ChristianHelmers,PledgingPatentsforthePublicGood:RiseandFall of the Eco-Patent Commons, 57 Hous. L. Rev. 61, 76, 122–24 (2019).
20Id.
21RequestforanAdvisoryOpinionSubmittedbytheCommissionofSmallIslandStatesonClimateChangeand International Law, Case No. 31, Advisory Opinion (ITLOS May 21, 2024).
https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news25_e/trip_21mar25_e.htm(statingthat,since2003,developed-countryMembershavesubmittedover400reportsdetailingtechnology-transferactionsandcommitments under Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, and that the TRIPS Council has conducted 21 reviews of those
reports).
31VanWeeldeetal.,supranote19.
32Natco Pharma Ltd. v. Bayer Corp., Compulsory Licence Application No. 1 of 2011 (Controller of Patents, Mumbai,Mar.9,2012);BayerCorp.v.UnionofIndia,MIPR2013(2)97(IPAB);BayerCorp.v.UnionofIndia, 2014 (60) PTC 277 (Bom).
(reporting,asofJuly 2022, over120,000technologies,needs,andexpertsintheWIPOGREENdatabase,more than 2,000 registered users across 110 countries, and over 1,000 recorded connections between technology
providersandseekers).
36WorldIntellectualPropertyOrg.,DecadeofGreenInnovation:Celebrating10YearsofWIPOGREEN’s Impact on Technology Exchange and Climate Solutions (Nov. 28, 2023),
37Decision 18/CMA.7, Belém Technology Implementation Programme, UNFCCC Doc. FCCC/PA/CMA/2025/19/Add.2(Mar.30,2026);Decision17/CMA.7,Review oftheFunctions oftheClimate TechnologyCentre,UNFCCCDoc.FCCC/PA/CMA/2025/19/Add.2,¶3(Mar.30,2026)(extendingtheClimate Technology Centre’s term to the end of 2041); see also UNFCCC, A New Era for Climate Technology to
41WTO Council for TRIPS, Extension of the Transition Period Under Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement for LeastDevelopedCountryMembers,IP/C/88(June29,2021)(extendingthetransitionperiodto1July2034). 42Tundang, supra note 18.